Microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of superplastic aluminium alloys:A review

Aluminium alloy is one of the earliest and most widely used superplastic materials.The objective of this work is to review the scientific advances in superplastic Al alloys.Particularly,the emphasis is placed on the microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al alloys during superplastic deformation.The evolution of grain structure,texture,secondary phase,and cavities during superplastic flow in typical superplastic Al alloys is discussed in detail.The quantitative evaluation of different deformation mechanisms based on the focus ion beam(FIB)-assisted surface study provides new insights into the superplasticity of Al alloys.The main features,such as grain boundary sliding,intragranular dislocation slip,and diffusion creep can be observed intuitively and analyzed quantitatively.This study provides some reference for the research of superplastic deformation mechanism and the development of superplastic Al alloys.

The use of carbon-based particle electrodes in three-dimensional electrode reactors for wastewater treatment

The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology.They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode,and the selection of materials used is important.Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area,good adsorption performance,high chemical stability and low cost.The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized.The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization mechanisms of additively manufactured TiAl alloy with heterogeneous microstructure during hot compression

Microstructural evolution and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)mechanisms of a Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb(at.%)alloy prepared by selective electron beam melting(SEBM)during hot deformation at 1150℃and 0.1 s^(-1)were investigated by hot compression tests,optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscope(TEM).The results show that the initial microstructure of the as-SEBMed alloy exhibits layers of coarseγgrains and fineγ+α_(2)+(α_(2)/γ)lamellar mixture grains alternately along the building direction.During the early stage of hot deformation,deformation twins tend to form within the coarse grains,facilitating subsequent deformation,and a small number of DRX grains appear in the fine-grained regions.With the increase of strain,extensive DRX grains are formed through different DRX mechanisms in both coarse and fine-grained regions,involving discontinuous dynamic recrystallization mechanism(DDRX)in the fine-grained regions and a coexistence of DDRX and continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)in the coarsegrained regions.

Supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts from MgCl_(2)·nROH precursors and its catalytic behaviors for diene copolymerization

Heterogeneous TiCl4/MgCl_(2) type Ziegler-Natta(Z-N)catalysts with unique advantages like low cost,high activity,high stereoregularity and pretty particle morphology,contribute to more than 130 Mt polyolefin large-scale production.However,most researches related with heterogeneous Z-N catalysts focused onα-olefin polymerizations like ethylene,propylene,etc.

不同生育期水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究不同生育期土壤水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响,探讨小麦生长的水分亏缺敏感期和合理施氮量。【方法】以冬小麦小偃22为试验材料,设置4个氮肥水平和11个水分亏缺处理,采用盆栽试验,研究不同生育期水分亏缺和施氮水平对冬小麦水分利用效率、产量及其构成要素的影响。【结果】不同生育期土壤水分亏缺和施氮水平对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有一定影响。与全生育期不亏水处理相比,返青期水分亏缺处理冬小麦干物质显著降低了7.70%,产量、水分利用效率显著增加了4.95%和7.56%;拔节期、抽穗期水分亏缺处理冬小麦干物质显著降低了13.69%,15.88%,产量显著降低了5.69%,8.06%,且对有效穗数、穗粒数也有显著降低作用;灌浆期水分亏缺对冬小麦产量影响不显著,但耗水量显著减少了5.44%,水分利用效率显著增加了8.02%。与全生育期不亏水处理相比,返青期+拔节期、返青期+抽穗期、返青期+灌浆期、拔节期+抽穗期、拔节期+灌浆期、抽穗期+灌浆期水分亏缺处理冬小麦干物质和产量均有显著降低,其中返青期+拔节期、拔节期+抽穗期水分亏缺处理冬小麦干物质显著降低了17.44%,17.57%,产量显著降低了11.60%和14.52%,水分利用效率显著降低了8.02%和7.56%,且对有效穗数、穗粒数也有显著降低作用。施氮对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率有显著促进作用。中氮处理(0.3 g/kg,N2)冬小麦产量最高,耗水量较低,水分利用效率较高。【结论】冬小麦对拔节期、抽穗期、返青期+拔节期、拔节期+抽穗期水分亏缺很敏感,中氮处理具有最高的产量和较高的水分利用效率。

不产氧光合细菌的分类学进展

不产氧光合细菌(APB)一直是研究生命起源与进化、光合作用和固氮机理的良好模式生物。近年来,APB资源研究发展迅速,不断发现新的物种、模式种及特殊功能物种,不断提出新的分类单元,APB分类系统发生了较大变化,同时引起了一定混乱。本文对不产氧光合细菌定义、分类系统和分类指征最新进展进行了系统述评,对分类系统中存在的问题和发展趋势也进行了评述。

糖组学研究技术及其进展

多细胞生物机体内,蛋白质糖基化是一个重要后修饰事件. 蛋白质的糖链不仅仅是区别细胞种类的标志,且与众多的生物现象有关,如细胞发育、分化、形态、肿瘤转移、微生物感染等. 糖组学的内容主要涉及单个个体的全部糖蛋白结构分析,确定编码糖蛋白的基因和蛋白质糖基化的机制. 综述了糖组学的分离和结构鉴定技术及其最新进展.

