Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,exce...Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications,inappropriate sowing dates,and upland rice cultivation,exacerbate the risk of lodging in rice.While breeders have developed high-yielding rice varieties utilizing the sd1 gene,relying solely on this gene is insufficient to enhance lodging resistance.Identifying the traits that contribute to lodging resistance is crucial.Key factors include biochemical,anatomical,and morphological traits,such as the levels of lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,silicon,and potassium,along with the number and area of vascular bundles and the thickness,diameter,and length of the culm.Moreover,markers associated with lodging-related genes,like SCM2,SCM3,SCM4,and prl4,can be utilized effectively in marker-assisted backcrossing to develop rice varieties with desirable culm traits.This literature review aims to aid rice breeders in addressing the issue of lodging by examining traits that influence lodging resistance,developing phenotyping strategies for these traits,identifying suitable instrumentation,exploring methods for screening lodging-resistant plants,understanding the mathematical relationships involved,and considering molecular breeding aspects for pyramiding genes related to lodging.展开更多
Background Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is one of the most significant fibre and cash crops and plays an important role in Indian industrial and agricultural economies.However,over the years quantity and quality have ...Background Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is one of the most significant fibre and cash crops and plays an important role in Indian industrial and agricultural economies.However,over the years quantity and quality have been hampered by the pest leafhopper.Leafhopper alone has been shown to cause yield losses of up to 40%.In this study,screening and evaluation were performed to identify and categorize 100 cotton genotypes along with 5 checks as resistant,moderately resistant,sensitive and highly sensitive to leafhoppers.Results A total of hundred genotypes were evaluated along with five checks for leafhopper resistance.Based on the screening results,a total of 19 genotypes were resistant to leafhoppers,which was on par with the findings of the check KC 3.The contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and total free amino acids were significantly positively correlated with the mean grade,whereas total phenols content and trichome density were significantly negatively correlated with the susceptibility grade.However,based on screening and biochemical analysis,the genotypes KC 2,JR-23,Samaru-26-T,D 4,TCH 1728,RS 253,and B-61-1862 exhibited high resistance to leafhopper.Conclusion According to the findings of this study,choosing genotypes with high total phenolics content together with high trichome density and low contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and free amino acids may aid in the development of resistant genotypes.展开更多
Cotton plays a crucial role in shaping Indian economy and rural livelihoods.The cotton crop is prone to numerous insect pests,necessitating insecticidal application,which increases production costs.The advent of the e...Cotton plays a crucial role in shaping Indian economy and rural livelihoods.The cotton crop is prone to numerous insect pests,necessitating insecticidal application,which increases production costs.The advent of the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)insecticidal protein in cotton has significantly reduced the burden of pest without compromising environmental or human health.After the introduction of transgenic cotton,the cultivated area expanded to 22 million hectares,with a 64% increase in adoption by farmers worldwide.Currently,Bt cotton accounts for 93% of the cultivated cotton area in India.However,extensive use of Bt cotton has accelerated resistance development in pests like the pink bollworm.Furthermore,the overreliance on Bt cotton has reduced the use of broad-spectrum pesticides,favouring the emergence of secondary pests with significant challenges.This emphasizes the urgent necessity for developing novel pest management strategies.The high-dose and refuge strategy was initially effective for managing pest resistance in Bt cotton,but its implementation in India faced challenges due to misunderstandings about the use of non-Bt refuge crops.Although gene pyramiding was introduced as a solution,combining mono toxin also led to instances of cross-resistance.Therefore,there is a need for further exploration of biotechnological approaches to manage insect resistance in Bt cotton.Advanced biotechnological strategies,such as sterile insect release,RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated gene silencing,stacking Bt with RNAi,and genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR-Cas),offer promising tools for identifying and managing resistance genes in insects.Additionally,CRISPR-mediated gene drives and the development of novel biopesticides present potential avenues for effective pest management in cotton cultivation.These innovative approaches could significantly enhance the sustainability and efficacy of pest resistance management in Bt cotton.展开更多
Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop production.In India,adopting high density planting system(HDPS)to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing trend.HDPS has recently been considere...Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop production.In India,adopting high density planting system(HDPS)to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing trend.HDPS has recently been considered a replacement for the current Indian production system.It is also suitable for mechanical harvesting,which reducing labour costs,increasing input use efficiency,timely harvesting timely,maintaining cotton quality,and offering the potential to increase productivity and profitability.This technology has become widespread in globally cotton growing regions.Water management is critical for the success of high density cotton planting.Due to the problem of freshwater availability,more crops should be produced per drop of water.In the high-density planting system,optimum water application is essential to control excessive vegetative growth and improve the translocation of photoassimilates to reproductive organs.Deficit irrigation is a tool to save water without compromising yield.At the same time,it consumes less water than the normal evapotranspiration of crops.This review comprehensively documents the importance of growing cotton under a high-density planting system with deficit irrigation.Based on the current research and combined with cotton production reality,this review discusses the application and future development of deficit irrigation,which may provide theoretical guidance for the sustainable advancement of cotton planting systems.展开更多
Background Studies on genetic variation and combining ability are essential tools to employ the suitable breeding programme,particularly for hybrid production,to exploit the heterosis in cross-pollinated crops like co...Background Studies on genetic variation and combining ability are essential tools to employ the suitable breeding programme,particularly for hybrid production,to exploit the heterosis in cross-pollinated crops like cotton.Thus,combining ability studies in desi cotton(Gossypium arboreum L.)was carried out using 13 diverse parents through diallel mating design,evaluating 78 F,hybrids along with their parents,without reciprocals using Griffing's and Hayman's approaches.Results Genotypes H 509,AC 3265,AKH 496,and PBN 565 exhibited superior per se performance,indicating their potential use as parents in future breeding programs to develop superior hybrids.The general combining ability(GCA)effect of the genotypes revealed that AC 3097 and AKA 13-SP1 were good general combiners for most traits in this study.Genotypes PBS 1127-SP1,AKH 496,H 509,N11-54-31-32,and AKA 13-SP1 exhibited strong combining ability,contributing to a significant specific combining ability(SCA)effect in seven selected crosses(AC 3265×PBS1127-SP1,AKH 496×H 509,AKH 496×AC 3097,PBS 1127-SP1×N11-54-31-32,AC 3216×AKA 13-SP1,H 503×N11-54-31-32,and H 509×AKA 13-SP1)for yield improvement.These crosses showed positive heterosis in a positive direction.Conclusion From the present study,five genotypes(AC 3097,AKA 13-SP1,N11-54-31-32,AC 3265,and H 509)were identified as good general combiners for producing hybrids,and seven combinations showed a promising hybrid for future breeding programs.展开更多
文摘Lodging is more than just plants falling over;it incurs significant economic losses for farmers leading to a decrease in both yield and quality of the final produce.Human management practices,such as dense sowing,excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications,inappropriate sowing dates,and upland rice cultivation,exacerbate the risk of lodging in rice.While breeders have developed high-yielding rice varieties utilizing the sd1 gene,relying solely on this gene is insufficient to enhance lodging resistance.Identifying the traits that contribute to lodging resistance is crucial.Key factors include biochemical,anatomical,and morphological traits,such as the levels of lignin,cellulose,hemicellulose,silicon,and potassium,along with the number and area of vascular bundles and the thickness,diameter,and length of the culm.Moreover,markers associated with lodging-related genes,like SCM2,SCM3,SCM4,and prl4,can be utilized effectively in marker-assisted backcrossing to develop rice varieties with desirable culm traits.This literature review aims to aid rice breeders in addressing the issue of lodging by examining traits that influence lodging resistance,developing phenotyping strategies for these traits,identifying suitable instrumentation,exploring methods for screening lodging-resistant plants,understanding the mathematical relationships involved,and considering molecular breeding aspects for pyramiding genes related to lodging.
文摘Background Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is one of the most significant fibre and cash crops and plays an important role in Indian industrial and agricultural economies.However,over the years quantity and quality have been hampered by the pest leafhopper.Leafhopper alone has been shown to cause yield losses of up to 40%.In this study,screening and evaluation were performed to identify and categorize 100 cotton genotypes along with 5 checks as resistant,moderately resistant,sensitive and highly sensitive to leafhoppers.Results A total of hundred genotypes were evaluated along with five checks for leafhopper resistance.Based on the screening results,a total of 19 genotypes were resistant to leafhoppers,which was on par with the findings of the check KC 3.The contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and total free amino acids were significantly positively correlated with the mean grade,whereas total phenols content and trichome density were significantly negatively correlated with the susceptibility grade.However,based on screening and biochemical analysis,the genotypes KC 2,JR-23,Samaru-26-T,D 4,TCH 1728,RS 253,and B-61-1862 exhibited high resistance to leafhopper.Conclusion According to the findings of this study,choosing genotypes with high total phenolics content together with high trichome density and low contents of total soluble sugar,total soluble protein,and free amino acids may aid in the development of resistant genotypes.
