Real-time instance segmentation based on contour learning

Instance segmentation plays an important role in image processing.The Deep Snake algorithm based on contour iteration deforms an initial bounding box to an instance contour end-to-end,which can improve the performance of instance segmentation,but has defects such as slow segmentation speed and sub-optimal initial contour.To solve these problems,a real-time instance segmentation algorithm based on contour learning was proposed.Firstly,ShuffleNet V2 was used as backbone network,and the receptive field of the model was expanded by using a 5×5 convolution kernel.Secondly,a lightweight up-sampling module,multi-stage aggregation(MSA),performs residual fusion of multi-layer features,which not only improves segmentation speed,but also extracts effective features more comprehensively.Thirdly,a contour initialization method for network learning was designed,and a global contour feature aggregation mechanism was used to return a coarse contour,which solves the problem of excessive error between manually initialized contour and real contour.Finally,the Snake deformation module was used to iteratively optimize the coarse contour to obtain the final instance contour.The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the instance segmentation accuracy on semantic boundaries dataset(SBD),Cityscapes and Kins datasets,and the average precision reached 55.8 on the SBD;Compared with Deep Snake,the model parameters were reduced by 87.2%,calculation amount was reduced by 78.3%,and segmentation speed reached 39.8 frame·s−1 when instance segmentation was performed on an image with a size of 512×512 pixels on a 2080Ti GPU.The proposed method can reduce resource consumption,realize instance segmentation tasks quickly and accurately,and therefore is more suitable for embedded platforms with limited resources.

Human AKR1A1 involves in metabolic activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acidⅠ

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether aldo-keto reductases(AKRs)can act as a nitrore⁃ductase(NR)and bioactivate aristolochic acidⅠ(AA-Ⅰ)to produce AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts.METHODS①Human-induced hepatocytes(hiHeps)and human bladder RT4 cells were used as tool cells and treated with AA-Ⅰ0,0.5,1.0 and 2μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 method,and the half maximal inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was calculated using the CCK-8 method and the level of DNA adduct production was calculated.②hiHeps and RT4 cells were treated with AKR inhibitor luteotin(0,5,10 and 25μmol·L^(-1))+AA-Ⅰ0.2 and 1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h,respectively,and the levels of DNA adducts were detected by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).③hiHeps cells were incubated with 80 nmol·L^(-1)small interfering RNAs(si-AKRs)for 48 h and treated with AA-Ⅰ1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Real-time qualitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression of AKRs gene and LC-MS/MS technology was used to investigate the effect of specific AKR gene knockdown on DNA adduct levels.④500 nmol·L^(-1)human AKR recombinant proteins AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰwere incubated in vitro under anaerobic conditions and the formation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts was detected.RESULTS①The IC_(50)of AA-Ⅰto hiHeps and RT4 cells was 1.9 and 0.42μmol·L^(-1),respec⁃tively.The level of DNA adduct production of the two cell lines was significantly different(P<0.01).②Luteolin≥5μmol·L^(-1)significantly inhibited the production of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts in both cells(P<0.05),and there was a concentration-dependent effect in hiHeps cells(P<0.01,R=0.84).③In the AKR family,the knockdown of AKR1A1 gene up to 80%inhibited the generation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts by 30%-40%.④The AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts were detected in the incubation of recombinant protein AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰunder anaerobic conditions in vitro,approximately 1 adduct per 107 nucleotides.CONCLU⁃SION AKR1A1 is involved in AA-Ⅰbioactivation,providing a reference for elucidation of the carcino⁃genic mechanism of AA-Ⅰ.

Modified multiple-component scattering power decomposition for PolSAR data based on eigenspace of coherency matrix

A modified multiple-component scattering power decomposition for analyzing polarimetric synthetic aperture radar(PolSAR)data is proposed.The modified decomposition involves two distinct steps.Firstly,ei⁃genvectors of the coherency matrix are used to modify the scattering models.Secondly,the entropy and anisotro⁃py of targets are used to improve the volume scattering power.With the guarantee of high double-bounce scatter⁃ing power in the urban areas,the proposed algorithm effectively improves the volume scattering power of vegeta⁃tion areas.The efficacy of the modified multiple-component scattering power decomposition is validated using ac⁃tual AIRSAR PolSAR data.The scattering power obtained through decomposing the original coherency matrix and the coherency matrix after orientation angle compensation is compared with three algorithms.Results from the experiment demonstrate that the proposed decomposition yields more effective scattering power for different PolSAR data sets.

