建筑节能的实现途径与发展方向

在分析目前中国建筑能耗状况的基础上,剖析了建筑节能的重要性及其内涵,指出实现建筑节能的有效途径,提出推广节能型住宅模式是促进建筑节能最有效的方法之一。今后建筑节能的发展将围绕资源、能源的高效利用以及最大限度地利用自然能等方式,体现人与自然的和谐发展以及可持续发展的战略理念。

《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》等住建领域全文强制性工程建设规范正在征求意见

近日,住房和城乡建设部发布了《关于印发2019年工程建设规范和标准编制及相关工作计划的通知》(建标函[2019]8号)。其中,“国家工程建设规范(全文强制)”部分覆盖并涉及建筑业节能环保工作相关项目规范和通用规范。通知中,正式将《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》《建筑环境通用规范》《建筑电气与智能化通用规范》《民用建筑通用规范》《建筑给水排水与节水通用规范》《既有建筑维护与改造通用规范》等列入2019年编制计划,并已经公开征求意见稿纳入“征求意见”范畴。

绿色建筑中新能源技术的应用与思考

简述国外绿色建筑评估体系发展以及国内绿色建筑近三十年的发展,介绍太阳能、风能、地热能等新能源技术在我国绿色建筑中的应用。举例说明国内外绿色建筑中新能源的应用案例,并对新能源的应用提出反思,建议因地制宜、理性应用,不可忽视常规技术。

发挥资源优势,找准市场定位,打造名优期刊——《建筑节能》的办刊实践

从发挥资源优势,充分利用主办单位在建筑节能设计技术研究和应用方面的优势;把握社会发展需求,找准期刊市场定位;探索新的管理体制和运行模式,提高期刊的内在质量和编辑质量,构建期刊的核心竞争力,打造名优期刊,实现期刊经营社会效益与经济效益的统一。杂志社从经营体制、制度建设到业务建设、选题策划等方面进行了初步探索,使期刊步入良性循环的发展轨道,实现向名优期刊迈进的目标。

突破马太效应的期刊生存法则——《建筑节能》的探索与实践

简述《建筑节能》创刊后通过跟踪本学科科研基金课题,靠近科技创新源头,贴近编委和作者,争取原创性科研项目论文,增加基金项目论文的占比,提高期刊的内在质量,扩大期刊在建筑节能行业内的学术影响力,在激烈的竞争中迅速成长为全国建筑行业内的优秀品牌期刊和核心期刊的实践历程,探索了新创办科技期刊面对市场竞争如何成为有影响力的核心学术期刊的有效路径。

关注行业大需求 创意策划新栏目——谈“节能改造与技术”专栏服务于我国既有建筑节能改造发展

以科技期刊编辑的视角,分析总结了工作实践中对期刊栏目创新策划的经验,提出了从行业发展需求进行栏目策划创新的建议,解读了栏目实用性对栏目持久性的影响力,并给出了相关建议。

Understanding occupancy pattern and improving building energy efficiency through Wi-Fi based indoor positioning

Detailed visualisation and data analysis of occupancy patterns including spatial distribution and temporal variations are of great importance to delivering energy efficient and productive buildings. An experimental study comprising 24-h monitoring over 30 full days was conducted in a university library building.Occupancy profiles have been monitored and analysis has been carried out. Central to this monitoring study is the Wi-Fi based indoor positioning system based on the measured Wi-Fi devices' number and locations and data mining methods. Distinct from traditional occupancy and energy studies,more detailed informationrelated to the indoor positions and number of occupants has offered a better understanding of building user behaviour. The implication of the occupancy patterns for energy( e. g. lighting and other building services) efficiency is assessed,assisted with data from lighting sensors where needed. It is found occupancy patterns change dramatically with time. Also,the energy waste patterns have been identified through the method of data association rule mining. If the identified energy waste is removed,the total energy consumption can be reduced by 26. 1%. The indoor positioning information also has implications for optimizing space use,opening hours as well as staff deployment. The work could be extended to more rooms with diverse functions,other seasons and other types of non-domestic buildings for a more comprehensive understanding of building user behaviour and energy efficiency.

