The slip behavior and precipitation behavior of four Al−Cu−Li single crystals with varying orientations at different temperatures were investigated using electron backscattering diffraction(EBSD)and transmission elect...The slip behavior and precipitation behavior of four Al−Cu−Li single crystals with varying orientations at different temperatures were investigated using electron backscattering diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The maximum differences in yield strength and ductility of the single crystals at room temperature are 41.6%and 14.7%,respectively.This indicates that the mechanical properties are strongly influenced by the crystal orientation.Moreover,grains with varying orientations exhibit distinct slip characteristics,including slip homogenization,slip localization,and multiple slip.In single crystal SC1,slip localization primarily contributes to its inferior ductility compared to other grains.Nevertheless,during deformation at 250℃,the distinct morphology and distribution of precipitates in the crystals are also correlated with orientation,which causes the increase in the maximum elongation difference to 20.8%in all selected single crystals.Notably,SC1,with a precipitate volume fraction of 2.65%,exhibits more severe slip localization compared to room temperature conditions,while SC2,with a precipitate volume fraction of 4.79%,demonstrates cross-slip characteristics,significantly enhancing the plastic deformation capacity of the Al−Cu−Li alloy.展开更多
The presence of non-gray radiative properties in a reheating furnace’s medium that absorbs,emits,and involves non-gray creates more complex radiative heat transfer problems.Furthermore,it adds difficulty to solving t...The presence of non-gray radiative properties in a reheating furnace’s medium that absorbs,emits,and involves non-gray creates more complex radiative heat transfer problems.Furthermore,it adds difficulty to solving the coupled conduction,convection,and radiation problem,leading to suboptimal efficiency that fails to meet real-time control demands.To overcome this difficulty,comparable gray radiative properties of non-gray media are proposed and estimated by solving an inverse problem.However,the required iteration numbers by using a least-squares method are too many and resulted in a very low inverse efficiency.It is necessary to present an efficient method for the equivalence.The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is utilized to solve the inverse problem of coupled heat transfer,and the gray-equivalent radiative characteristics are successfully recovered.It is our intention that the issue of low inverse efficiency,which has been observed when the least-squares method is employed,will be resolved.To enhance the performance of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm,a modification is implemented for determining the damping factor.Detailed investigations are also conducted to evaluate its accuracy,stability of convergence,efficiency,and robustness of the algorithm.Subsequently,a comparison is made between the results achieved using each method.展开更多
针对协方差分析描述函数法(Covariance Analysis Describing Function Technique,CADET)在分析存在内部参数摄动的不确定系统时精度不高的问题,提出了一种分析存在内部参数摄动的导弹姿态控制系统新型精度分析方法。结合传统的CADET方法...针对协方差分析描述函数法(Covariance Analysis Describing Function Technique,CADET)在分析存在内部参数摄动的不确定系统时精度不高的问题,提出了一种分析存在内部参数摄动的导弹姿态控制系统新型精度分析方法。结合传统的CADET方法,对含有参数摄动的广义非线性项进行统计线性化,得到状态均值和协方差的增广传播方程,采用改进的CADET方法对某型号导弹的姿态控制系统进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明了改进的CADET方法可快速、有效分析存在外部干扰和内部参数摄动系统的精度。展开更多
In order to estimate the residual stresses in Ti2AlNb alloy jointed by electron beam welding (EBW), a computational approach based on finite element method was developed. Meanwhile, experiments were carried out to ver...In order to estimate the residual stresses in Ti2AlNb alloy jointed by electron beam welding (EBW), a computational approach based on finite element method was developed. Meanwhile, experiments were carried out to verify the numerical results. The comparison between the simulation results and measurements suggests that the developed computational approach has sufficient accuracy to predict the welding residual stress distributions. The results show that the central area of the fusion zone suffers tensile stresses in three directions. When the other parameters remain unchanged, the focus current has great impact on the weld shape and size, and then affects the residual stress level significantly. Moreover, the thick plate full-penetrated EBW weld suffers near 1000 MPa tensile stress of Z-direction in the center of the fusion zone. The wider weld has lower tensile stress in Z-direction, resulting in lower risk for cracking.展开更多