Evaluation of a Novel 32 X-STR Loci Multiplex System in the Forensic Application

The AGCU X Plus STR system is a newly developed multiplex PCR kit that detects 32 X-chromosomal STR loci simultaneously.These are DXS6807,DXS9895,linkage group 1(DXS10148,DXS10135,DXS8378),DXS9902,DXS6795,DXS6810,DXS10159,DXS10162,DXS10164,DXS7132,linkage group 2(DXS10079,DXS10074,DXS10075),DXS981,DXS6800,DXS6803,DXS6809,DXS6789,DXS7424,DXS101,DXS7133,GATA172D05,GATA165B12,linkage group 3(DXS10103,HPRTB,DXS10101),GATA31E08 and linkage group 4(DXS8377,DXS10134,DXS7423).A major advantage of this kit is that it takes into account linkage between loci,in addition to detecting more X-STR loci.In order to evaluate the forensic application of 32 X-STR fl uorescence amplifi cation system,PCR settings,sensitivity,species specifi city,stability,DNA mixtures,concordance,stutter,sizing precision,and population genetics investigation were evaluated according to the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods(SWGDAM)developmental validation guidelines.The study showed that the genotyping results of each locus were signifi cantly accurate when the DNA template was at least 62.5 pg.Complete profi les were obtained for the 1∶1 and 1∶3 combinations.A total of 209 unrelated individuals from Southern Chinese Han community,consisting of 84 females and 125 males,were selected for population studies,and 285 allele profi les were detected from 32 X-STR loci.The polymorphism information content(PIC)ranged from 0.2721 in DXS6800,to 0.9105 in DXS10135,with an average of 0.6798.DXS10135(PIC=0.9105)was the most polymorphic locus,with discrimination power(DP)of 0.9164 and 0.9871 for the male and female.The cumulative PD_(F),PD_(M),MEC_(trio) and MEC_(duo) valu es were all greater than 0.999999999.There were 78 different DXS10103-HPRTB-DXS10101 haplotypes among the 125 males,and the haplotype diversity was 0.9810.There was no signifi cant difference in the cumulative PD_(F),PD_(M),MEC_(trio) and MEC_(duo) values whether considering linkage or not.In summary,the new X-STR multiplex typing system is effective and reliable,which can be useful in human genetic analysis and kinship testing as a potent complement to autosomal STR typing.

Construction of a broadband impedance spectrum and synchronous DC voltammetry measurement system for solar cells

The current impedance spectroscopy measurement techniques face difficulties in diagnosing solar cell faults due to issues such as cost,complexity,and accuracy.Therefore,a novel system was developed for precise broadband impedance spectrum measurement of solar cells,which was composed of an oscilloscope,a signal generator,and a sampling resistor.The results demonstrate concurrent accurate measurement of the impedance spectrum(50 Hz-0.1 MHz)and direct current voltametric characteristics.Comparative analysis with Keithley 2450 data yields a global relative error of approximately 6.70%,affirming the accuracy.Among excitation signals(sine,square,triangle,pulse waves),sine wave input yields the most accurate data,with a root mean square error of approximately 13.3016 and a global relative error of approximately 4.25%compared to theoretical data.Elevating reference resistance expands the half circle in the impedance spectrum.Proximity of reference resistance to that of the solar cell enhances the accuracy by mitigating line resistance influence.Measurement error is lower in high-frequency regions due to a higher signal-to-noise ratio.

A review of Vietanna(Hemiptera:Cicadidae)with descriptions of two new species from China

The cicada genus Vietanna is reviewed based on the descriptions of two new species,V.perparva sp.nov.and V.longiloba sp.nov.,from China.The relationship of this genus to related taxa is discussed based on the phylogeny of Vietanna and representative species from subtribes Puranina,Leptopsaltriina,Euterpnosiina and Leptosemiina based on the mitochondrial gene COI and nuclear genes EF-1αand ARD1.

