干旱区农业土地生产力增进中人类活动要素定量研究——以塔里木河流域1980～2000年县域为例

采用探索性数据分析技术——投影寻踪回归(PPR)模型,定量研究了干旱区农业土地生产力影响因素问题。以塔里木河流域40个县市作为研究单元,以近20a(分5个研究时段)的农业土地生产力(粮食产量)作为因变量,人类活动的5个因素(引水量、耕地、人力、化肥和机械力)作为自变量,通过建立PPR模型,研究了这一区域农业土地生产力增进中人类活动因素的贡献度。研究结果表明,耕地、引水量等资源性因素虽然在20世纪90年代后有一定程度的下降,但仍是这一区域生产力增进的主要因素,化肥增进作用显著。结果也表明,PPR模型适合于这类研究。

Ecological environmental quality evaluation and driving factor analysis of the Lijiang River Basin,based on Google Earth Engine

For regional ecological management,it is important to evaluate the quality of ecosystems and analyze the underlying causes of ecological changes.Using the Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform,the remote sensing ecological index(RSEI)was calculated for the Lijiang River Basin in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for 1991,2001,2011,and 2021.Spatial autocorrelation analysis was employed to investigate spatiotemporal variations in the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin.Furthermore,geographic detectors were used to quantitatively analyze influencing factors and their interaction effects on ecological environmental quality.The results verified that:1)From 1991 to 2021,the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin demonstrated significant improvement.The area with good and excellent ecological environmental quality in proportion increased by 19.69%(3406.57 km^(2)),while the area with fair and poor ecological environmental quality in proportion decreased by 10.76%(1860.36 km^(2)).2)Spatially,the ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin exhibited a pattern of low quality in the central region and high quality in the periphery.Specifically,poor ecological environmental quality characterized the Guilin urban area,Pingle County,and Lingchuan County.3)From 1991 to 2021,a significant positive spatial correlation was observed in ecological environmental quality of the Lijiang River Basin.Areas with high-high agglomeration were predominantly forests and grasslands,indicating good ecological environmental quality,whereas areas with low-low agglomeration were dominated by cultivated land and construction land,indicating poor ecological environmental quality.4)Annual average precipitation and temperature exerted the most significant influence on the ecological environmental quality of the basin,and their interactions with other factors had the great influence.This study aimed to enhance understanding of the evolution of the ecological environment in the Lijiang River Basin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and provide scientific guidance for decision-making and management related to ecology in the region.

甘肃河西地区生态问题与生态环境建设

生态问题是制约河西地区可持续发展的关键因素 ,南部祁连山水源涵养林减少 ,中部绿洲人为破坏和北部荒漠区土地沙漠化是主要的生态问题。自然因素和人为因素共同作用 ,导致河西走廊生态环境呈恶化趋势。欲实现河西地区可持续发展 ,需从水土资源适宜配置、加大投资、改变经济结构、控制人口增长。

沟谷生态经济区的创意与景观规划设计——以北京市西部山区的规划实践为基础

本文在系统考虑大城市周围山区传统产业的局限性、传统农业的低效性和大城市周围新兴产业的蓬勃发展、可持续发展战略的深入实施以及大城市周围地区发展的客观需求等因素的基础上 ,在北京西部山区沟谷景观规划实践的基础上 ,提出了沟谷生态经济区的发展模式 ,从景观设计的角度对生态经济沟的创意和设计进行了深入探讨。主要内容有沟谷生态经济区的概念、功能、市场定位 (区位选择、和产品选择与组合 )、总体景观规划 (景观意像、行为特征 )和沟谷立地景观设计 (景观构成、品牌设计、功能区设计、时序性设计、立地配置、环境净化与生态保护方案以及开发经营管理方案 )。

