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中国城镇家庭的实际收入和消费水平
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作者 梅农.戈登 陈海淳 鄢志明 《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》 CSSCI 1993年第2期15-21,共7页
按照1989年中国家庭收入和消费的统计,仅次于最高收入层的家庭(又称4Q 家庭,收入水平为中等偏上)人口平均3.36人,年平均收入为5359元人民币,年平均实际消费为4643元人民币。按照当年的官方汇率(1加元=3.18元人民币),中国家庭实际消费支... 按照1989年中国家庭收入和消费的统计,仅次于最高收入层的家庭(又称4Q 家庭,收入水平为中等偏上)人口平均3.36人,年平均收入为5359元人民币,年平均实际消费为4643元人民币。按照当年的官方汇率(1加元=3.18元人民币),中国家庭实际消费支出为1460加元。用西方标准来衡量,中国收入水平中等偏上的城镇家庭年平均消费4643元人民币。 展开更多
关键词 购买力平价 加拿大统计 城镇家庭 消费额 中国家庭 消费支出 收入水平 人民币 消费水平 汇率
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Place in Movement:Tracing Human-Altered Landscapes Along the Niagara Escarpment
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作者 Adrienne MARIANO Jessica PALMER 《景观设计学(中英文)》 CSCD 2024年第4期94-100,共7页
The Niagara Escarpment,a 440-million-year-old landform,cuts through a property owned by the University of Toronto in Caledon,Ontario in Canada.The property juxtaposes impacts from historical quarrying activity which b... The Niagara Escarpment,a 440-million-year-old landform,cuts through a property owned by the University of Toronto in Caledon,Ontario in Canada.The property juxtaposes impacts from historical quarrying activity which burrowed directly into the Escarpment’s slope,the greater context of the region’s urban development demands,and the Escarpment’s identity as an ancient geological formation,ecological refugium,and old-growth forest housing ancient species such as Thuja occidentalis.This project explores the university’s responsibility in advocating for the protection of the Escarpment’s unique ecologic conditions,including the distinct cliff ecosystems and the novel successional plant communities evolving on sites of former quarry activities.Interventions on the trail system,cave bridges and lookouts,and the boardwalk and path system,along with guidance of signage and trail markers,will bring visitors to areas where former quarry activities sculptured the Escarpment’s limestone faces and are now reclaimed by a system of lush novel wetlands and habitats in evolutionary stages.Connecting to a system of existing public trails,this project leverages the university’s educational and recreational objectives to form new strategic partnerships with local conservancy groups,aiming at monitoring and managing access and habitat protection. 展开更多
关键词 Niagara Escarpment Industrial Heritage Abandoned Quarry Ecological Habitat GEOLOGY WETLAND Trail System
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