A Single-chain Antibody for One-pot Fabrication of Luminescent Gold Nanoclusters and Rabies Virus Imaging in Cells

The fragile antibody leads to a great challenge as a scaffold to fabricate the luminescent metal nanoclusters using one-pot method.This study presents a stable single-chain anti-body(scFv57R-ATS)for the fabrication of luminescent gold nanoclusters(AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS)and a quick,sensitive rabies virus detection in living cells.In this paper,AuNCs@scFv57R-ATS was designed to specifically recognize antigen RV in modified HeLa cells,which promoted the demonstration of metal nanocluster fluorescent probes for antigen targeting and therapy.

试论西藏口述史的史学价值和现实意义

西藏口述史的发展源远流长，很多著名的藏族史学作品都曾借鉴过口述史料，故此今天我们进行西藏口述史的研究具有多重的史学价值与现实意义。一方面它可以为我们提供新的方法论指导，并与西藏的传统史学研究相得益彰；另一方面对于发展西藏的旅游产业、提升西藏各族人民的文化自豪感、构建和谐社会等也具有一定的现实意义。

也谈“诈马宴”——兼议汉语中外来语译名词义的演变

本文旨在进一步说明韩儒林先生所论元代宫廷大宴“只孙宴”俗称“诈马宴”的“诈马”一词来自波斯语 （jamah衣服）实属确切不易。蒙元制度，仅获赐只孙服（一色衣，又称纳石失衣〈波斯语斟 Jamaha-yi naij）者才有与宴资格，对其所乘马匹装饰则并无规定。元后期文士见闻预宴贵族大臣所乘众多马匹装饰华丽，排列举行国宴的金帐外，蔚为壮观，遂将译语“诈马”（又作“爹马”）误解为装饰华丽的马。古汉文历史文献中将译语汉字转为汉语意义理解者不少，此又一例。

从蛮夷到华夏：先秦楚人的族源记忆与民族认同

先秦楚人的族源记忆与民族认同，经历自西周晚期到战国时期数百年的缓慢变迁，完成了从蛮夷认同到华夏认同的心路历程，以屈原《天问》诗篇所表达的颛顼后裔的族源记忆与身份认同为标志，楚人在战国后期已完全融于华夏民族，实现了由蛮夷到华夏、由边缘到中心的重大转变，并最终成为秦汉统一多民族国家的核心主导力量，楚人的心理转变历程，在中华民族形成历程中具有典范意义。楚人融入华夏民族的道路，也是同时期其他周边民族以及后世少数民族融入中华民族、融入统一多民族国家所经历的共同道路。

敦煌藏文写本研究的回顾与前瞻

敦煌藏文写本数量巨大、内容浩繁，是“敦煌藏学”赖以成立的文本支撑。通过系统检视国内外的既有研究成果，本文择其要端予以条列和评述，冀为厘清这一领域的基本学理脉络和新近研究趋向，以为相关研究的深化和拓展廓清思路。

北美“新清史”研究的基石何在——是多语种史料考辨互证的实证学术还是意识形态化的应时之学？（上）

本文概括归纳了最近20多年来北美中国学界所流行的“新清史”研究的学术理路及其依据的语境资源。笔者认为，貌似巍峨壮观的“新清史”学术大厦决非建立在对于多语种文献史料进行审慎而严格的实证考察基础之上，而对其学术著述进行分析评估的结果也表明难于相信该学者群业已具备了将传统的中国断代史研究与自伯希和以来得到纵深发展的内亚史研究相贯通整合的卓尔不群的考据兼综合的治学功力。实际上“新清史”学术共同体的研究工具及其依托的学术资源更多地来自各种以后现代面目大行其道的社科理论，他们还进一步将其整饬建构并打造强化成凸现意识形态色彩的学术话语以指导统合其具体研究，因此带有鲜明的为现实服务的趋时性而非传统汉学研究和内亚史研究共同讲求倡导的实证性。不妨说，就这一群体的学术共性而论，族性（ethnichy）／民族主义语境下的认同决定论、帝制晚期的征服叙事和后帝制时代的“民族帝国主义”话语才是真正构筑支撑起整座“新清史”大厦不可或缺的三大基石。故该学派的着力点不在于史实重建而在话语构建。

元代太庙制度三题

太庙为中国历代王朝统治者供奉与祭祀祖先的重要场所。元代太庙在继承前朝制度的同时，又有不少创新。元代太庙建设前后可分为三个阶段，即燕京太庙阶段、大都太庙阶段、大都增广太庙阶段。每一阶段，太庙神主的室次或者说排列顺序均发生过较大变化，经历了“以西为上、依次向东”，“太祖居中、先右后左”，“太祖居中、左昭右穆”三个时期。元代太庙神主的增撤与室次变化，无论是皇帝还是皇后，都与当时的政治背景变迁密切相关。

