Mass Spectrometry-based Deep Coverage Proteome:Evaluation of Cellular Protein Extraction Methods

The current study comprehensively evaluates four different protein extraction methods based on urea,sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),anionic surfactants(BT),and total RNA extractor(Trizol),aiming to optimize the sample preparation workflow for mass spectrometry-based proteomics.Using HeLa cells as an example,we found that the method employing the mass spectrometry-compatible surfactant BT reagent significantly reduces the total time consumed for protein extraction and minimizes protein losses during the sample preparation process.Further integrating the four protein extraction methods,we identified over 7000 proteins from HeLa cells without relying on pre-fractionation techniques,and 2990 of them were quantified using label-free quantification.It is worth noting that the BT and SDS methods demonstrate higher efficiency in extracting membrane proteins,while the Urea and Trizol methods are more effective in extracting proteins from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions.In summary,this study provides a novel solution for deep proteome coverage,particularly in the context of cellular protein extraction,by integrating mass spectrometry-compatible surfactants with traditional extraction methods to effectively enhance protein identification numbers.

The Applications of CRISPR Screening in Aging Research

The advancement of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)gene editing technology has revolutionized the comprehension of human genome,propelling molecular and cellular biology research into unexplored realms and accelerating progress in life sciences and medicine.CRISPR-based gene screening,recognized for its efficiency and practicality,is widely utilized across diverse biological fields.Aging is a multifaceted process governed by a myriad of genetic and epigenetic factors.Unraveling the genes regulating aging holds promise for understanding this intricate phenomenon and devising strategies for its assessment and intervention.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in CRISPR screening and its applications in aging research,while also offering insights into future directions.CRISPR-based genetic-manipulation tools are positioned as indispensable instruments for mitigating aging and managing age-related diseases.

世界正走向高科技时代

发展知识经济是必然趋势 杨福家(中科院院士、复旦大学校长) 1997年全球科技、经济的发展,充分显示了一个知识经济的新时代正在到来。但有人认为,今天中国还没有到这个时候,现在提出知识经济似乎太早,这是中国将来的事情。我觉得我们必须理解这是一个大趋势,理解了对我们会带来极大的益处。去年11月在加拿大开了一个“‘97全球知识大会”。

关于科学界若干矛盾的哲学思考

近代科学史上,欧美的崛起和我国的落后是个事实。科学落后的原因不光要从科学发展史中去寻找,还应当把它放到社会背景中去考察。科学的发展不但受科学发展内在规律性的支配,还与政治、经济和文化传统相关联。竞争与协同竞争与协同是最易遇到的一对矛盾,没有竞争,则死气沉沉,不行;没有协同,内耗严重,更不行。当前科学界过分强调了竞争,而忽视了协同。有人大力提倡室与室竞争,系(所)与系(所)竞争。

蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’组培快繁技术体系的优化

探索优化蝴蝶兰组培快繁技术体系,以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’半木质化花梗为试验材料,研究消毒剂、基础培养基、植物生长调节剂配比及浓度对蝴蝶兰不定芽诱导、增殖和生根过程的影响。结果表明:1)先用2%H2O2溶液处理15 min,再用10%NaClO溶液处理10 min,消毒效果良好,花梗污染率低,为26.6%;2)不定芽诱导最适培养基为花宝1号+花宝2号+6-BA 3 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L,出芽率为78.9%;3)不定芽增殖最适培养基为花宝1号+6-BA 5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L,增殖系数为3.60;4)幼苗生根最适培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2mg/L,生根率为73.7%。本研究旨在优化‘大辣椒’品种的组培快繁技术体系,为进一步建立蝴蝶兰再生体系和工厂化生产提供技术支持。

科学发展中的悖论——评王元、泰斯塔先生的演讲

听了王元和泰斯塔两位先生的演讲很受启发，两位报告人讲得内容可以说是相互补充，相得益彰。特别是王元先生提出了一个非常严肃的问题，那就是对中国经济能否持续增长的忧虑，这是非常严重的问题。这个问题说起来那么严重，

Effects of Exogenous Phthalic and Cinnamic Acids on Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Structures in Rhizosphere Soil of Adzuki Bean

The aim of this study was to find out the effects of exogenous phenolic acids on soil microbes and enzymes in rhizosphere soil of adzuki bean. In the pot experiment of adzuki bean, phthalic and cinnamic acids were added at four concentrations, 0 （control）, 0.1, 1 and 10 mmol/L, to investigate the changes in the mi- croflora and enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of adzuki bean as well as relations between them. The results showed that both phthalic and cinnamic acids could inhibit the activities of soil enzymes, including catalase, sucrase, phosphatase and urease. Higher concentrations （10 mmol/L） of phthalic and cinnamic acids showed more significant effects. In addition, the application of phthalic and cinnamic acids reduced the populations of bacteria and actinomycetes and significantly increased the population of fungi. Correlations analysis showed that phosphatase activity had an extremely significant positive correlation with bacterial population, a significant positive correlation with actinomycete population, and a significant negative correlation with fungal population. Phthalic and cinnamic acids could result in imbalanced microbe compositions, reduce enzyme activities and present evident allelopathy in rhizosphere soil.