Thermal adaptation in overheated residential buildings in severe cold area in China

The winter in the severe cold area of China is long and cold. The mean outdoor temperature is about-10. 0 ℃ during the winter in Harbin,while the indoor air temperature is often above24 ℃. How does the indoor environment influence human thermal comfort and adaptation in such an overheated environment?A combined approach of spot-reading measurements and occupant interview s w as adopted in nine residential buildings of five communities during the heating period in 2013-2014. Tw enty residents w ere chosen as respondents. Totally 308 valid questionnaires w ere collected. The heating periods w ere separated into three phases based on the outdoor temperature.The results show that the mean indoor air temperatures in theearly-,mid-and late-heating periods w ere 23. 6 ℃,24. 3 ℃and 25. 0 ℃,respectively,w hich w ere larger than or close to the upper limit recommended by thermal comfort standards, and slightly higher than the related thermal neutral temperatures. With the heating process,the mean clothing insulation of residents decreased. Opening w indow s and reducing clothing w ere mainly taken by the residents to adapt to the overheated environment.The thermal neutral temperature has an upw ard tendency w ith the increasing indoor air temperature. On the other hand,overheating in residential buildings w ould make residents open w indow s,w hich may cause thermal discomfort and energy w aste. Therefore,the low er limit of the comfort indoor air temperature range should be suggested as the heating temperature,w hich could fully arouse residents' adaptation and achieve sustainable building designs.

Uncertainty-based life-cycle analysis of near-zero energy buildings for performance improvements

Near-zero energy buildings( nZEBs) are considered as an effective solution to mitigating CO_2 emissions and reducing the energy usage in the building sector. A proper sizing of the nZEB systems( e. g. HVAC systems,energy supply systems,energy storage systems, etc.) is essential for achieving the desired annual energy balance,thermal comfort,and grid independence. Two significant factors affecting the sizing of nZEB systems are the uncertainties confronted by the building usage condition and weather condition,and the degradation effects in nZEB system components. The former factor has been studied by many researchers; however,the impact of degradation is still neglected in most studies. Degradation is prevalent in energy components of nZEB and inevitably leads to the deterioration of nZEB life-cycle performance. As a result,neglecting the degradation effects may lead to a system design which can only achieve the desired performance at the beginning several years. This paper,therefore,proposes a life-cycle performance analysis( LCPA) method for investigating the impact of degradation on the longitudinal performance of the nZEBs. The method not only integrates the uncertainties in predicting building thermal load and weather condition,but also considers the degradation in the nZEB systems. Based on the proposed LCPA method,a two-stage method is proposed to improve the sizing of the nZEB systems.The study can improve the designers "understanding of the components"degradation impacts and the proposed method is effective in the life-cycle performance analysis and improvements of nZEBs. It is the first time that the impacts of degradation and uncertainties on nZEB LCP are analysed. Case studies showthat an nZEB might not fulfil its definition at all after some years due to component degradation,while the proposed two-stage design method can effectively alleviate this problem.

构建和谐机制 筑造和谐文化——浅论勘察设计企业和谐文化的构筑

0引言党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设小康社会的目标之一提出来，十六届四中全会又把“提高构建社会主义和谐社会的能力”作为党执政能力的一个重要方面明确提出，

Energy retrofit and conservation of a historic building using multi-objective optimization and an analytic hierarchy process

When deciding on the best historic building retrofit,energy savings and thermal comfort can be quantitatively evaluated using an energy model,whereas conservation compatibility is intrinsically qualitative and reflects the perspective of the local heritage authority. We present a methodology that permits finding and comparing optimal retrofits for historic buildings in a multi-perspective and quantitative way. We use an analytic hierarchyprocess to quantify conservation compatibility by distilling a conservation score from the opinions of 10 experts in the field. This score,along with energy needs for heating and cooling and thermal comfort,are the three targets of a multi-objective optimization aimed at identifying optimal retrofits for a medieval building in the north of Italy,destined to become a museum. Retrofit measures considered were different kinds of external and internal envelope insulation,improvement of airtightness,replacement of windows,and ventilative cooling. The result is a portfolio of optimal retrofits that cover the whole range of conservation compatibility. We showthat in the analyzed case heritage preservation is compatible with a four-fold reduction in energy needs at a high thermal comfort level. Even higher energy savings are only achievable at the cost of heritage degradation.