基于电池的无线内窥镜中微型能量管理单元的研制

采用钮扣电池为无线内窥镜摄像胶囊提供电能,其能量供应非常有限,必须有相应的能量管理单元对电能进行有效的管理。本文研制的微型能量管理单元主要由LTC1751-5直流/直流转换器和MSP430微处理器构成,LTC1751-5既起升压稳压作用,又被当作电子开关;MSP430则提供脉冲控制信号,通过电子开关控制摄像胶囊的工作状态。利用微型能量管理单元,可以将钮扣电池的供电时间,从2 min延长到6 h以上,基本满足临床需要。

散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征

为揭示散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征,采用4种散粒粗糙床面开展了8组粒子图像测速法(PIV)水槽明渠紊流试验,探讨了理论床面位置、当量糙率尺度和阻力系数的沿程分布规律,分析了当量糙率尺度与阻力系数的内在关系。结果表明:(1)散粒粗糙床面明渠水流特性沿程可分为颗粒区和粒间区,各区的理论床面位置参数ξ、相对当量糙率尺度k_(s0)和阻力系数f具有显著差异,颗粒区0. 65≤ξ≤0. 85,k_(s0)波动明显,f较大;粒间区ξ=1,k_(s0)变化相对平缓,f较小。(2) k_(s0)沿程平均值与颗粒直径d成正比,与排列间距Lx及水流雷诺数Re成反比,在d、Lx及Re相同时,梅花形排列的k_(s0)大于矩形排列。(3) f随k_(s0)呈递增变化,变化特性与相对光滑度h/d密切相关。研究成果可为散粒粗糙床面沿程阻力系数确定提供科学参考。

嗜热性古核菌的研究进展

古核菌具有区别于细菌、真菌独特的生理、生化特性。特别是嗜热古核菌的发现,扩大了生物酶资源,使许多高温反应得以实现。但是由于野生菌培养条件苛刻,生长周期长,限制了对其的进一步应用,目前主要采用定向进化的方法进行体外重组来获得大量的目标蛋白。来自于嗜热菌的嗜热酶通常对酸、碱、有机溶剂等有较好的抗性,特别是热稳定性好。其稳定机制与结构密切相关,一级结构中疏水、带电荷及芳香族氨基酸相对较多,二级结构中α螺旋结构更加稳定,从高级结构看,嗜热蛋白质含有大量的盐桥、氢键、离子对等与稳定性相关的因素。

原位法与超临界二氧化碳法合成聚丁二烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料（英文）

以原位插层法和超临界CO2法合成了顺式-1,4-聚丁二烯/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料,有机蒙脱土以剥层形态均匀地分散于聚丁二烯基体中,且有机蒙脱土的加入并没有改变聚丁二烯的微观结构,顺式结构摩尔分数高达95%以上。

近红外光谱法研究升温导致的尼龙1010结晶区域的变化

采用近红外光谱技术和二维相关分析法研究尼龙1010膜在升温过程中的结构变化.为了排除非晶区域酰胺基团的影响,事先对尼龙1010的样品膜进行了氘代,并测量了其最终氘代率.结果证明,尼龙1010的结晶区域在升温过程中被逐渐破坏,首先是其主链碳氢结构发生调整,进一步影响到结合酰胺,导致氢键作用减弱并最后生成自由胺基。

振动挤出HDPE管材的结构与力学性能

使用自制的电磁动态塑化挤出机和螺旋芯棒式机头挤出高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)管材。采用爆破压力测试,拉伸性能测试,差示扫描量热法分析等研究振动频率和振幅对 HDPE 管材结构与力学性能的影响。振动挤出的 HDPE 管材周向强度显著提高,实现了管材的双向自增强。与稳态相比,振动挤出的 HDPE 管材结晶度提高,熔点升高,结晶完善;爆破压力最大提高了34.2%,轴向拉伸屈服应力最大提高了5.3%。

Effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al−Zn−Mg−Cu alloys

The effects of minor Sc and Zr additions on the mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu alloys were studied using tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ultimate tensile strength of the peak-aged Al Zn Mg Cu alloy is improved by about 105 MPa with the addition of 0.10% Zr. An increase of about 133 MPa is observed with the joint addition of 0.07% Sc and 0.07% Zr. For the alloys modified with the minor addition of Sc and Zr (0.14%), the main strengthening mechanisms of minor addition of Sc and Zr are fine-grain strengthening, sub-structure strengthening and the Orowan strengthening mechanism produced by the Al3(Sc,Zr) and Al3Zr dispersoids. The volume of Al3Zr particles is less than that of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles, but the distribution of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles is more dispersed throughout the matrix leading to pinning the dislocations motion and restraining the recrystallization more effectively.

