美国学者对于抗争传播的研究显示,主流媒体扮演着社会管控中介(agents of social control)的角色,以维持现状(status quo)。新闻媒体普遍采用特定的报道框架以边缘化本国的抗争事件,这一现象被特征化为"抗争范式"(protest par...美国学者对于抗争传播的研究显示,主流媒体扮演着社会管控中介(agents of social control)的角色,以维持现状(status quo)。新闻媒体普遍采用特定的报道框架以边缘化本国的抗争事件,这一现象被特征化为"抗争范式"(protest paradigm)。随着媒介环境的发展以及抗争诉求的多样化,抗争事件的媒体表征越来越具复杂性。新闻报道的"抗争范式"及抗争事件本身都被作为变量加以实证化测量,媒体生存的宏观环境影响也被涉及。为检验在异质化的媒体环境中"抗争范式"的适用性,本文采用内容分析法,从香港和澳门的报纸对2002年到2017年11起澳门抗争事件的报道,来检测多重因素如何共同影响和架构有关抗争的报道。本文研究结果表明,在澳门地区,相比于中立性以及激进性的媒体,保守性媒体会更多地采用"抗争范式"来边缘化抗争者。当诉求者们采用较为极端化的抗争策略时,新闻内容会趋向负面。而当抗争事件聚焦于澳门地区分歧较大的议题时,媒体报道中"抗争范式"的特征却并不显著。随着年份的推移,抗争报道中的负面成分变得越来越少。抗争事件的新闻报道受制于社会现状、媒体与抗争事件三者的交互关系,结合研究发现,本文提出了三元动态互动的理论模型,以更好地解读媒体对抗争事件的架构过程。展开更多
Chinese patent medicines（CPMs） are widely used across China, and they are differently administrated from chemical drugs. For traditional reasons, CPMs may contain opium-derived compounds, such as morphine, which may...Chinese patent medicines（CPMs） are widely used across China, and they are differently administrated from chemical drugs. For traditional reasons, CPMs may contain opium-derived compounds, such as morphine, which may pose the issues of drug abuse and addiction. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the present risk of morphine-containing CPMs in causing drug abuse and addiction, based on a questionnaire-based approach and from a medicinal administrative perspective. We chose 76 CPMs containing morphine from government document and set them as the study group, and 10 chemical drugs containing morphine were set as the control group. Because there is no ready-made method, we created an evaluation sheet consisting of five questions to evaluate each drug and generate a risk-value score. Crosstabs analysis using SPSS 15.0 was conducted to obtain the influencing factors. We found that the study group obtained a mean score of 2.04 for the risk value, which was five times of that of the control group. Specifically, no maximum limit of morphine or codeine was set in product quality standards for more than four-fifth of the drugs. Moreover, 46.0% of package inserts failed to show any warning about addiction or prohibition over the long-term use of the drugs. The number of ingredients, as well as the functions of the drugs, was found to correlate with the risk value. Our findings suggested that CPMs were more risky in causing drug abuse and addiction than chemical drugs. Approaches, such as i） controlling the number of ingredients, ii） setting up maximum limit of morphine or codeine in quality standard, iii） providing more information on the package insert of drugs and iv） monitoring the drug containing both morphine and ephedrine, will be effective in reducing the risk of drug abuse and addiction.展开更多
文摘美国学者对于抗争传播的研究显示,主流媒体扮演着社会管控中介(agents of social control)的角色,以维持现状(status quo)。新闻媒体普遍采用特定的报道框架以边缘化本国的抗争事件,这一现象被特征化为"抗争范式"(protest paradigm)。随着媒介环境的发展以及抗争诉求的多样化,抗争事件的媒体表征越来越具复杂性。新闻报道的"抗争范式"及抗争事件本身都被作为变量加以实证化测量,媒体生存的宏观环境影响也被涉及。为检验在异质化的媒体环境中"抗争范式"的适用性,本文采用内容分析法,从香港和澳门的报纸对2002年到2017年11起澳门抗争事件的报道,来检测多重因素如何共同影响和架构有关抗争的报道。本文研究结果表明,在澳门地区,相比于中立性以及激进性的媒体,保守性媒体会更多地采用"抗争范式"来边缘化抗争者。当诉求者们采用较为极端化的抗争策略时,新闻内容会趋向负面。而当抗争事件聚焦于澳门地区分歧较大的议题时,媒体报道中"抗争范式"的特征却并不显著。随着年份的推移,抗争报道中的负面成分变得越来越少。抗争事件的新闻报道受制于社会现状、媒体与抗争事件三者的交互关系,结合研究发现,本文提出了三元动态互动的理论模型,以更好地解读媒体对抗争事件的架构过程。
基金Funding Grants from University of Macao Research Grants(MYRG2015-00160-ICMS-QRCM and MYRG2014-00069-ICMS-QRCM)
文摘Chinese patent medicines（CPMs） are widely used across China, and they are differently administrated from chemical drugs. For traditional reasons, CPMs may contain opium-derived compounds, such as morphine, which may pose the issues of drug abuse and addiction. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the present risk of morphine-containing CPMs in causing drug abuse and addiction, based on a questionnaire-based approach and from a medicinal administrative perspective. We chose 76 CPMs containing morphine from government document and set them as the study group, and 10 chemical drugs containing morphine were set as the control group. Because there is no ready-made method, we created an evaluation sheet consisting of five questions to evaluate each drug and generate a risk-value score. Crosstabs analysis using SPSS 15.0 was conducted to obtain the influencing factors. We found that the study group obtained a mean score of 2.04 for the risk value, which was five times of that of the control group. Specifically, no maximum limit of morphine or codeine was set in product quality standards for more than four-fifth of the drugs. Moreover, 46.0% of package inserts failed to show any warning about addiction or prohibition over the long-term use of the drugs. The number of ingredients, as well as the functions of the drugs, was found to correlate with the risk value. Our findings suggested that CPMs were more risky in causing drug abuse and addiction than chemical drugs. Approaches, such as i） controlling the number of ingredients, ii） setting up maximum limit of morphine or codeine in quality standard, iii） providing more information on the package insert of drugs and iv） monitoring the drug containing both morphine and ephedrine, will be effective in reducing the risk of drug abuse and addiction.