In order to clarify the characteristics and formation mechanism of the reheat cracking in Ti2AlNb weldments,a series of heat treatment conditions were performed to the circular joints welded by electron beam,and then ...In order to clarify the characteristics and formation mechanism of the reheat cracking in Ti2AlNb weldments,a series of heat treatment conditions were performed to the circular joints welded by electron beam,and then the macrostructures and microstructures were investigated using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry,and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that the reheat cracking occurs primarily along the grain boundaries in the weld when the Ti2AlNb circular welded joints are heated up to about 700℃.During the heat treatment,an almost complete transformation of B2→O happens while the temperature goes up through the O single-phase region.Then,O→B2+O phase transformation occurs primarily along the grain boundaries as the weld metal continues to heat up to the B2+O dual-phase region.Under the high tension stress consisting of welding residual stress and phase transformation stress,reheat cracking occurs at the interface between the B2+O dual-phase layer and the O-phase matrix.展开更多
Numerical simulation and experimental methods were used to investigate the effects of weld penetration on tensile properties of 2219 aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joints.The results show that when other...Numerical simulation and experimental methods were used to investigate the effects of weld penetration on tensile properties of 2219 aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joints.The results show that when other geometric parameters are consistent,within a certain range,the deeper the weld penetration of the capping weld is,the lower the tensile strength of the j oint is.The deeper weld penetration of the capping weld can cause the more concentrated stress at the weld toe and the joint is more likely to crack accordingly.Based on necessary assumptions,a model for analyzing the mathematical relation between the weld penetration of the capping weld and the tensile strength of the joint was proposed to validate the experimental results. The decrease of weld penetration of capping weld can be controlled by decreasing welding current,helium content or increasing welding voltage.展开更多
Microstructural evolution and its effect on mechanical properties in different regions of 2219-C10S aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joint were analyzed in detail.In weld zone(WZ),α+θeutectic structure f...Microstructural evolution and its effect on mechanical properties in different regions of 2219-C10S aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joint were analyzed in detail.In weld zone(WZ),α+θeutectic structure formed at grain boundaries with no precipitates inside the grains.In partially melted zone(PMZ),symbiotic eutectic or divorced eutectic formed at grain boundaries and needle-likeθ′phases appeared in the secondary heated zone.In over aged zone(OAZ),the coarsening and dissolution ofθ′phases occurred and mostθ′phases transformed intoθphases.In general heat affected zone(HAZ),θ′phases coarsened.Factors such as the strengthening phases,the grain size,the Cu content in matrix and the dislocation density can affect the mechanical properties in different regions of the joint.Moreover,a model describing the relationship between mechanical properties of the material and the volume fraction of precipitates,the average diameter of precipitates and the concentration of soluble elements was proposed.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U21B6004)Major Project of Scientific Innovation of Hunan Province,China (No.2021GK1040)National Key R&D Program of China (No.2020YFA0711104)。
文摘The slip behavior and precipitation behavior of four Al−Cu−Li single crystals with varying orientations at different temperatures were investigated using electron backscattering diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The maximum differences in yield strength and ductility of the single crystals at room temperature are 41.6%and 14.7%,respectively.This indicates that the mechanical properties are strongly influenced by the crystal orientation.Moreover,grains with varying orientations exhibit distinct slip characteristics,including slip homogenization,slip localization,and multiple slip.In single crystal SC1,slip localization primarily contributes to its inferior ductility compared to other grains.Nevertheless,during deformation at 250℃,the distinct morphology and distribution of precipitates in the crystals are also correlated with orientation,which causes the increase in the maximum elongation difference to 20.8%in all selected single crystals.Notably,SC1,with a precipitate volume fraction of 2.65%,exhibits more severe slip localization compared to room temperature conditions,while SC2,with a precipitate volume fraction of 4.79%,demonstrates cross-slip characteristics,significantly enhancing the plastic deformation capacity of the Al−Cu−Li alloy.
基金supported by the Na⁃tional Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172078)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Univer⁃sities(No.DUT24MS007).
