重构学校教学,推进社会情感学习

从幼儿教育阶段起步,学校角色的发挥深深影响着儿童社会与情感能力的发展。当前,已经有学校引进了社会情感教育课程,并把它纳入了正规课程。如何将单点式的实践经验升级为规模式的系统方法,广泛开展社会与情感能力教育?如何为儿童提供支持,以备其应对各种阶段的挑战?学者们提供了他们的视角与思考。

不断走向以人为中心的教育

教育，是思想创新的发动机、社会进步的推动力和国家发展最重要的奠基石。肇始于1977年的恢复高考发出了改革的先声，随后的中国教育在40年间经历了多次重大变革，既积累了大量成功经验，同时也为未来拓展了不断改进的空间。站在改革40年新的起点上，如何进一步回答好培养什么人、怎样培养人，办什么教育、怎么办教育，这些关涉改革全局的重大问题，需要从理论上和实践上不断进行新的探索。7月29日，华东师范大学与上海市社会科学界联合会共同举办“纪念教育改革开放40年研讨会暨《教育现代化的中国之路》丛书首发式”。此次会议以“教育改革：从哪里来，到哪里去”为主题。在此次会议基础上，本刊特组织相关专家撰文，分别从如何办好人民满意的教育、教育变革的制度逻辑、教育结构的历史演变、教育法治与教育改革的深度互动、放管结合实现机制、教育多样性的体制保障、制度创新与民办教育的发展及技术在教育变革中的破坏性创新作用等角度深度等方面，阐释40年教育改革的逻辑演变和观念革新。总结过去，是为了更好开创未来。本次圆桌笔谈期待为中国未来教育发展和深化改革提供理论资源，也期待各界同仁进一步讨论。——主持人 叶祝弟

The effect of electroacupuncture preconditioning on cognitive impairments following knee replacement among elderly:A randomized controlled trial

Objective: To investigate if electroacupuncture(EA) preconditioning can mitigate cognitive impairments and reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD) following knee replacement and its safety among elderly.Methods: Totally 60 participants met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial a ratio of 1:1, with 30 cases allocated to the treatment group and 30 cases allocated to the control group, respectively. The participants in the treatment group were provided with real-EA therapy whereas participants in control group were provided with placebo-EA therapy(Streitberger Placebo-needle). In both groups, Tou sanshen(头三神)acupoints, including Sìshéncōng(四神聪EX-HN1), Sh6 ntíng(神庭 GV24),and bilateral Běnsh6 n(本神GB13) were adopted as the main acupoints, while Bǎihui(百会GV20), bilateral Hégǔ(合谷Ll4), and bilateral Tàich6 ng(太冲LR3) were adopted as matching acupoints. Interventions were offered 5 days prior to the surgery, once daily, and continued for total 5 days. The global scores of MiniMental State Examination(MMSE), and levels of serum inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1β(IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and S100-β protein were observed at 24 h prior to the surgery, and postoperative 24 and 72 h respectively for assessing the incidence of POCD and the severity of cognitive impairments among patients. Meanwhile, adverse effects were monitored and recorded.Results:(1) Compared with baseline, MMSE global scores in both treatment and control groups markedly decreased at postoperative 24 h. MMSE global scores in treatment group decreased from 29.43 ±0.97 to27.10 ±1.95 while that in control group decreased from 29.27 ± 1.01 to 26.83 ± 2.25(all ?P< 0.05), and this trend continued until postoperative 72 h(at postoperative 72 h, MMSE global scores in treatment group was 26.53 ±2.26 versus 24.79 ±3.03 in control group). Moreover, decline in control group was more significant than that in treatment group at postoperative 72 h(P<0.05).(2) Compared with baseline, levels of serum IL-1β, TNF-α and S100-β in both groups increased markedly at postoperative 24 and 72 h. IL-1β in treatment group increased from 43.13 ±5.51 to 73.13 ±2.32 at postoperative 24 h and reached 83.17 士 5.95 at postoperative 72 h, while IL-1β in control group increased from 44.87 土 5.83 to91.10 ±3.55 at postoperative 24 h and reached 111.93 ±9.18 at postoperative 72 h;TNF-α in treatment group increased from 51.27 士 6.48 to 88.80 ± 3.55 at postoperative 24 h and reached 94.37 ± 5.22 at postoperative 72 h, while TNF-α in control group increased from 52.07 ±7.48 to 116.37 ±3.14 at postoperative24 h and reached 121.40 ±3.68 at postoperative 72 h(both ?P< 0.05), furthermore, increases of IL-1β and TNF-α levels in control group were more significant(P<0.05). Statistical difference in level of S100-β was not observed(P>0.05).(3) There was no statistical difference in POCD incidence at postoperative 24 h and postoperative 72 h between two groups(P> 0.05), though the incidence of POCD in patients receiving real-EA therapy was indeed much lower than that in patients receiving placebo-EA therapy, particularly at postoperative 72 h(POCD incidence rate at postoperative 24 h in treatment group was 26.67%, 30.00%in control group;POCD incidence rate at postoperative 72 h in treatment group was 30.00%, 46.67% in control group).(4) No serious adverse events were reported in this trial. No one dropped out from this trial.Conclusion: EA preconditioning can mitigate cognitive impairments at post-knee replacement surgery 24 and 72 h in elderly through inhibiting expression of inflammation. However, there is insufficient evidence to support that EA pretreatment can reduce the incidence of POCD.

