[目的/意义]La Quadrature du Net and Others案是欧盟法院第一次以判决的形式回应成员国国家安全情报领域算法运用的立法,对其进行研究不仅能够拓展理论研究的视界,也可为我国相关制度的构建提供镜鉴。[方法/过程]采取案例分析法,深入...[目的/意义]La Quadrature du Net and Others案是欧盟法院第一次以判决的形式回应成员国国家安全情报领域算法运用的立法,对其进行研究不仅能够拓展理论研究的视界,也可为我国相关制度的构建提供镜鉴。[方法/过程]采取案例分析法,深入分析欧盟法院国家安全情报领域算法规制的逻辑基点、路径和方法。[结果/结论]该判决对欧洲人权法院及法国均产生重要影响,但无论是传统情报监督路径与方法,还是新兴算法规制路径与方法,均存缺憾。我国在推进国家安全情报领域算法运用的同时,要对其基本权利干预性有充分认识,应通过立法强化国家安全情报领域算法运用的规制。展开更多
此次新修订的《公司法》第191条规定了董事对第三人的责任制度,应将该责任制度区分为直接损害和间接损害的情形,并分别讨论两种情形下的责任构成要件。董事与公司作为独立的民事主体,过错董事应与公司承担连带责任,具体为按比例的连带...此次新修订的《公司法》第191条规定了董事对第三人的责任制度,应将该责任制度区分为直接损害和间接损害的情形,并分别讨论两种情形下的责任构成要件。董事与公司作为独立的民事主体,过错董事应与公司承担连带责任,具体为按比例的连带责任。考虑到董事之间权力的差异性,有必要针对董事赔偿标准实施差异化调整,以实现对董事利益的合理均衡。Article 191 of the newly revised “Company Law” stipulates the liability system of directors to third parties, which should be divided into direct and indirect damages, and the constituent elements of liability in each case should be discussed separately. As independent civil entities, directors and the company should bear joint and several liability with the company, specifically in the form of pro- portionate joint and several liability. Considering the differences in power among directors, it is necessary to implement differentiated adjustments to the compensation standards for directors in order to achieve a reasonable balance of interests for directors.展开更多
文摘[目的/意义]La Quadrature du Net and Others案是欧盟法院第一次以判决的形式回应成员国国家安全情报领域算法运用的立法,对其进行研究不仅能够拓展理论研究的视界,也可为我国相关制度的构建提供镜鉴。[方法/过程]采取案例分析法,深入分析欧盟法院国家安全情报领域算法规制的逻辑基点、路径和方法。[结果/结论]该判决对欧洲人权法院及法国均产生重要影响,但无论是传统情报监督路径与方法,还是新兴算法规制路径与方法,均存缺憾。我国在推进国家安全情报领域算法运用的同时,要对其基本权利干预性有充分认识,应通过立法强化国家安全情报领域算法运用的规制。
文摘此次新修订的《公司法》第191条规定了董事对第三人的责任制度,应将该责任制度区分为直接损害和间接损害的情形,并分别讨论两种情形下的责任构成要件。董事与公司作为独立的民事主体,过错董事应与公司承担连带责任,具体为按比例的连带责任。考虑到董事之间权力的差异性,有必要针对董事赔偿标准实施差异化调整,以实现对董事利益的合理均衡。Article 191 of the newly revised “Company Law” stipulates the liability system of directors to third parties, which should be divided into direct and indirect damages, and the constituent elements of liability in each case should be discussed separately. As independent civil entities, directors and the company should bear joint and several liability with the company, specifically in the form of pro- portionate joint and several liability. Considering the differences in power among directors, it is necessary to implement differentiated adjustments to the compensation standards for directors in order to achieve a reasonable balance of interests for directors.