干旱区绿洲长期滴灌是否会造成农田土壤积盐,事关干旱区绿洲农业的可持续发展,是学术界和生产管理部门严重关切的问题.玛纳斯河绿洲在新疆最早开展滴灌应用.本文在玛纳斯河绿洲范围内通过大量调查土壤剖面盐分和滴灌历史来回答上述问题...干旱区绿洲长期滴灌是否会造成农田土壤积盐,事关干旱区绿洲农业的可持续发展,是学术界和生产管理部门严重关切的问题.玛纳斯河绿洲在新疆最早开展滴灌应用.本文在玛纳斯河绿洲范围内通过大量调查土壤剖面盐分和滴灌历史来回答上述问题.共调查了235个土壤剖面,深度一般为200 cm,最浅100 cm,利用其中已知滴灌年数的52个剖面数据分析滴灌对土壤盐碱化的长期影响,分为滴灌初始为耕地和荒地种情况.结果表明：新疆玛纳斯河绿洲荒地0~200 cm土层平均含盐量17.23 g kg-1,漫灌耕地平均含盐量0.59 gkg-1;农田滴灌对土壤脱盐与积盐影响并存;原荒地基础上进行滴灌,土壤呈脱盐趋势,土壤含盐量呈幂函数曲线下降,最长12年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数地块含盐量平均值为6.38 g kg-1,总体仍然处于脱盐过程中;原耕地基础上长期滴灌,土壤呈积盐趋势,土层平均含盐量年均增长0.22 g kg-1,最长10年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数田块平均含盐量增长为2.36 g kg-1,土壤含盐量增长趋于危害棉花生长、影响产量的临界值.干旱区绿洲长期滴灌将造成土壤积盐,应该引起科学研究和灌溉管理的高度重视;在节水灌溉过程中保证盐分淋洗用水是减缓滴灌农田土壤积盐必需的措施.展开更多
Mechanisms of kin selection have been studied to explain how siblings grow together, but the findings remain controversial. This can be ascribed to the use of single indicators without considering other factors. Three...Mechanisms of kin selection have been studied to explain how siblings grow together, but the findings remain controversial. This can be ascribed to the use of single indicators without considering other factors. Three ecotypes of Arabidopsis were used to examine kin responses of siblings growing together. Plant traits of leaves, plant shape, reproductive activity, and roots were investigated. We found that Arabidopsis recognized their kin neighbors, showed selective responses to distinct plant traits among ecotypes, and modes of responses were dependent on neighbor＇s growing distance. If single traits were used to judge kin response performance, the results were chaotic. However, by developing and studying an integrated performance value based on multiple traits, we determined that Ler showed similar integrated performances at all planting distances, while the integrated performance of Col was ranked mainly as medium distancedistance small distance large distance, which suggested kin cooperation. However, in comparison to medium and small distances, at which performance was consistent with kin recognition, we found that at large distance, strangers of Ws performed better than kin plants, which suggested competition. Thus, we conclude that kin recognition could be affected by plant competition conditions that are the result of growing distance, and that the integrated performance of individuals was more suitable to evaluate kin interactions of plant species.展开更多
如何充分利用有限的资源更好地保护生物多样性一直都是保护地管理所追求的目标。整合保护对象、优化保护地的空间布局、有效识别国家公园优先保护区域是当前中国国家公园体制建设的主要任务。本研究以浙江丽水为例,采用生态模型评估了...如何充分利用有限的资源更好地保护生物多样性一直都是保护地管理所追求的目标。整合保护对象、优化保护地的空间布局、有效识别国家公园优先保护区域是当前中国国家公园体制建设的主要任务。本研究以浙江丽水为例,采用生态模型评估了该区域关键生态系统服务(固碳释氧、水文调节、水资源、土壤保持)的空间分布格局,同时运用MaxEnt模型模拟了37种濒危物种适宜栖息地分布的空间格局。在此基础上,将关键生态系统服务和濒危物种作为保护对象,通过系统保护规划模型MARXAN,在0.4 km×0.4 km规划网格上计算丽水各规划单元的生态保护不可替代性指数,并结合当地管理需求,综合识别了国家公园优先保护区域。结果表明:2005—2015年间,研究区生态系统固碳量为0.05 kg C·m-2·a-1,释氧量为0.13 kg O2·m-2·a-1,水文调节量为83.25亿m3·a-1,水资源量为803 mm·a-1,土壤保持量为95.53 t·hm^-2·a-1;不同土地利用类型的不可替代性指数显著不同,森林为50~100,河流和水库为60~100,园地为30~50,耕地为15~35,住宅用地为0~25,优先保护区域占研究区面积的11.8%。本研究结合生物多样性和生态系统服务的系统保护规划思路,能够为保护地网络优化布局和国家公园优先保护区域的确定提供有用的框架和技术支撑,有助于提升我国建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护体系的整体有效性。展开更多