清代审理哈密和吐鲁番回人案件的两份满文题本译释

清朝政府将其在蒙古地区推行的政治制度和法律曾经转移施行于其他民族，以满足其对这些民族地区管理的需要。本文汉译的两份满文题本反映出，清政府不仅在哈密、吐鲁番推行了扎萨克制度，而且施行过蒙古法律，在派驻理藩院理事司员于哈密、吐鲁番期间，曾经依据蒙古律审理回人（维吾尔人）刑事案件。

《新疆图志》通志局本与东方学会本探析

《新疆图志》是一部清末官修省志，详细记述了新疆的历史地理、人物风情等情况，有较高的学术价值。《新疆图志》版本较多，本文主要论述了通志局本和东方学会本的版本信息和印行情况，详细介绍了这两种版本的现存状况和具体信息，考察了它们印行的某些具体细节，指出通志局本有117册本和64册本两个版本。此外，本文还探讨了通志局本和东方学会本之间的差异。

明英宗被俘及其在蒙地羁押期间的活动

“土木之变”后，明英宗朱祁镇被瓦刺蒙古人押往塞外草原，并在一年之后得以全身而退。在其被羁押的日子里，朱祁镇凭借自己的明朝皇帝身份得到了蒙古各方面相应的照顾。他能够积极利用各种条件，以南归回京为主要目标，进行了一系列活动。尽管他不懈的努力屡遭失败，但是心智得以提高。这为其日后的各种活动打下了良好的基础。

城市化进程中的民族工作创新研究——以青海省城市民族与宗教工作为个案的调查与研究

随着改革开放的不断深入和城市化进程的加快，城市居民中的民族成分和民族人口数量逐年增多，多民族、多宗教现象日渐突出；又因各民族的风俗习惯、宗教信仰的不同和市场经济的不断发展，城市各民族群众间经济社会交往活动日益频繁，彼此间的相互摩擦与矛盾也随之增多。只要我们充分认识城市民族工作的长期性、复杂性和重要性，不断创新城市民族工作思路与方法，才能更好地把各族人民的智慧和力量凝聚到全面实现小康社会的奋斗目标上来，才能更好地实现各民族的和睦相处与共同繁荣进步。

人口流动、性别失调与性犯罪——以嘉庆时期新疆的犯奸案例为中心

18世纪中期，清朝统一新疆。在清政府的鼓励下，内地（尤其是陕甘地区）人口向新疆的流动趋势逐渐加强。随着以汉人为主的流动人口的增加，有关这些人的各种犯罪活动也随之增加，而犯奸案例是其中最重要的组成部分。本文以嘉庆时期新疆的犯奸案例为线索，主要对此类犯奸案例中犯奸者的组成、社会经济地位、社会关系和家庭背景，移民中的性别失调以及异民族之间的犯奸案例等进行了分析。在此基础上，作者进而分析了内地人移民新疆的动机、内地人的新疆认知以及伊斯兰文明对内地人移民新疆的重要影响。

关于乾隆朝内府抄本《理藩院则例》

《清史研究》2011年第4期刊登的《关于清代内扎萨克蒙古盟的雏形——以理藩满文题本为中心》一文的第14注释中，涉及了笔者所点校的《乾隆朝内府抄本〈理藩院则例〉》一书。该注释中说：“关于该书，点校者误将其作为乾隆朝内府抄本《理藩院则例》。据达力扎布《关于乾隆朝内府抄本〈理藩院则例〉》（载《中国边疆民族研究》第四辑，中央民族大学出版社.

说沙剌班——兼论《山居新语》的史料价值

畏兀儿氏沙剌班家族在元顺帝朝的政治作为和表现，前人关注不够。本文依据《山居新语》及传世文献的记载，拟就沙刺班、世杰班父子在罢黜伯颜以及举荐帖木达世为中书右丞等重大政治活动中的态度和影响进行全方位的探析。此外，以往的研究者大多认为，元代的畏兀儿人沙剌班是《金史》的编修官之一，其实并非如此。笔者通过研读史料发现，参与编修《金史》的沙剌班又名刘伯温，是张掖人，与畏兀儿人沙剌班无涉，他们两人在元代的经历亦各不相同。