Modeling the energy retrofit decision in commercial office buildings

Retrofitting existing buildings has emerged as a primary strategy for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, both nationally and in cities. Despite the increasing awareness of retrofitting opportunities and a growing portfolio of successful case studies, little is known about the decision-making processes of building owners and asset managers with respect to energy efficiency investments. Specifically, the research presented here examines the effects of ownership type, tenant demand, and real estate market location on building energy retrofit decisions in the commercial office sector. This paper uses an original, detailed survey of asset managers of 763 office buildings in nineteen cities sampled from the CBRE, Inc. portfolio. Controlling for various building characteristics, the results demonstrate that ownership type and local market do, in fact, influence the retrofit decision.Overall, this analysis provides new evidence for the importance of understanding ownership type and the varying motivations of differing types of owners in building energy efficiency investment decisions. The findings of both the survey analysis and the predictive model demonstrate additional support for the targeting of energy efficiency incentives and outreach based on ownership entity, local market conditions, and specific physical building characteristics.

Ten questions concerning integrating smart buildings into the smart grid

Recent advances in information and communications technology(ICT) have initiated development of a smart electrical grid and smart buildings. Buildings consume a large portion of the total electricity production worldwide, and to fully develop a smart grid they must be integrated with that grid. Buildings can now be"prosumers"on the grid(both producers and consumers), and the continued growth of distributed renewable energy generation is raising new challenges in terms of grid stability over various time scales. Buildings can contribute to grid stability by managing their overall electrical demand in response to current conditions. Facility managers must balance demand response requests by grid operators with energy needed to maintain smooth building operations.For example, maintaining thermal comfort within an occupied building requires energy and, thus an optimized solution balancing energy use with indoor environmental quality(adequate thermal comfort, lighting, etc.) is needed. Successful integration of buildings and their systems with the grid also requires interoperable data exchange. However, the adoption and integration of newer control and communication technologies into buildings can be problematic with older legacy HVAC and building control systems.Public policy and economic structures have not kept up with the technical developments that have given rise to the budding smart grid, and further developments are needed in both technical and non-technical areas.

Ventilation of air-conditioned residential buildings: A case study in Hong Kong

More and more studies reported that there were insufficient ventilation and excessive CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings, but few solutions were provided. This study investigates the overnight evolution of CO_2 concentration in air-conditioned residential buildings and then focuses mainly on the evaluation of three ventilation strategies, including overnight natural ventilation, short-term mechanical ventilation and short-term natural ventilation. On-site measurements were conducted in a typical residential bedroom in Hong Kong in September. The indoor and outdoor CO_2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity as well as the outdoor wind speed during the measurements were analysed. Ventilation rates were calculated based on the time series of CO_2 concentration. This study confirms that additional ventilation is usually needed in air-conditioned residential buildings. Overnight natural ventilation with even a small opening is associated with excessive energy consumption and deteriorated indoor thermal environment. Short-term natural ventilation strategies are inefficient and uncontrollable. Compared to the best short-term natural ventilation strategy, a reasonably designed short-term mechanical ventilation strategy requires only a 41% of ventilation period to complete one full replacement of indoor air and to reach a lower indoor CO_2 concentration. Nighttime case studies and a theoretical analysis suggest that a few several-minute mechanical ventilation periods could potentially maintain an acceptable indoor air quality for a normal sleeping period of 8 h.

Ten questions concerning future buildings beyond zero energy and carbon neutrality

Architects and planners have been at the forefront of envisioning a future built environment for millennia. How ever,fragmental view s that emphasize one facet of the built environment,such as energy,environment,or groundbreaking technologies,often do not achieve expected outcomes. Buildings are responsible for approximately one-third of w orldw ide carbon emissions and account for about 40% of primary energy consumption in the U. S. In addition to achieving the very ambitious goal of reducing building-associated greenhouse gas emissions by75% by 2050,buildings must improve their functionality and performance to meet current and future human,societal,and environmental needs in a changing w orld. In this article,w e introduce a new framew ork to guide potential evolution of the building stock in the next century,based on greenhouse gas emissions as the common thread to investigate the potential implications of new design paradigms,innovative operational strategies,and disruptive technologies. This framew ork emphasizes integration of multidisciplinary know ledge,scalability for mainstream buildings,and proactive approaches considering constraints and unknow ns.The framew ork integrates the interrelated aspects of the built environment through a series of quantitative metrics that aim to improve environmental outcomes w hile optimizing building performance to achieve healthy,adaptive,and productive buildings.