基于栖息地风险评价模型的海岸带滩涂湿地风险评价——以闽三角为例

海岸带湿地是生物多样性最丰富、生产力最高、最具价值的生态系统之一。然而近年来,随着城市化和工业化进程的加快,我国海岸带地区的土地利用正发生深刻变化,生态风险凸显。利用2000、2005、2010和2015年的Landsat TM/ETM+和Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像,融合行政区划图与地形图,并引入一个评价多元海洋、海岸带利用对栖息地造成风险的模型,即Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(In VEST)模型中的栖息地风险评价(Habitat Risk Assessment,HRA),模型评价闽三角海岸带滩涂湿地的生态风险。结果表明:(1)闽三角海岸带滩涂湿地风险以低风险为主;(2)泉州地区的风险面积最大(约4389.91 hm^2),漳州地区最小(约4630.73 hm^2);(3)修正面积影响的情况下,其他建设用地造成的暴露和影响较大,耕地造成的暴露和影响最小。不同区域滩涂湿地风险程度的可视化表达,可以揭示滩涂湿地高风险地区以及高风险的产生原因,便于管理者对滩涂湿地采取精准的保育措施。

The Spatial Differences and Influencing Factors of Tourism Resources in Ningxia,China

The analysis of the spatial distribution of tourism resources and the identification of its influencing factors are crucial for supporting the sustainable development of regional tourism.This study established a comprehensive database of tourism resources in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia)through a combination of literature review and field research.It examined the quantitative,qualitative,and categorical characteristics of tourism resources in Ningxia,and determined the spatial patterns based on kernel density and spatial association analysis.This study also comprehensively evaluated the societal,economic,and environmental factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in the entire region by employing the geographical detector model to quantify the influence of each factor.The following results were obtained.(1)There were 29218 individual tourism resources in Ningxia,comprising eight main types,23 subtypes,and 105 fundamental types,and they exhibit a hierarchical pyramidal structure.(2)The tourism resources in Ningxia displayed characteristics of“widespread regional dispersion and limited regional agglomeration”.The spatial distribution of tourism resources was highly imbalanced,and most types of tourism resources exhibit strong positive spatial correlation.(3)The altitude,annual precipitation,population density,distance from urban centers,urbanization rate,and per capita GDP were identified as significant factors influencing the spatial distribution of tourism resources in Ningxia.Based on the results,we recommend that the government should formulate tourism development policies in Ningxia based on local conditions to effectively address the spatial imbalances,enhance the sustainability of tourism development,and continue to promote high-quality tourism development in Ningxia.

The Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Cropland Net Primary Productivity in Bangladesh,India and Myanmar

Under global change and climate variations,determining the impacts of climate change and human activities on cropland net primary productivity(NPP)in Bangladesh,India and Myanmar(BIM)is of great significance for identifying yield-limiting factors,making adaptive agricultural management plans,and improving yields.Based on the GLOPEM-CEVSA model,through an integration of remote sensing data and LAI simulation,we investigated the impacts and spatiotemporal changes of water and human activities on BIM from 1982 to 2015.Three types of cropland NPPs were considered:actual NPP(NPPA),NPP affected by temperature and water(NPPWT),and NPP only affected by temperature(NPPT).Our analysis revealed that the water factor plays a predominant role in determining the NPP level in the BIM.Temperature variability was found to be conducive to NPPT,exhibiting an increasing trend of 10.66 g C m^(-2) yr^(-1).However,this trend was partially offset by precipitation variability,resulting in a net increase of 0.96 g C m^(-2) yr^(-1).In comparing temperature-driven NPP to temperature and water-driven NPP,water stress caused NPPT to decrease by 65.46% compared to NPPWT for the entire region.Cropland NPP in northwestern India and the central Deccan Plateau were significantly affected by water stress.Moreover,the influence of water on NPP in the BIM exhibited a substantial upward trend from 1982 to 2015,with Myanmar experiencing the most significant increase.The gap between NPPWT and NPPA in BIM demonstrated a notable decreasing trend during the same period,underscoring the positive impact of human activities on NPP.Inferences drawn from our findings suggest that with the implementation of rational and efficient crop management practices,there is a 36.80% potential improvement in NPPA compared to NPPWT in the BIM region,with India and Myanmar showing potential increases of 39.20% and 38.29%,respectively.These insights provide guidance for practical measures aimed at water resource management to enhance cropland productivity in the BIM,and they present a methodology for quantifying the effects of climatic changes and human activities at a regional scale.

