生态环境志愿服务发展现状及对策建议

志愿服务是党和国家事业的重要组成部分,是社会主义现代化建设的重要力量,是社会文明进步的重要标志,也是新形势下构建现代环境治理体系、推进美丽中国建设的重要抓手和有效途径。党的十八大以来,党中央高度重视志愿服务工作,出台专门性法规《志愿服务条例》,并在《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》和党的二十大报告等重要文件中作出一系列部署安排。在此背景下,生态环境志愿服务也发展迅速,取得积极进展,但也暴露出一些问题。本文对生态环境志愿服务的政策与实践进展进行系统梳理总结,识别存在的问题,并提出相关对策建议。

System Analysis of the Historical Change of the River Leader System:Based on the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

In the process of implementing the River Leader System,some problems have emerged regarding its progress and effects.From the perspective of historical institutionalism,the historical change process of the River Leader System was revealed in this paper.There were two key nodes in the historical change progress of the River Leader System.In 2014,the river leader system promotion was transferred from the local government to the Ministry of Water Resources.In 2016,the River Leader System was recognized by the central government and implemented nationwide.The historical change process of the River Leader System can be divided into three periods:the creation and formation period,the pilot and diffusion period,and the promotion and strengthening period.The change in the river and lake problems was an important driving force for the historical change of the River Leader System.A path dependent phenomenon was mainly reflected in the policy diffusion scope,problem orientation,main tasks and management methods.At present,there are some shortcomings in the River Leader System,such as a lack of inter-provincial coordination,imperfect evaluation mechanism,poorly coordinated management tasks,and insufficient public participation.To solve these problems,some policy recommendations are put forward.In the short term,the River Leader System will be continuously improved and strengthened.In the long term,it will be transformed into the integrated watershed management system.

Spatio-temporal Evolution and Flow of Water Provision Service Balance in Jinghe River Basin

Quantifying the whole process of ecosystem services from generation through transfer to use,and analyzing the balance between the supply and demand of regional ecosystem services are of great significance for formulating regional sustainable development strategies,realizing regional ecosystem management,and effective resource allocation.Based on the SWAT model,InVEST model,ArcGIS,and other software,this study analyzed the supply-demand balance of water provision services in Jinghe River Basin,a typical region located in the Loess Plateau,using multi-source data.This research then analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution pattern and spatial matching characteristics of the supply and demand of water provision services in Jinghe River Basin from 2000 to 2015.On this basis,a spatial flow model of water provision service was constructed,the flow rules(flow paths)of the water provision service were explored at the subwatershed scale,and the spatial scope of the supply area and benefit area were depicted.The results show that:(1)Water resource supply and demand in the Jinghe River basin both showed increasing trends from 2000 to 2015.(2)The supply-demand balance of water resources was generally up to the standard,however,there were significant differences between urban and rural areas.The supply-demand balances of the central urban areas of each county were relatively low,and even exceeded the supply in the lower reaches of the Jingyang River,such as Gaoling County,Qindu District,and Jingyang County.In rural areas,due to the small population and industrial distribution,coupled with a better ecological environmental base,the supply-demand balance was relatively high,such as Pengyang County,Lingtai County,Huachi County,Huanxian County,Ningxian County,and Zhenyuan County.(3)From 2000 to 2015,the spatial matching pattern of supply and demand in the Jinghe River Basin showed a trend of decline with fluctuations.In 2015,the supply-demand ratios of more than 60%of the subwatersheds showed trends of decline,and the proportion of under-supply area increased by 55.7%in 2015 compared with that in 2000.(4)The supply areas of water provision service in Jinghe River Basin are distributed in the upper reaches of the basin,and the benefit areas are Huating County,Chongxin County,Yongshou County,Chunhua County,Ganxian County,Liquan County,Qindu District,and others in the middle and lower reaches.

The Development of Wildlife Community Conservancies in Kenya: A Preliminary Review

The significance of biodiversity conservation has transformed from a concern for conservation of endangered species and landscapes into an increasingly diverse yet comprehensive set of conservation, social and economic development goals. Community conservancy, a powerful extension of the PA system, has great potential to support biodiversity conservation, poverty eradication and conflict mitigation. Based on its policy environment and development characteristics, Kenya has implemented community conservation practices, and established over 160 conservancies across the country in the past decades. This paper reviews the development and experiences of community conservancies, discusses how they have been implemented in Kenya, and looks at the management paradigm, efficacy and challenges to help better understand the community conservancy approach. The development trajectory and lessons these conservancies have to offer can contribute to the sustainable utilization of natural resources and the enhancement of community wellbeing in Kenya and other countries alike.

Research on the Optimization of Capital for the Governance of Bulk Coal in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei each contributed to the comprehensive governance of bulk coal to treat bulk coal pollution in a mutually beneficial way in 2017. The cooperative game theory is used in this paper to study the environmental benefits and cost effectiveness brought about by this comprehensive governance strategy, primarily focusing on the issue of how to maximize the environmental benefits by choosing an appropriate strategy since the benefits to Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei are closely related. Therefore, the linear optimization, game theory and Shapley value method in the cooperative game model are used to find the ways to minimize the total governance cost of bulk coal in the three areas. In addition, the issues of how to carry out rational distribution and transfer of governance capital among the three places are explored according to the actual amounts of consumption of bulk coal, the influence of the coal burning on the PM2.5 and the actual cost of coal governance in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in 2017. The results show that the governance task in Hebei Province is the most onerous, and requires more investment than the other two cities. Thus, it requires the support from other two cities, with the amount of increased capital required of about 600 million Yuan. At the same time, the cost saved after optimization in Tianjin is calculated to be the largest, which thus can be adjusted appropriately and allocated to Hebei for the governance of bulk coal. The model constructed in this paper can not only be used to solve the issues related to bulk coal consumption in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, but also to carry out the effective distribution of capital, by which a win-win scenario among the three places can be achieved.