Dietary silymarin ameliorating reproductive and lactation performance of sows via regulating body antioxidant and metabolism

Objective The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of silymarin on reproductive and lactation performance,serum antioxidants,and body metabolism of sows.Methods Sixty pregnant sows(85 d,Large×Landrace)with similar genetic background,body condition,and parity were randomly divided into three groups,and each group has 20 individually housed sows.The sows in the control group(CG)were fed with basal diet,and those in the experimental group A(EGA)and B(EGB)were fed with basal diet containing 250 and 500 mg/kg silymarin,respectively.The experiment lasted 46 days from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation(weaning on day 17).The milk composition and serum biochemical para-meters were determined by a milk composition analyzer and a blood biochemical analyzer,respectively.Serum antioxidant indexes and plasma hormone levels were measured using the biochemical kits.The gas chromatograph was applied to detect the fecal short chain fatty acids.Results Compared with the CG,the total feed intake(TFI)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)were significantly increased(P<0.01),and the urea content in regular milk tended to increase(P=0.095)in the EG.The serum malondialdehyde(MDA)contents were decreased on day 90 of gestation and the day of farrowing(P<0.01),and the serum contents of total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)tended to increase on day 17 of lactation(P=0.099)compared with the CG.Compared with the CG,the serum triglyceride(TG)concentrations in the EG tended to increase on day 90 of gestation(P=0.062),and the content of serum total protein(TP)and albumin(ALB)reduced on day 17 of lactation(P<0.01).Compared with the CG,plasm D-lactic acid content was decreased(P<0.05),and the plasma prostaglandin(PG)level tended to increase(P=0.088)in the EG on the day of farrowing and day 17 of lactation.Compared with the CG,fecal isobutyric acid concentration in the EG significantly decreased on the day of farrowing(P<0.05).Conclusion Adding 250-500 mg/kg silymarin to diets from the late gestation to the end of lactation could improve reproductive and lactation performance of sows via the regulation of nutrient metabolism and serum antioxidant.

Spatial Distribution and Tourism Activation of Traditional Villages in Yunnan Province

Using ArcGIS to analyze the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province in combination with the actual local conditions of traditional villages,the purpose of this study is to determine the development model suitable for their characteristics.The results show several important features of traditional village distribution.(1)The traditional villages in Yunnan Province have spatial structural characteristics of unbalanced cohesive distribution,and they are mainly distributed in the higher-level cities and prefectures such as northwest Yunnan,west Yunnan and south Yunnan.Among them,the traditional villages of Baoshan City have the highest distribution density of 66.33 per 10000 km^(2).This is followed by Dali Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture,where the densities of traditional villages are 44.13 per 10000 km^(2) and 37.66 per 10000 km^(2),respectively.(2)The factors affecting the spatial distribution structure of traditional villages in Yunnan Province are natural geographical factors,humanistic historical factors and transportation factors.Among them,the natural geographical conditions with a large vertical gap in Yunnan Province gave birth to the human settlement environment of traditional villages.The history of a farming civilization that has been passed down from generation to generation has laid a brilliant and splendid humanistic foundation for traditional villages,and the high-altitude areas are relatively primitive.The transportation conditions have delayed the destruction of traditional villages by urbanization and industrialization.In summary,these factors have affected the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in Yunnan Province to some extent.(3)According to the law of the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province,it is necessary to explore the activation path of traditional village tourism with regional characteristics and ethnic characteristics,and also to carry out differentiated development according to the different endowment characteristics of local resources,that is to develop a series of activation modes including agricultural tourism,cultural tourism and ecological tourism.