Comparative Analysis of the Spatial-temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of the Tourism Industry in Three Cities along Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in China

The temporal-spatial pattern of linear cultural heritage in the context of the tourism industry is closely linked to heritage management.Using the 1800 km long Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal as an example,this study compared the dynamic evolution of tourism businesses in Beijing,Liaocheng,and Yangzhou at three time points(2010,2015,and 2019)via nearest neighbor analysis,kernel density estimation,and the standard deviational ellipse.Next,a Geo-detector was used to examine the influencing factors.The results reveal significant growth regardless of the quantity or agglomeration degree from 2010 to 2019,and the direction of industrial expansion is consistent with the flow direction of the canal.Moreover,the explanatory powers of factors related to socioeconomic development and canal resources are obviously stronger than those of the natural environment.The findings of this study offer theoretical constructs and policy recommendations for the sustainable development of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and other linear cultural heritage sites.

Driving Factors of Coordinated Development in Chinese Border Cities:A Case Study of Lincang City in Southwest China

In the context of the“Belt and Road Initiative”,the sustainable development of border cities is paramount for facilitating intergovernmental exchanges.Using the system dynamics approach,we integrated border policy factors to create the Border City Coordinated Development(BCCD-SD)model,encompassing three dimensions:Economic,Social,and Resource-Environment.Furthermore,a comprehensive evaluation indicator,the City Coordinated Development Index(CCDI),was devised.Using Lincang City in Southwest China as a case study,this article examines the trends in city development under three scenarios:Inertial Development,Rapid Development,and Green Development.The research findings demonstrate that the model adeptly captures trends in the city coordinated development indicators.Among the three scenarios,the rapid development scenario stands out,yielding the most favorable economic indicators,superior public infrastructure,and the highest employed population.However,the rapid development path,which is heavily focused on economic growth,intensifies resource and environmental pressures,giving rise to sustainability challenges.In contrast,although the green development scenario trails slightly in economic performance compared to rapid development,it fosters a larger urban population and transition of the employed population into citizens while excelling in resource and environmental aspects.Overall,the CCDI attains its highest score under the green development scenario,surpassing those of rapid and inertia development,signifying superior city development coordination along the green path.This scenario effectively combines economic growth,social progress,and resource-environment protection.This study also emphasizes the pivotal role of ports in the coordinated development of border cities and underscores the necessity of expediting the transition from a“gateway”economy to a“port+”economy.One objective of this article is to encourage border cities to serve as more effective windows to the outside world,promote regional coordination,and achieve high-quality development.

Cultivated Grassland Development on the Tibetan Plateau:Current Status,Challenges,Suggestions

The Tibetan Plateau is vital for animal husbandry in China,and relies heavily on its natural grasslands.However,grassland degradation,increasing livestock numbers,and uneven grazing practices are exacerbating the grass-livestock imbalance.Cultivated grasslands are a key strategy to address this issue.In this review,we evaluate the current status,challenges,and suggestions for developing and managing Tibetan Plateau cultivated grasslands.While discernible advancements have been made in the cultivated grasslands in this region,persistent challenges exist.These challenges stem from issues like low awareness and enthusiasm among farmers and herders,uneven cultivated grassland distribution,and limited scientific and technological contributions.Based on these challenges,we propose strengthening the promotion of artificial forage,implementing a rationalized grassland layout,and improving the scientific and technological contributions to forage species selection,sowing,management,and storage.In summary,cultivated grasslands in the Tibetan Plateau offer promising prospects but still face significant challenges.Overcoming these obstacles will require innovative approaches to unlock the full potential of cultivated grasslands in this unique ecological niche.

Contributions of Social-ecological Drivers to Land Use Transitions in Protected Areas on the Tibetan Plateau:Shifting from Strong Intervention to a New Balance

The establishment and management of protected areas(PAs)often involve modifying traditional land use rights and changing the production and living activities of locals,which can lead to changes in the factors that drive land use transitions.Our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of land use transition and the contributions of social-ecological drivers remains incomplete.In this study,we focused on the Yarlung Zangbu Grand Canyon National Park and examined how social-ecological factors influence land use transitions by developing a theoretical model of land use transitions within PAs.Our findings revealed that cropland,shrubland,grassland,and wetland experienced net losses in area,while forestland,water,ice/snow,barren land,and impervious land exhibited fluctuating growth patterns from 1985 to 2020.The net decrease in grassland was 157425.60 ha,while the net increase in forest was 140709.20 ha.The quality of land habitat increased from 0.5158 to 0.6656.Land use dominant and recessive transitions displayed varying spatial characteristics and scales across different time periods.In particular,the degree of influence of policy factors on land use dominant transition declined from 0.0800 in 1985-1990 to -0.0432 in 2010-2020,while its influence on land use recessive transition declined from 0.00058 in 1985-1990 to 0 in 2010-2020.The results show that social-ecological factors intricately influenced different types of land use transitions,leading to a shift from a balanced state to a new equilibrium.These results enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and complex dynamics of land use transitions within PAs,providing insights and practical implications for effective land management in PAs by considering the land-human relationships.