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Plant Disease Resistance Regulated by NPR1

NPR1 is an intersection of different disease resistance pathways and plays a key role in systemic-acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. NPR1 regulates constitutive resistance and disease resistance determined by resistant genes. In this paper, the mechanism of disease resistance of NPR1 genes and its analogs were described. The research status and progress of NPR1 transgenic crops were systematically discussed. The application prospect of NPR1 transgenic crops was also forecasted.

Optimization of Wickerhamomyces anomalus Fermentation Conditions for Pectinase Production Based on Wet Processing of Arabica Coffee in Yunnan Province

In order to improve the pectin-degrading efficiency in wet processing of Arabica coffee in Yunnan, Box-Behnken design and single factor experiment were used to optimize the fermentation conditions of five pectinolytic Wickerhamomyces anomalus strains from the fermentation broth of Arabica coffee in Baoshan, Yunnan during wet processing with pectase activity as an indicator. The results showed that the five strains all synthesized pectin lyase(PL), polygalacturonase(PG), and pectin methylesterase(PM).Among them, strain CAP5 had strong ability to produce PG and PL,while strain CAP4 secreted a large amount of PM. Under optimized conditions, the activity of PG, PL, and PM of the five strains came in at 250.17~411.20 U/mL, 12.98~16.55 U/mL, and 208.52~322.83 U/mL,respectively. The four factors of nitrogen source concentration,fermentation time, Mn2+ concentration, and pH value were optimized and the optimal pectinase-producing fermentation conditions for five strains were as follows: peptone 2.2 g/L, fermentation time 30 h, Mn2+ 1.5 mmol/L, and pH 4.3. After fermentation under the optimized conditions, the maximum PG activity of CAP5 amounted to 411.20 U/mL, 114.03% higher than that before optimization.Meanwhile, the PG activity of strains CAP3, CAP4, CAP8, and CAP10 increased by 86.74%, 114.55%, 65.79%, and 66.07%,respectively, and the activity of PL and PM of the five strains rose 150.35%~218.56% and 341.07%~418.52%, respectively. These findings suggested that W. anomalus strains could be used as coffee starter and had great potential for the lysis of pectin.

荷兰莱茵河和墨兹河三角洲五斑按蚊麦赛变种和黑小按蚊幼体种群的分布及动态

本文研究了荷兰两南部莱茵河和默兹河三角洲地区五斑按蚊(Anopheles maculipennis)复合体蚊虫的分布及生态学。研究地区以前曾流行过疟疾,而黑小按蚊(A.atroparvus)则是唯一的传病媒介。对五斑按蚊的125处潜在的水生生境进行了采样,其中有47处(37.6%)含有这一物种复合体的幼体。幼虫密度为每平方米7.4～325.93个幼体。水中的氯度(‰)与幼虫的存在和/或密度之间无相关性。五(王又王)按蚊的存在与某一特定水生植物生境无关,尽管幼虫往往是与浮游藻类(浒苔属)一起被发现的。在经历过涨潮淹没的区域没有发现有幼虫。一种新开发的PCR方法被用来鉴别蚊子的两似种。在研究过的150种幼虫中,只有4种被确定为黑小按蚊,其他的均为五班按蚊麦赛变种。成年蚊虫确定为五班按麦变种,30种野外捕获的蚊子以叮食家禽为生。鉴于1999年发现的大多数按蚊为五班按蚊麦赛变种,因此可以断定自以前1935年开展的按蚊调查以来,研究地区曾经历过一次急剧的生态变化,从而造成黑小按蚊几近灭绝。这一物种是荷兰唯一的一种疟疾传病媒介,因此估计在荷兰的沿海地区疟疾会恢复到以前的地方性流行状态。

Creation of Long-grain Fragrant Japonica Rice by Genome Editing

To create the japonica germplasm with long grain and fragrance,we edited GS3 and OsBADH2 of a japonica rice cultivar Chunjiang 151 by using CRISPR/Cas9 system for multiplex genome editing.10 long-grain fragrant japonica rice plants without transgenic components were obtained.Compared with those of Chunjiang 151,the grain length,thousand-grain weight,and yield per plant of the edited line increased 12.20%,18.45%,and 8.31%,respectively.We created the fragrant japonica rice line with improved grain length and yield,which enriched the germplasm resource of japonica rice and provided reference for the improvement of rice quality.

