使用1980~2017年共38年崇明站逐日降水资料对崇明站年降水量及暴雨日数的特征进行分析,并使用中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.9.1.1(Weather Research and Forecasting model)针对崇明年降水量及暴雨日数异常年份2015年的最强降水过程进行数值...使用1980~2017年共38年崇明站逐日降水资料对崇明站年降水量及暴雨日数的特征进行分析,并使用中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.9.1.1(Weather Research and Forecasting model)针对崇明年降水量及暴雨日数异常年份2015年的最强降水过程进行数值模拟,结合站点降水观测资料使用统计方法来系统验证模拟结果。通过敏感性试验着重研究尺度自适应的GF(Grell–Freitas)与传统的KF(Kain–Fritsch)、BMJ(Betts–Miller–Janji?)积云对流参数化方案在不同比率的网格嵌套方式下对于本次过程极端降水总量及逐时变化预报的影响。研究结果表明:使用大比率(9:1或15:1)的双层嵌套可以更真实地模拟强降水区累积降水量分布和逐时变化情况,而使用传统的小比率(3:1或5:1)三层嵌套网格会导致大暴雨和特大暴雨的TS(Threat Score)评分降低,小时降水峰值模拟偏弱等问题;模式外圈使用传统的KF、BMJ积云对流方案比尺度自适应的GF方案对于内圈高分辨率的极端降水总量、逐时变化模拟更有优势,特别是使用KF方案,可以更真实地模拟出极端降水中心的日变化强度;而使用GF方案对于入海口降水模拟偏弱,大暴雨和特大暴雨的TS评分普遍偏低,小时降水峰值也被严重低估。展开更多
利用CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国区域气候的31 a多物理集合模拟试验,分析了该模式对青藏高原气温和降水的模拟效果及其对水平分辨率和物理过程参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明:1)CWRF降尺度全面改善了全...利用CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国区域气候的31 a多物理集合模拟试验,分析了该模式对青藏高原气温和降水的模拟效果及其对水平分辨率和物理过程参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明:1)CWRF降尺度全面改善了全球模式对高原气温和降水的模拟,使气温年循环的均方根误差减小近1℃,月降水量年循环的均方根误差减小10~40 mm,同时显著提高了各月气温和降水与实测资料年际变化的相关系数,最高提升0.6;2)模式分辨率对降水模拟有显著影响,不同分辨率模拟降水差异高达60 mm(54%),模拟偏差随分辨率提高先降低后上升,转折在30 km左右;3)物理过程参数化方案对气温和降水模拟影响显著,不同方案模拟的各月平均气温相差1~4℃,夏季各月降水量相差20~100 mm,其中对气温模拟影响最大的是辐射方案,对降水影响最大的是积云方案。本文为CWRF局地优化对物理参数化及水平分辨率等如何选择提供了依据。展开更多
基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数(TX90)、冷昼指数(TX10)、暖夜指数(TN90)、冷夜指数(TN10)、暖日持续指数(WSDI)和冷日持续指数(CSDI)6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估...基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数(TX90)、冷昼指数(TX10)、暖夜指数(TN90)、冷夜指数(TN10)、暖日持续指数(WSDI)和冷日持续指数(CSDI)6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估区域气候模式(Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting model,CWRF)对1980~2015年间我国极端温度指数区域分布和年际变化的模拟能力,为改进并利用模式研究我国未来区域极端温度的预测提供科学依据。结果显示:观测的冷暖指数在北方的年际变率幅度高于南方,其中暖指数在我国大部分地区为增暖趋势,冷指数在北方地区的变冷趋势显著,尤其暖夜增暖、冷夜变冷,极端暖事件(WSDI)的持续性比冷事件(CSDI)显著。CWRF模式较好再现了极端温度指数的年均分布和年际变化趋势特征,尤其对暖日和冷日持续指数的模拟优势显著,但仍存在系统性的区域偏差,如低估暖昼和冷夜的极值强度;对华东地区暖(冷)指数变暖(冷)的趋势存在低(高)估;尤其是低估青藏高原地区暖、冷指数的强度,并且高估其暖昼变冷、暖夜变暖的年际变化趋势。因此,该模式对华东及高原地区极端温度的强度和年际变率的模拟仍亟需改善。展开更多
Changping Plain, located in the northwest of Beijing, has become an important groundwater recharge area for the Beijing Plain and an important source for the urban water supply. In this study, groundwater samples were...Changping Plain, located in the northwest of Beijing, has become an important groundwater recharge area for the Beijing Plain and an important source for the urban water supply. In this study, groundwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons in 2015 from 24 monitoring wells distributed in Changping Plain. A Piper-Tri-linear diagram, a Schoeller diagram, a Gibbs diagram, and the isotope technique were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of groundwater hydrochemicals and the sources of groundwater recharge. The results indicated: 1) seasonal variations in the concentrations of HCO3^–, Ca^2+, and Na^+ were significant; the spatial variations of these ions were more dramatic in the dry season than in the wet season due to the dilution effect of precipitation; 2) Most groundwater samples had a HCO3-Ca-Mg based hydrochemical type and a few had a HCO3-Na-K based hydrochemical type; the hydrochemical type tended to evolve from HCO3-Ca-Mg based to HCO3-Na-K based in some monitoring wells that showed distinct seasonal variation; 3) the groundwater in the study area originated mainly from atmospheric precipitation, and it is affected by evaporation and concentration processes.展开更多