The Natural Environment Suitability and the Suitability Degree of Human Settlements in Mid-southern Liaoning Urban Agglomerations,China,in Relation to the Population Distribution

Human settlement is a necessary factor for human survival and development.The scientific assessments of the natural suitability and appropriateness of human settlements contribute to addressing the discord between ecological environments and economic development and fostering sustainable development in the relationship between humans and nature.Building upon established methods for assessing human settlement suitability,this study investigated the natural suitability of the living environment in the urban agglomeration of mid-southern Liaoning.Based on this exploration,the suitability of the degree of human settlements for the population distribution in the study area from 2000 to 2020 was calculated.The results revealed three important points.(1)Nearly one-fifth of the study area,the area around the offshoot of Changbai Mountain,is a critically suitable area.More than half of this area,generally the buffer zone connecting the Liaohe Plain and the offshoot of Changbai Mountain,is generally suitable for human settlements.The proportion of suitable areas is only 25.53%,mostly on the Liaohe Plain along the Liaodong Peninsula by the Yellow Sea.(2)The overall spatial distribution of human settlement exhibits a pattern that is moderate-low in the middle and high on both sides;and higher in the southern part and lower in the northern part.(3)The human settlement suitability degree is higher in the western regions and lower in the eastern regions,with Shenyang and Panjin in the west having the highest suitability,while Benxi in the east exhibits the lowest habitat suitability.From 2000 to 2020,except for Shenyang and Panjin where suitability remained constant,the suitability degree of other cities has improved.Among them,Dandong experienced the most significant increase in suitability.

Assessing and Comparing Smallholders’Vulnerability to Climate Change among Countries in the Pan-Third Pole Region

A comprehensive assessment of climate change vulnerability is imperative for formulating effective adaptation strategies and advancing sustainable development goals.As one of the most climate-vulnerable regions globally,the Pan-Third Pole area lacks transnational vulnerability assessments,which poses a significant obstacle to efficient climate adaptation.This study conducted transnational comparisons based on primary micro-survey data collected uniformly across Nepal,Cambodia,Thailand,and Myanmar,which are all located in the Pan-Third Pole region.Evaluating and comparing the vulnerabilities employed an extended framework of climate change indicators.The findings reveal substantial variations in vulnerability among the countries,with Cambodia exhibiting the highest vulnerability,followed by Thailand,Myanmar,and Nepal in descending order,primarily due to differences in exposure.Household exposure to climate change also varied significantly.Sensitivity scores decreased in the order of Nepal>Cambodia>Thailand>Myanmar,with demographic factors,tap water accessibility,and land being the major contributors and sources of differentiation among the countries.Regarding adaptability,Thailand demonstrated the highest adaptability,with human and financial capital as the key differentiators.The outcomes underscore the need for tailored policy measures addressing the diverse vulnerabilities,including enhancing household disaster prevention and capital protection.Furthermore,targeted international investments are crucial for improving adaptability among smallholders in this unique region.

The Dynamics and Future Scenarios of the Animal Husbandry System in Khutag-Undur from 2015 to 2050