文摘Cotton plays a crucial role in shaping Indian economy and rural livelihoods.The cotton crop is prone to numerous insect pests,necessitating insecticidal application,which increases production costs.The advent of the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)insecticidal protein in cotton has significantly reduced the burden of pest without compromising environmental or human health.After the introduction of transgenic cotton,the cultivated area expanded to 22 million hectares,with a 64% increase in adoption by farmers worldwide.Currently,Bt cotton accounts for 93% of the cultivated cotton area in India.However,extensive use of Bt cotton has accelerated resistance development in pests like the pink bollworm.Furthermore,the overreliance on Bt cotton has reduced the use of broad-spectrum pesticides,favouring the emergence of secondary pests with significant challenges.This emphasizes the urgent necessity for developing novel pest management strategies.The high-dose and refuge strategy was initially effective for managing pest resistance in Bt cotton,but its implementation in India faced challenges due to misunderstandings about the use of non-Bt refuge crops.Although gene pyramiding was introduced as a solution,combining mono toxin also led to instances of cross-resistance.Therefore,there is a need for further exploration of biotechnological approaches to manage insect resistance in Bt cotton.Advanced biotechnological strategies,such as sterile insect release,RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated gene silencing,stacking Bt with RNAi,and genome editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein(CRISPR-Cas),offer promising tools for identifying and managing resistance genes in insects.Additionally,CRISPR-mediated gene drives and the development of novel biopesticides present potential avenues for effective pest management in cotton cultivation.These innovative approaches could significantly enhance the sustainability and efficacy of pest resistance management in Bt cotton.
文摘Lessons learned from past experiences push for an alternate way of crop production.In India,adopting high density planting system(HDPS)to boost cotton yield is becoming a growing trend.HDPS has recently been considered a replacement for the current Indian production system.It is also suitable for mechanical harvesting,which reducing labour costs,increasing input use efficiency,timely harvesting timely,maintaining cotton quality,and offering the potential to increase productivity and profitability.This technology has become widespread in globally cotton growing regions.Water management is critical for the success of high density cotton planting.Due to the problem of freshwater availability,more crops should be produced per drop of water.In the high-density planting system,optimum water application is essential to control excessive vegetative growth and improve the translocation of photoassimilates to reproductive organs.Deficit irrigation is a tool to save water without compromising yield.At the same time,it consumes less water than the normal evapotranspiration of crops.This review comprehensively documents the importance of growing cotton under a high-density planting system with deficit irrigation.Based on the current research and combined with cotton production reality,this review discusses the application and future development of deficit irrigation,which may provide theoretical guidance for the sustainable advancement of cotton planting systems.
基金supported by ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research,Regional Station,Coimbatore,India。
文摘Background Studies on genetic variation and combining ability are essential tools to employ the suitable breeding programme,particularly for hybrid production,to exploit the heterosis in cross-pollinated crops like cotton.Thus,combining ability studies in desi cotton(Gossypium arboreum L.)was carried out using 13 diverse parents through diallel mating design,evaluating 78 F,hybrids along with their parents,without reciprocals using Griffing's and Hayman's approaches.Results Genotypes H 509,AC 3265,AKH 496,and PBN 565 exhibited superior per se performance,indicating their potential use as parents in future breeding programs to develop superior hybrids.The general combining ability(GCA)effect of the genotypes revealed that AC 3097 and AKA 13-SP1 were good general combiners for most traits in this study.Genotypes PBS 1127-SP1,AKH 496,H 509,N11-54-31-32,and AKA 13-SP1 exhibited strong combining ability,contributing to a significant specific combining ability(SCA)effect in seven selected crosses(AC 3265×PBS1127-SP1,AKH 496×H 509,AKH 496×AC 3097,PBS 1127-SP1×N11-54-31-32,AC 3216×AKA 13-SP1,H 503×N11-54-31-32,and H 509×AKA 13-SP1)for yield improvement.These crosses showed positive heterosis in a positive direction.Conclusion From the present study,five genotypes(AC 3097,AKA 13-SP1,N11-54-31-32,AC 3265,and H 509)were identified as good general combiners for producing hybrids,and seven combinations showed a promising hybrid for future breeding programs.