科技期刊编辑增强体能锻炼的必要性分析

根据科技期刊编辑工作特点,阐述了从业人员面临的常见亚健康隐患,分析了亚健康隐患形成的原因,提出了改善期刊编辑健康隐患的方法。

Building and Environment

Voluntary green-rating systems exist in different forms worldwide to certify the sustainability of residential and commercial buildings and help national policies promote energy-efficient design practices.Despite the general assumption that sustainable buildings also provide high comfort and healthy conditions,existing studies on green-rated buildings led to controversial conclusions in this regard. This paper aims to report the results of a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) conducted on four Swiss green buildings certified with the Minergie label to analyse their ability in providing comfort to their occupants.The POE protocol included winter and summer environmental monitoring campaigns (long-term and instantaneous measurements) as well as extensive and point-in-time comfort surveys. From the study it was found that,although the observed environmental factors were most of the time complying with the norm prescriptions,the indoor conditions were never attaining the commonly used 80 % satisfaction threshold by the users.Temperature and air quality appeared,in particular,as the most critical factors,with satisfaction rates never greater than 50 % in three out of the four case studies. Design factors related to the personal control on the indoor environment as well as personal factors like gender,climate of origin and duration of residence in the country were also found to have an impact in the comfort rating. Professionals involved in the design and management of these buildings all agreed that feedback of this kind from building in use could help inform the design and operational process and move towards more effective green building certification systems and regulations.

How green building rating systems affect designing green

Storing thermal energy in mass concrete floors would have a major impact on the stability of the temperature in buildings.The concept of a thermal battery refers to storing the supplied radiant heat and releasing this heat the next day through radiation and convection.In this study,an approach is introduced to examine the idea of thermal battery in thick concrete flooring(1.22 m)using the earth as a heat source.Controlled experiments were built and conducted on an instrumented 3000 m 2 industrial facility.The heating radiant floor combining with ground source system was operated during off-peak hours and the air conditioning system was disabled for 24 h during the test period.The heat pumps were operated in single stage using less power compared to when operated on demand.Indoor air temperature showed that 100(37.78℃)supply temperature at the ground source heat pump would be enough to maintain a stable warm temperature during cold days.Two weather conditions in the winter were selected to do the tests.The second test had a colder ambient temperature to verify the procedure.The indoor air temperature showed that the night heating system performs well for both cases because it maintained a constant temperature for the entire operational day even in the daytime when every heating unit was off.This approach of applying the heating at nighttime with lower electricity rates would lead to significant operational cost savings in the building.

Applied Energy

Current policies have implied that improving thermal performance of the built environment would be included in a strategy to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the UK and meet the national targets of the Climate Change Act by 2050.However,the perceptions of the industrial stakeholders in this matter have not,to date,been clear.This study aimed to uncover stakeholder perspectives on thermal performance of the built environment and investigate whether their perspectives aligned well with the national policies.Focusing on attributes of the built environment,technology and innovation,barriers and reflections on reality,technical feedback was gathered from experienced industrial stakeholders via a one-day workshop and emails.The analysis showed that despite being familiar with the national policies,the perspectives of the industrial stakeholders did not fully align with the national policies in most aspects.However,the industry had no objection to employing low carbon technology alternatives in the future.The study concluded that consultation with industry should be carried out continuously to assist in the formation of future national policies to significantly improve the thermal performance of the built environment.Future research should be extended to comparing the stakeholder viewpoints and national policies from environmental and economic perspectives on a European/global scale.

Building and Environment

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03601323/122Volume 122,Pages 1-434(September 2017)(1)Numerical investigation of height impact of local exhaust combined with an office work station on energy saving and indoor environment,P194-205,by Ahmed Qasim Ahmed,Shian