Under the conditions of climate warming,grassland degradation,frequent sandstorms,and fast increases in livestock numbers,coordinating animal husbandry and ecological protection is an important issue facing Mongolia.Using Khutag-Undur as an example,this study explores the dynamic process,future scenarios,and optimization strategies of the animal husbandry system in a typical Soum of Mongolia from 2015 to 2050 under three future climate socioeconomic scenarios of CMIP 6:SSP1-RCP2.6,SSP2-RCP4.5,and SSP5-RCP8.5.First,the animal husbandry system was deconstructed into three subsystems:grassland primary production,livestock secondary production,and herder consumption.Based on the negative feedback mechanism of forage-livestock balance,a system dynamics model for the Khutag-Undur Soum animal husbandry system was developed.This model integrates spatial data such as land cover and NPP,as well as statistical data on livestock,herder income and expenditures,sample plot surveys,and herder questionnaires.The model was used to simulate the historical changes(2015-2022)in forage production and carrying capacity,livestock stock,and livestock output of Khutag-Undur,and then to forecast the future scenarios of those variables for 2022-2050.Second,the most suitable future scenario for the Soum was identified by comparing the three future scenarios using a pastural system sustainability evaluation method.Finally,based on three indicators of livestock numbers,a two-step livestock reduction strategy was proposed.The main conclusions are that the rapid growth of livestock numbers in Khutag-Undur places considerable pressure on the grassland,and the SSP1-RCP2.6 scenario is the most suitable future scenario for the Soum.However,even in this suitable scenario,grassland overloading remains evident.The continuous implementation of a livestock reduction strategy is recommended to maintain the sustainable development of animal husbandry and grassland conservation.

Spatial Differences in the Response of Runoff to Climate and Land Use Changes in the Yiluo River Basin

Accurately identifying the spatial differences in the response of regional runoff to climate and land use changes can clarify the mechanism of regional runoff changes and provide a scientific basis for adopting the appropriate water resource protection policies.In this study,based on the Budyko theory,we quantitatively evaluated the spatial differences in the response of runoff to climate and land use changes in the Yiluo River Basin after 2000;calculated the sensitivity of runoff changes to precipitation(P),potential evapotranspiration(E_(0))and land use changes;and quantified the contributions of those three factors to runoff changes.The findings revealed that with decreasing elevation,precipitation gradually decreases,potential evapotranspiration gradually increases,and runoff gradually decreases in the Yiluo River basin.Influenced by the population density,both cultivated land and construction land are widely distributed with the middle and lower reaches of the basin,while the upper reaches are dominated by forest land.Compared with the base period(1985-1989),precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in the watershed during the change period(2000-2017)basically showed decreasing and increasing trends,respectively,with obvious spatial differentiation.P increased significantly in the upper reaches of the Yi River,with an average of 35.2 mm(-83.8-84.7 mm),while P increased and decreased in the other five subbasins,but the decreasing trend was more prominent.Among the subbasins,the upper and middle reaches of the Luo River showed the largest reductions in P,with an average of-34.2 mm(-145.9-20.6 mm),whereas the middle reaches of the Yi River showed the smallest reduction in P,with an average of-10.9 mm(-84.2-59.5 mm).The E_(0)in the different regions during the change period showed an increasing trend,and the increase in E_(0)gradually decreased from the upper reaches to the lower reaches.The E_(0)in the upper reaches of the Luo River showed the largest change,with an average of 45.3 mm(38.2-48.3 mm),while the lower reaches of the Yiluo River showed the smallest change,with an average of 7.3 mm(-3.2-17.1 mm).Land use changes were primarily from cultivated to construction land in the middle and lower reaches.Runoff changes were positively correlated with precipitation changes and negatively correlated with potential evapotranspiration and land use changes.The absolute values of the sensitivity coefficients of runoff to these environmental factors decreased with lower altitude,indicating a reduced responsiveness of the basin runoff under a warming and drying climate trend.Reductions in precipitation and changes in potential evapotranspiration have led to reductions in runoff ranging from 4.7 to 17.4 mm and from 0.7 to 9.1 mm,respectively,while land use changes led to corresponding runoff reductions of 23.0 to 46.5 mm,suggesting that land use changes are more likely to trigger runoff changes in the basin than climatic fluctuations.Given the dominance of cultivated land,especially in the middle and lower reaches,and the region’s high susceptibility to human activities,there has been a significant reduction in runoff in recent years.The contribution of land use change to the runoff reduction in the Yiluo River Basin was greater at lower elevations,up to 86.1%,while climatic effects were more significant at higher elevations,up to 27.8%.Therefore,promoting the implementation of projects such as water ecological restoration and returning farmland to forests are of great significance to curb the over-exploitation of groundwater,to formulate scientific management and scheduling policies in order to realize the transformation of the water balance in the river basin from a non-steady state to a steady state,and to promote the integrity of the ecosystem of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and ensure its sustainable development.