莱姆病

莱姆病(又称莱姆疏螺旋体病)是蜱传伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)引起的感染。患者可早期出现游走性红斑皮损，这是本病最常见的临床表现。病原体可以播散，导致后期多种临床表现。

Rhizoma polygonati from Mount Tai:nutritional value and usefulness as a traditional Chinese medicine,source of herbzyme,and potential remediating agent for COVID-19 and chronic and hidden hunger

Recently,traditional Chinese medicine-based treatment has succeeded in fighting coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and Rhizoma polygonati(Huangjing)has been one of the recommended components.Its processed products play antidiabetic,antiviral,antitumor,antioxidation,antifatigue,antiaging,and immune enhancement roles.The climate in Mount Tai is mild,and the dense forest is suitable for the growth of Rhizome polygonati,which has gradually evolved into a unique specie.Considering the important medicinal value and pleasant taste of Mount Tai-Rhizoma polygonati,various healthy and functional food products,controlled by quality markers with anti-COVID-19 potential,as well as emergency foods can be developed.The study aimed to review current evidence on the nutritional value of Rhizoma polygonati from Mount Tai and its usefulness as a traditional Chinese medicine,source of herbzyme,and potential remediating agent for COVID-19 and food shortage.Most recent findings regarding herbal nanomedicine have revealed that nanoscale chemical compounds are potentially efficient in drug delivery or nanozyme catalysis upon bioprocessing.Nanoflower structure is found in processed Rhizoma polygonati by self-assembly and has wide application in enzymatic events,particularly nanoscale herbzyme.The novel findings regarding Mount Tai-Rhizoma polygonati could enhance its novel applications in chronic and hidden hunger,clinical nanomedicine,and as an anti-COVID-19 agent.

癌症与移植患者的感染

感染是癌症及移植后患者发病和死亡的主要原因，正在兴起的更强的化疗和免疫抑制疗法将进一步增加这种危险。随着这些危险人群的增加，对引起感染致病菌的了解至关重要。因为全身不适和发热这些感染的经典表现可能由原发病或排异反应引起，所以对于这些患者的诊断可能比较困难。在这些情况下，炎症标志物如C反应蛋白和降钙素原可能对诊断有帮助。

院内感染

近年来，对院内感染和抗生素耐药性的行政和媒体干预与日俱增，并且常规监测和医院间的比较已成为规范。在临床区域提供含酒精成分的消毒凝胶已被提升为改善手部卫生依从性的一种方法。目前已被广泛接受的观点是控制感染的有效措施必须与其他临床管理相结合。

要让公民参与科研方向的选择

我想指出，我所说的观点和法国或西方国家所提出的想法不是很一致，但我的观点是很多公民都非常认同的，而且也是不少研究人员非常认同的。从第二次世界大战以后，科研并不是仅仅服务于知识，而是科学研究成为一种经济发展的动力，科学变成了技术性的科学。那么技术性科学的特点究竟是什么呢？

分形自我与自然构成:道家圣人和混沌理论

道家思想中自我与环境的相互关联，一直以来都在各种各样的语境下有过探究。本文从混沌理论的整体视角探究道家关系性自我的观点，强调混沌理论及其与道家思想关联的以下几个方面：（1）道家“无为”观念的完美相合性；（2）处于混沌之边的“阴阳”；（3）万物自然生发性；（4）道家警诫世界的断裂式分形。最后的结论是，自我拥有成为世界的潜能。要接近此一扩展状态，自我必须致力且敢于打开自身，穿越错综复杂的自然，与万物进行沟通。自我在与世界开放沟通的过程中不断进行着转化，也造成一个始终变化的世界。

南波罗的海(格但斯克湾)波罗的海蛤Macoma balthica的贝壳变形:环境影响假设

本文使用高分辨率数字图像和图像分析系统,来确定格但斯克湾(南波罗的海)波罗的海蛤Macoma balthica 4个种群贝壳变形的外部形态特征。基于贝壳的前后部分所选择维度的关系,我们提出了贝壳变形指数(SDI),它们至少说明了3个形态特征,提供了"正常"和"变形"海蛤的区别性特征诊断:后部弯曲状态(SDI1),后部伸长区(SDI2),和贝壳生长(SDI3)。变形蛤的变形程度和流行程度在当地随着空间发生变化。异常贝壳百分比随深度增加,与海湾内氧损耗状况相对应,间接地表明氧浓度低是具有变形作用的主要因素。所观察到的形态畸变随着双壳类年龄(大小)而加深,表明了原因因子的长期影响,并伴随有贝壳重量的减轻,这可能是由于无氧代谢期间以前沉积的含钙物质的脱钙作用。假设氧不足/缺氧环境及其后在富含有机体的深海底层出现的硫化氢都导致贝壳外形的改变,使其可以在缺氧层之上抽吸氧化水。这样的形态诱发变异突出了贝壳变形在对周围低氧浓度的保护反应中的功能意义。沉积的有机锡浓度属于中等-高污染范围,因此,也会对贝壳外形产生不利影响。线粒体基因细胞色素氧化酶I(COI,393个碱基对)片段的DNA分析显示了正常和变形蛤的同质基因结构,说明M.balthica的贝壳变形主要是由对周围环境条件的适应性引起的。

卢旺达难民对扎伊尔的环境影响

难民对环境影响的评估是一个受忽视的主题。就环境问题而言,最近所有的重点都被放在可能迫使部分人变成"环境难民"的环境退化上,而不是放在由难民自身造成的环境影响上。从严格的环境观点出发,大量的难民可能引起相当大的压力,这是一个基本上被环境专业和机构所忽略的事实。本文以实地评估为基础,分析了在扎伊尔的卢旺达难民对环境造成的影响,结果表明难民对环境的影响是巨大的,并且在某些地区是危急的,因此再也不能被忽视。