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of AA2014 forging aluminum alloy using processing map

The hot deformation behavior of AA2014forging aluminum alloy was investigated by isothermal compression tests attemperatures of350-480°C and strain rates of0.001-1s-1on a Gleeble-3180simulator.The corresponding microstructures of thealloys under different deformation conditions were studied using optical microscopy(OM),electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The processing maps were constructed with strains of0.1,0.3,0.5and0.7.The results showed that the instability domain was more inclined to occur at strain rates higher than0.1s-1and manifested in theform of local non-uniform deformation.At the strain of0.7,the processing map showed two stability domains:domain I(350-430°C,0.005-0.1s-1)and domain II(450-480°C,0.001-0.05s-1).The predominant softening mechanisms in both of the twodomains were dynamic recovery.Uniform microstructures were obtained in domain I,and an extended recovery occurred in domainII,which would lead to the potential sub-grain boundaries progressively transforming into new high-angle grain boundaries.Theoptimum hot working parameters for the AA2014forging aluminum alloy were determined to be370-420°C and0.008-0.08s-1.

Effects of La-Ce addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-18Si-4Cu-0.5Mg alloy

The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al-18 Si-4 Cu-0.5 Mg alloy modified by the addition of La-Ce rare earth elements through OM,SEM,EPMA and tensile tests were investigated.The results of OM and SEM analyses indicated that primary Si particles were significantly refined from coarse block-like and irregular polygonal shapes into fine flaky shapes,while eutectic Si particles were modified from coarse and needle-like into fine and rod-or coral-like shapes with increase of La-Ce addition.The alloy exhibited the minimum primary Si particle size and the best mechanical properties with the addition of 0.3 wt.%La-Ce.The average particle size decreased from 61 to 28 μm,the ultimate tensile strength increased from 222 to 242 MPa and the elongation increased from 3.2% to 6.3%.In addition,modification mechanisms and fracture modes were explored by the means of SEM and EPMA.

Diversity of intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking for 5083 Al alloy with different grain sizes

5083 Al alloy sheets with different grain sizes(8.7-79.2 μm) were obtained by cold rolling and annealing. Their microstructures, intergranular corrosion(IGC), stress corrosion cracking(SCC), and crack propagation behaviors were investigated. The results showed that samples with coarse grains exhibit better IGC resistance with a corrosion depth of 15 μm. The slow strain rate test results revealed that fine-grained samples exhibit better SCC resistance with a susceptibility index(ISSRT) of 11.2%. Furthermore, based on the crack propagation mechanism, grain refinement can improve the SCC resistance by increasing the number of grain boundaries to induce the corrosion crack propagation along a tortuous path. The grains with {011} orientation could hinder crack propagation by orientating it toward the low-angle grain boundary region. The crack in the fine-grained material slowly propagates due to the tortuous path, and low H;and Cl;concentrations.

Effects of strain rate on mechanical properties, microstructure and texture of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy under tensile loading

The effects of strain rate on the mechanical properties,microstructure and texture of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy were investigated through tensile test,microstructure and texture characterization.The results show that strain rate has some influences on the mechanical properties and microstructure,but a slight influence on the texture.Overall,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation increase first,then remain unchanged,and finally increase with increasing strain rate.Independent of strain rate,microstructure in the vicinities of the fracture regions of all the specimens is composed of the slightly elongated grains.However,some differences in misorientation angle distributions can be observed.As strain rate increases,the low angle grain boundaries(LAGBs)increase first,and then decrease.Textures in the vicinities of the fracture regions are almost identical with increasing strain rate.

Enhanced Cu/graphene adhesion by doping with Cr and Ti:A first principles prediction

We presented a density functional theory study on doping effects of transition metals(Cr and Ti)on the Cu/graphene interface adhesion.Various undoped Cu/graphene interface structures were constructed using both the sandwich and the surface models.Energetics calculations showed that the interface binding strength only weakly depends on interface coordination.Both interface models predicted the top-fcc coordination type as the most energy-favored,with a low binding energy value.Segregated Cr prefers to substituting for Cu, while Ti occupies a hollow site at the interface.Although the segregation tendencies are both very weak,once present on the interface,both dopants can greatly increase the interface binding energy and improve the adhesion.

Microwave sintering of Mo nanopowder and its densification behavior

In order to prepare high-performance Mo with fine and homogeneous microstructure to meet the demand of high-technology applications such as metallurgical,mechanical,national defense,aerospace and electronics applications,the microwave sintering process and densification mechanism of Mo nanopowder were studied.In this experiment,Mo nanopowder and micropowder were used for conventional sintering and microwave sintering at different sintering temperatures and sintering time,respectively.The results showed that with the increase in the sintering temperature,the increase rates of the relative density and hardness increased rapidly at first and then slowed down.The relative density rapidly reached 95%,followed by a small change.Mo nanopowder with a relative density of 98.03% and average grain size of 3.6 μm was prepared by microwave sintering at 1873 K for30 min.According to the analysis of the sintering kinetics,its densification is attributed to the combination of volumetric diffusion and grain boundary diffusion mechanisms.The calculated sintering activation energy of Mo nanopowder was 203.65 kJ/mol,which was considerably lower than that in the conventional sintering,suggesting that the microwave sintering was beneficial to the enhancement in the atom diffusion and densification for the powder.The results confirm that the microwave sintering is a promising method to economically prepare molybdenum with high properties.