Quantitative Analysis of Land Degradation in Mongolia from the Perspective of Geographical Zone

Natural and anthropogenic disturbances accelerate land degradation(LD)in arid,semi-arid,and dry sub-humid areas,leading to reduced land quality and productivity,loss of biodiversity,degradation of ecosystem services,and a decline in the quality of life of local people.To address this issue,the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)has set a target for LD neutrality(LDN).However,quantifying and comparing the status of LD at global or regional scales remains challenging due to the lack of coherent quantitative methods and tools.In this study,we focused on Mongolia,a region with significant LD problems,to examine patterns of LD and changes from 2015 to 2020,accounting for regional differences.Trends.Earth was used,as recommended by the UNCCD.The main findings are as follows:(1)Overall,the degraded land area in Mongolia accounted for 12.11%of the total land area,predominantly located in the southwest desert and desert steppe,gradually spreading to the northeast steppe.(2)The areas showing improvement in the land productivity index and degradation were 17.62%and 11.79%,respectively,with the most severely degraded areas concentrated in the southern desert and desert steppe regions.(3)The areas of improvement and degradation in the land cover index were 1.80%and 0.16%,respectively,with degraded areas scattered across regions of steppe,high mountains,and mountain taiga.(4)The areas of improvement and degradation in the land organic carbon index were 1.54%and 0.22%,respectively,with degradation primarily observed in adjacent areas of mountain taiga,steppe,and desert steppe.(5)The improved area(2.999×10^(5)km^(2))of LDN are more than the degraded area(1.895×10^(5)km^(2)),indicating a positive trend toward LDN in Mongolia.

Impact of Human Activities and Climate Change on Grassland Productivity in Xilingol League

Natural grasslands are increasingly subjected to the dual stresses of grazing pressures and climate change.However,the contribution of human activities,especially grassland ecology conservation projects,to grassland improvement remains ambiguous.Utilizing MODIS satellite data in conjunction with the VPM model,the gross primary productivity(GPP)changes in the Xilingol grassland from 2000 to 2020 were assessed.Based on GPP data derived from remote sensing,this study quantitatively assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the impacts of climate change and human activities on the productivity of grassland in the Xilingol League.From 2000 to 2020,the grasslands exhibited a greening trend characterized by a significant annual GPP increment of 2.66 gC m^(-2) yr^(-1)(P<0.05).Climate change and human activities jointly contributed to this greening trend,with relative contribution rates of 55%and 45%,respectively.However,the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to the trend of GPP varied greatly in different regions.Climate change emerged as the principal driver in the central and eastern regions of Xilingol League with robust grass growth,accounting for more than 65%of the GPP enhancement.Conversely,human activities were the dominant factors in less verdant western regions and the agro-pastoral ecotone,representing more than 60%of the GPP change.Grassland productivity was sensitive to grassland ecological restoration measures,with significant changes in the trends of grassland productivity attributed to human activities in pivotal policy implementation years such as 2005 and 2011.Specifically,measures such as the control of wind/sand sources and returning grazing land to grassland from 2000 to 2005 gradually alleviated the pressure of human activities on grassland productivity,as they significantly improved vegetation growth in high-quality grasslands.Under the forage-livestock balance policy from 2005 to 2011,inadequate compensation for grassland ecological protection led to a significant reduction in GPP,as some herders increased their livestock holdings despite grazing restrictions,and this particularly affected the high-quality grasslands.The implementation of the Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy and Reward Program from 2011 to 2020 generally promoted the recovery of productivity in eastern and western Xilingol League grasslands,but significant ecological pressure persisted.This study provides theoretical support for optimizing grassland ecosystem management and forming a virtuous cycle of grassland conservation in pastoral areas.