文摘干旱区绿洲长期滴灌是否会造成农田土壤积盐,事关干旱区绿洲农业的可持续发展,是学术界和生产管理部门严重关切的问题.玛纳斯河绿洲在新疆最早开展滴灌应用.本文在玛纳斯河绿洲范围内通过大量调查土壤剖面盐分和滴灌历史来回答上述问题.共调查了235个土壤剖面,深度一般为200 cm,最浅100 cm,利用其中已知滴灌年数的52个剖面数据分析滴灌对土壤盐碱化的长期影响,分为滴灌初始为耕地和荒地种情况.结果表明：新疆玛纳斯河绿洲荒地0~200 cm土层平均含盐量17.23 g kg-1,漫灌耕地平均含盐量0.59 gkg-1;农田滴灌对土壤脱盐与积盐影响并存;原荒地基础上进行滴灌,土壤呈脱盐趋势,土壤含盐量呈幂函数曲线下降,最长12年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数地块含盐量平均值为6.38 g kg-1,总体仍然处于脱盐过程中;原耕地基础上长期滴灌,土壤呈积盐趋势,土层平均含盐量年均增长0.22 g kg-1,最长10年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数田块平均含盐量增长为2.36 g kg-1,土壤含盐量增长趋于危害棉花生长、影响产量的临界值.干旱区绿洲长期滴灌将造成土壤积盐,应该引起科学研究和灌溉管理的高度重视;在节水灌溉过程中保证盐分淋洗用水是减缓滴灌农田土壤积盐必需的措施.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470560)
文摘Mechanisms of kin selection have been studied to explain how siblings grow together, but the findings remain controversial. This can be ascribed to the use of single indicators without considering other factors. Three ecotypes of Arabidopsis were used to examine kin responses of siblings growing together. Plant traits of leaves, plant shape, reproductive activity, and roots were investigated. We found that Arabidopsis recognized their kin neighbors, showed selective responses to distinct plant traits among ecotypes, and modes of responses were dependent on neighbor＇s growing distance. If single traits were used to judge kin response performance, the results were chaotic. However, by developing and studying an integrated performance value based on multiple traits, we determined that Ler showed similar integrated performances at all planting distances, while the integrated performance of Col was ranked mainly as medium distancedistance small distance large distance, which suggested kin cooperation. However, in comparison to medium and small distances, at which performance was consistent with kin recognition, we found that at large distance, strangers of Ws performed better than kin plants, which suggested competition. Thus, we conclude that kin recognition could be affected by plant competition conditions that are the result of growing distance, and that the integrated performance of individuals was more suitable to evaluate kin interactions of plant species.
文摘如何充分利用有限的资源更好地保护生物多样性一直都是保护地管理所追求的目标。整合保护对象、优化保护地的空间布局、有效识别国家公园优先保护区域是当前中国国家公园体制建设的主要任务。本研究以浙江丽水为例,采用生态模型评估了该区域关键生态系统服务(固碳释氧、水文调节、水资源、土壤保持)的空间分布格局,同时运用MaxEnt模型模拟了37种濒危物种适宜栖息地分布的空间格局。在此基础上,将关键生态系统服务和濒危物种作为保护对象,通过系统保护规划模型MARXAN,在0.4 km×0.4 km规划网格上计算丽水各规划单元的生态保护不可替代性指数,并结合当地管理需求,综合识别了国家公园优先保护区域。结果表明:2005—2015年间,研究区生态系统固碳量为0.05 kg C·m-2·a-1,释氧量为0.13 kg O2·m-2·a-1,水文调节量为83.25亿m3·a-1,水资源量为803 mm·a-1,土壤保持量为95.53 t·hm^-2·a-1;不同土地利用类型的不可替代性指数显著不同,森林为50~100,河流和水库为60~100,园地为30~50,耕地为15~35,住宅用地为0~25,优先保护区域占研究区面积的11.8%。本研究结合生物多样性和生态系统服务的系统保护规划思路,能够为保护地网络优化布局和国家公园优先保护区域的确定提供有用的框架和技术支撑,有助于提升我国建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护体系的整体有效性。