文摘The presence of non-gray radiative properties in a reheating furnace’s medium that absorbs,emits,and involves non-gray creates more complex radiative heat transfer problems.Furthermore,it adds difficulty to solving the coupled conduction,convection,and radiation problem,leading to suboptimal efficiency that fails to meet real-time control demands.To overcome this difficulty,comparable gray radiative properties of non-gray media are proposed and estimated by solving an inverse problem.However,the required iteration numbers by using a least-squares method are too many and resulted in a very low inverse efficiency.It is necessary to present an efficient method for the equivalence.The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is utilized to solve the inverse problem of coupled heat transfer,and the gray-equivalent radiative characteristics are successfully recovered.It is our intention that the issue of low inverse efficiency,which has been observed when the least-squares method is employed,will be resolved.To enhance the performance of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm,a modification is implemented for determining the damping factor.Detailed investigations are also conducted to evaluate its accuracy,stability of convergence,efficiency,and robustness of the algorithm.Subsequently,a comparison is made between the results achieved using each method.
文摘针对协方差分析描述函数法(Covariance Analysis Describing Function Technique,CADET)在分析存在内部参数摄动的不确定系统时精度不高的问题,提出了一种分析存在内部参数摄动的导弹姿态控制系统新型精度分析方法。结合传统的CADET方法,对含有参数摄动的广义非线性项进行统计线性化,得到状态均值和协方差的增广传播方程,采用改进的CADET方法对某型号导弹的姿态控制系统进行了数学仿真。仿真结果表明了改进的CADET方法可快速、有效分析存在外部干扰和内部参数摄动系统的精度。
基金Project(CALT201309)supported by Joint Innovation Fund for China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology and Colleges
文摘In order to estimate the residual stresses in Ti2AlNb alloy jointed by electron beam welding (EBW), a computational approach based on finite element method was developed. Meanwhile, experiments were carried out to verify the numerical results. The comparison between the simulation results and measurements suggests that the developed computational approach has sufficient accuracy to predict the welding residual stress distributions. The results show that the central area of the fusion zone suffers tensile stresses in three directions. When the other parameters remain unchanged, the focus current has great impact on the weld shape and size, and then affects the residual stress level significantly. Moreover, the thick plate full-penetrated EBW weld suffers near 1000 MPa tensile stress of Z-direction in the center of the fusion zone. The wider weld has lower tensile stress in Z-direction, resulting in lower risk for cracking.
文摘In order to clarify the characteristics and formation mechanism of the reheat cracking in Ti2AlNb weldments,a series of heat treatment conditions were performed to the circular joints welded by electron beam,and then the macrostructures and microstructures were investigated using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry,and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that the reheat cracking occurs primarily along the grain boundaries in the weld when the Ti2AlNb circular welded joints are heated up to about 700℃.During the heat treatment,an almost complete transformation of B2→O happens while the temperature goes up through the O single-phase region.Then,O→B2+O phase transformation occurs primarily along the grain boundaries as the weld metal continues to heat up to the B2+O dual-phase region.Under the high tension stress consisting of welding residual stress and phase transformation stress,reheat cracking occurs at the interface between the B2+O dual-phase layer and the O-phase matrix.
基金Project(U1637601)supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Numerical simulation and experimental methods were used to investigate the effects of weld penetration on tensile properties of 2219 aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joints.The results show that when other geometric parameters are consistent,within a certain range,the deeper the weld penetration of the capping weld is,the lower the tensile strength of the j oint is.The deeper weld penetration of the capping weld can cause the more concentrated stress at the weld toe and the joint is more likely to crack accordingly.Based on necessary assumptions,a model for analyzing the mathematical relation between the weld penetration of the capping weld and the tensile strength of the joint was proposed to validate the experimental results. The decrease of weld penetration of capping weld can be controlled by decreasing welding current,helium content or increasing welding voltage.
基金Project(U1637601)supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘Microstructural evolution and its effect on mechanical properties in different regions of 2219-C10S aluminum alloy tungsten inert gas(TIG)welded joint were analyzed in detail.In weld zone(WZ),α+θeutectic structure formed at grain boundaries with no precipitates inside the grains.In partially melted zone(PMZ),symbiotic eutectic or divorced eutectic formed at grain boundaries and needle-likeθ′phases appeared in the secondary heated zone.In over aged zone(OAZ),the coarsening and dissolution ofθ′phases occurred and mostθ′phases transformed intoθphases.In general heat affected zone(HAZ),θ′phases coarsened.Factors such as the strengthening phases,the grain size,the Cu content in matrix and the dislocation density can affect the mechanical properties in different regions of the joint.Moreover,a model describing the relationship between mechanical properties of the material and the volume fraction of precipitates,the average diameter of precipitates and the concentration of soluble elements was proposed.