Vegetation Changes from 2014 to 2023 in the Mongolian Plateau Permafrost Region under Climate Change

The permafrost region is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change.With global warming,the Mongolian Plateau permafrost is rapidly degrading,and its vegetation ecosystem is seriously threatened.To address this challenge,it is essential to understand the impact of climate change on vegetation at different permafrost degradation stages on the Mongolian Plateau.Based on the general permafrost distribution,in this study,we divided different permafrost regions and explored the response of vegetation to climate change at different stages of permafrost degradation by the idea of“space instead of time”from 2014 to 2023.The results of the study showed that:(1)Normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)values showed a decreasing trend,and the proportion of the decreasing region was in the order of sporadic permafrost region>isolated and sparse permafrost region>continuous and discontinuous permafrost regions.(2)The main controlling factors of vegetation growth in permafrost regions are different,air temperature is the main controlling factor of vegetation growth in isolated and sparse permafrost region(r=-0.736)and sporadic permafrost regions(r=-0.522),and precipitation is the main controlling factor of vegetation growth in continuous and discontinuous permafrost region(r=-0.498).(3)The response of NDVI to climate change varies at different stages of permafrost degradation.In the early stages of permafrost degradation,increased land surface temperature(LST)and air temperature favored vegetation growth and increased vegetation cover,whereas increased precipitation impeded vegetation growth;as the permafrost degraded,increased LST and air temperature impeded vegetation growth,whereas increased precipitation promoted vegetation growth.

Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Index Variability and Its Responses to Temperature and Precipitation in Mongolia

The Mongolian Plateau,a vital ecological barrier in northern China,is of great importance for studying vegetation dynamics in Mongolia against the background of climate warming.Such studies can enhance our understanding of regional vegetation responses to global warming and contribute to the establishment of a stronger ecological barrier in northern China.Here,we analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of the NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)in Mongolia using 8 km resolution GIMMS NDVI3g data from 1990 to 2022,along with temperature,precipitation,and elevation data.Trend analysis and correlation methods were used to examine the relationships between the NDVI and temperature,as well as precipitation.The results showed four important aspects of these relationships.(1)The NDVI in Mongolia increased significantly from 1990 to 2022 at a rate of 0.0015 yr^(-1)(P<0.05).(2)Mongolia’s NDVI increased from 1990 to 2022 in 60.73%of the country.Of this total,the area with a significant increase accounted for 31.67%and was concentrated on the eastern and western edges.The area experiencing a significant decrease accounted for 15.67%and was mainly located on the southwestern edges.(3)The NDVI analysis revealed significant increasing trends in all regions except for those at elevations of 1500-2000 m.The greatest rate of increase was observed between 500 and 1000 m,and the increasing trend weakened as elevation continued to increase before gradually becoming significant again.Additionally,the NDVI increased significantly across different slopes,and the rate of increase decreased as the slope increased.(4)From 1990 to 2022,Mongolia’s NDVI was mostly negatively correlated with temperature.This occurred over 66.75%of the total land area,with 17.21%of the region exhibiting a significant negative correlation,mainly in the southwest.Conversely,the NDVI demonstrated a positive correlation with precipitation,encompassing 86.71%of the total land area.Approximately 40.44%of the region had a significant positive correlation,primarily in the southwest.In conclusion,throughout the experimental period,the vegetation state in Mongolia improved.However,due to the warming and drying climate,more attention should be paid to vegetation degradation in the south-central region.

Issues,Progress,and Recommendations in the Construction of Ecological Barrier on the Mongolian Plateau from the Perspective of Big Data

The Mongolian Plateau(MP),situated in the transitional zone between the Siberian taiga and the arid grasslands of Central Asia,plays a significant role as an Ecological Barrier(EB)with crucial implications for ecological and resource security in Northeast Asia.EB is a vast concept and a complex issue related to many aspects such as water,land,air,vegetation,animals,and people,et al.It is very difficult to understand the whole of EB without a comprehensive perspective,that traditional diverse studies cannot cover.Big data and artificial intelligence(AI)have enabled a shift in the research paradigm.Faced with these requirements,this study identified issues in the construction of EB on MP from a big data perspective.This includes the issues,progress,and future recommendations for EB construction-related studies using big data and AI.Current issues cover the status of theoretical studies,technical bottlenecks,and insufficient synergistic analyses related to EB construction.Research progress introduces advances in scientific research driven by big data in three key areas of MP:natural resources,the ecological environment,and sustainable development.For the future development of EB construction on MP,it is recommended to utilize big data and intelligent computing technologies,integrate extensive regional data resources,develop precise algorithms and automated tools,and construct a big data collaborative innovation platform.This study aims to call for more attention to big data and AI applications in EB studies,thereby supporting the achievement of sustainable development goals in the MP and enhancing the research paradigm transforming in the fields of resources and the environment.