文摘使用1980~2017年共38年崇明站逐日降水资料对崇明站年降水量及暴雨日数的特征进行分析,并使用中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.9.1.1(Weather Research and Forecasting model)针对崇明年降水量及暴雨日数异常年份2015年的最强降水过程进行数值模拟,结合站点降水观测资料使用统计方法来系统验证模拟结果。通过敏感性试验着重研究尺度自适应的GF(Grell–Freitas)与传统的KF(Kain–Fritsch)、BMJ(Betts–Miller–Janji?)积云对流参数化方案在不同比率的网格嵌套方式下对于本次过程极端降水总量及逐时变化预报的影响。研究结果表明:使用大比率(9:1或15:1)的双层嵌套可以更真实地模拟强降水区累积降水量分布和逐时变化情况,而使用传统的小比率(3:1或5:1)三层嵌套网格会导致大暴雨和特大暴雨的TS(Threat Score)评分降低,小时降水峰值模拟偏弱等问题;模式外圈使用传统的KF、BMJ积云对流方案比尺度自适应的GF方案对于内圈高分辨率的极端降水总量、逐时变化模拟更有优势,特别是使用KF方案,可以更真实地模拟出极端降水中心的日变化强度;而使用GF方案对于入海口降水模拟偏弱,大暴雨和特大暴雨的TS评分普遍偏低,小时降水峰值也被严重低估。
文摘利用CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国区域气候的31 a多物理集合模拟试验,分析了该模式对青藏高原气温和降水的模拟效果及其对水平分辨率和物理过程参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明:1)CWRF降尺度全面改善了全球模式对高原气温和降水的模拟,使气温年循环的均方根误差减小近1℃,月降水量年循环的均方根误差减小10~40 mm,同时显著提高了各月气温和降水与实测资料年际变化的相关系数,最高提升0.6;2)模式分辨率对降水模拟有显著影响,不同分辨率模拟降水差异高达60 mm(54%),模拟偏差随分辨率提高先降低后上升,转折在30 km左右;3)物理过程参数化方案对气温和降水模拟影响显著,不同方案模拟的各月平均气温相差1~4℃,夏季各月降水量相差20~100 mm,其中对气温模拟影响最大的是辐射方案,对降水影响最大的是积云方案。本文为CWRF局地优化对物理参数化及水平分辨率等如何选择提供了依据。
文摘基于中国均一化气温数据集CN05.1的观测数据,结合暖昼指数(TX90)、冷昼指数(TX10)、暖夜指数(TN90)、冷夜指数(TN10)、暖日持续指数(WSDI)和冷日持续指数(CSDI)6个极端温度指数,从气候平均、概率分布、年际变率和年际趋势方面,系统评估区域气候模式(Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting model,CWRF)对1980~2015年间我国极端温度指数区域分布和年际变化的模拟能力,为改进并利用模式研究我国未来区域极端温度的预测提供科学依据。结果显示:观测的冷暖指数在北方的年际变率幅度高于南方,其中暖指数在我国大部分地区为增暖趋势,冷指数在北方地区的变冷趋势显著,尤其暖夜增暖、冷夜变冷,极端暖事件(WSDI)的持续性比冷事件(CSDI)显著。CWRF模式较好再现了极端温度指数的年均分布和年际变化趋势特征,尤其对暖日和冷日持续指数的模拟优势显著,但仍存在系统性的区域偏差,如低估暖昼和冷夜的极值强度;对华东地区暖(冷)指数变暖(冷)的趋势存在低(高)估;尤其是低估青藏高原地区暖、冷指数的强度,并且高估其暖昼变冷、暖夜变暖的年际变化趋势。因此,该模式对华东及高原地区极端温度的强度和年际变率的模拟仍亟需改善。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41572240)
文摘Changping Plain, located in the northwest of Beijing, has become an important groundwater recharge area for the Beijing Plain and an important source for the urban water supply. In this study, groundwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons in 2015 from 24 monitoring wells distributed in Changping Plain. A Piper-Tri-linear diagram, a Schoeller diagram, a Gibbs diagram, and the isotope technique were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of groundwater hydrochemicals and the sources of groundwater recharge. The results indicated: 1) seasonal variations in the concentrations of HCO3^–, Ca^2+, and Na^+ were significant; the spatial variations of these ions were more dramatic in the dry season than in the wet season due to the dilution effect of precipitation; 2) Most groundwater samples had a HCO3-Ca-Mg based hydrochemical type and a few had a HCO3-Na-K based hydrochemical type; the hydrochemical type tended to evolve from HCO3-Ca-Mg based to HCO3-Na-K based in some monitoring wells that showed distinct seasonal variation; 3) the groundwater in the study area originated mainly from atmospheric precipitation, and it is affected by evaporation and concentration processes.