Occupational therapy with or without combined acupuncture on upper limb pain and hand functions in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy:A three-arm randomized,placebo-controlled trial

Objective:This study is conducted to investigate the effects of occupational therapy(OT) with or without combined acupuncture for upper limb pain and hand functions among children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.Methods:A total of 90 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in a three-arm randomized,placebo-controlled trial,and were allocated to mono-occupational therapy(OT) group(patients=30),OT combined with real-acupuncture(ORA) group(patients=30),and OT combined with placeboacupuncture(OPA) group(patients=30),respectively.In addition to receiving the conventional OT program as the basic treatment for total 8 weeks,patients in ORA and OPA group also received corresponding acupuncture treatment 5 days per week for the first two weeks,3 days per week for the next two weeks,2 days per week for another two weeks,and 1 day per week for the last two weeks.Non-communicating children’s pain checklist-revised scale(NCCPC-R) was used for assessing the upper limb pain among patients.Squeeze dynamometry,modified Ashworth scale(MAS),manual muscle testing(MMT),JebsenTaylor hand function test(JTHFT) and box and block test(BBT) were used for assessing various aspects of upper limb and hand functions among patients.Meanwhile,adverse effects were monitored and recorded.Results:After 8-week treatment,NCCPC-R global scores witnessed a dramatic decline in ORA group(P<0.05),but not in either OPA(P> 0.05) or OT group(P> 0.05).Dramatic increases were identified in both squeeze dynamometry scores and MMT scores in all three groups(all P <0.05).Furthermore,the increases of ORA group were more significant than those of another two groups(both P <0.05).There were no significant changes in MAS global scores in each group(all P> 0.05).The BBT global scores of all three groups significantly increased(all P <0.05) after treatment.Among them,the increase of the ORA group was more than that of the other two groups(P <0.05).The 8-week treatment also had a significant impact on several sub-tests of JTFHT in each group.No significant adverse event was reported.Conclusion:ORA is a potential and promising alternative therapy for mitigating upper limb pain as well as improving both upper limb and hand functions among children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

学生学业负担指数模型构建与应用

本文利用自编的学业负担情况调查问卷,构建了具有较好预测效果的基于学生作业时间等变量的学生学业负担综合指数模型和关键指数模型。研究表明,相对于睡眠时间,与学习任务紧密相关的作业时间、校内外补习时间和作业难度是影响学生学业负担的关键因素。相对于校内外补习时间而言,作业时间和作业难度是影响学生学业负担的主要因素。