The original Taylor principles offer identical intergranular strain equilibrium without stress equilibrium in metals during deformation. In reality, however, the stress and strain equilibria are maintained individuall...The original Taylor principles offer identical intergranular strain equilibrium without stress equilibrium in metals during deformation. In reality, however, the stress and strain equilibria are maintained individually for different grains. As key points, the principles have become a prerequisite predominantly in the current theories, which unreasonably indicate that strains instead of stresses induce grain deformation despite reaching the stress equilibrium by complicated combinations of the activation of slip systems or other crystallographic mechanism via different approaches. Real intergranular equilibria can be traced if mechanical interactions together with the external loading are considered step by step. In this work, several penetrating and non-penetrating slips were used to obtain the necessary elastic and plastic strain tensors of different grains in a natural manner. Without the Taylor principles, the stress and strain equilibria can be reached naturally, simply, easily, reasonably, and individually without complicated calculations. Results of the experimental observation conformed with the predicted deformation texture when certain important engineering stress conditions are included in the simulation. Therefore, the Taylor principles for plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals should now be disregarded.展开更多
SWEET transporters are a unique class of sugar transporters that play vital roles in various developmental and physiological processes in plants.While the functions of SWEETs have been well established in model plants...SWEET transporters are a unique class of sugar transporters that play vital roles in various developmental and physiological processes in plants.While the functions of SWEETs have been well established in model plants such as Arabidopsis,their functions in economically important fruit crops like pineapple have not been well studied.Here we aimed to investigate the substrate specificity of pineapple SWEETs by comparing the protein sequences of known glucose and sucrose transporters in Arabidopsis with those in pineapple.Our genome-wide approach and 3D structure comparison showed that the Arabidopsis SWEET8 homolog in pineapple,AcSWEET10,shares similar sequences and protein properties responsible for glucose transport.To determine the functional conservation of AcSWEET10,we tested its ability to complement glucose transport mutants in yeast and analyzed its expression in stamens and impact on the microspore phenotype and seed set in transgenic Arabidopsis.The results showed that AcSWEET10 is functionally equivalent to AtSWEET8 and plays a critical role in regulating microspore formation through the regulation of the Callose synthase5(CalS5),which highlights the importance of SWEET transporters in pineapple.This information could have important implications for improving fruit crop yield and quality by manipulating SWEET transporter activity.展开更多
Tactical Ballistic Missile(TBM) class target neutralization by the fragment spray of a Fragment Generator Warhead(FGW) calls for quantification of fragment projection angle scatter to finalize the end game engagement ...Tactical Ballistic Missile(TBM) class target neutralization by the fragment spray of a Fragment Generator Warhead(FGW) calls for quantification of fragment projection angle scatter to finalize the end game engagement logic.For conventional axi-symmetric warhead,dispersion is assumed to be normal with a standard deviation of 3~O.However,such information is not available in case of FGW.Hence,a set of experiments are conducted to determine the dispersion of fragments.The experiments are conducted with a specific configuration of FGW in an identical arena to quantify the scatter and then verified its applicability to other configurations having a range of L/D and C/M ratios,and contoured fragmenting discs.From the experimental study,it is concluded that the scatter in projection angle follows normal distribution with a standard deviation of 0.75° at Chi-square significance level of 0.01(x_(0.99)~2).展开更多
The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify some possible sources of dispersion of 120 mm APFSDS tank ammunition both experimentally and numerically.This paper aims to point out the most influential sourc...The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify some possible sources of dispersion of 120 mm APFSDS tank ammunition both experimentally and numerically.This paper aims to point out the most influential source during In-Bore Balloting Motion phase as well as in External Ballistics phase of the ammunition and quantifies its effect on dispersion.Data obtained from flight trials is critically analysed and parameters affecting dispersion such as initial yaw/pitch rates,yaw/pitch dampening,plane start angle,launch spin,clearance,centre of gravity shift,dynamic imbalance angle,cross wind,etc.are observed and,later on,studied in detail by extensive External Ballistics Monte Carlo(EBMC)simulation and Six Degree of Freedom(6-DOF)trajectory analysis.In Bore Balloting Motion simulation shows that reduction in residual spin by about 5%results in drastic56%reduction in first maximum yaw.A correlation between first maximum yaw and residual spin is observed.Results of data analysis are used in design modification for existing ammunition.Number of designs are evaluated numerically before freezing five designs for further soundings.These designs are critically assessed in terms of their comparative performance during In-bore travel&external ballistics phase.Results are validated by free flight trials for the finalised design.展开更多
Submunitions should exhibit optimum terminal performance at target end when released from certain pre-determined height. Selection of an optimum height of release of the submunitions depends on the terminal parameters...Submunitions should exhibit optimum terminal performance at target end when released from certain pre-determined height. Selection of an optimum height of release of the submunitions depends on the terminal parameters like forward throw, remaining velocity, impact angle and flight time. In this paper,the effects of initial firing conditions and height of release on terminal performance of submunitions discussed in detail. For different height of release, the relation between range and forward throw is also established & validated for a number of firing altitude and rocket configurations.展开更多
Power Cartridges are pyrotechnic devices where hot combustion gases utilized to do mechanical work for disruption of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs). It plays a vital role either in destroying the suspici...Power Cartridges are pyrotechnic devices where hot combustion gases utilized to do mechanical work for disruption of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs). It plays a vital role either in destroying the suspicious object or making them non-functional by generating the gas pressure on burning of propellant against the water column inside the barrel, Present work is focused on characterisation,numerical solution such as deformation; strain; stress using FEM(Finite Element Method), design qualification, performance and evaluation of power cartridge for disruptor application. Experimental trials for pressure-time(P-t) measurement in closed vessel(CV), various electrical parameters like all fire current(AFC), no fire current(NFC) and ignition delay have been measured. Further, mechanical properties for brass material have been determined. An attempt has been made to characterise the power cartridge by FEM and carrying out the experiments for water-jet application.展开更多
In recent years, the agroclimatic investigations have been made at various temporal and spatial scales in mountainous and hilly regions, and so have the adaptability tests on the crop ecoclimate. A large quantity of r...In recent years, the agroclimatic investigations have been made at various temporal and spatial scales in mountainous and hilly regions, and so have the adaptability tests on the crop ecoclimate. A large quantity of reliable and representative data are obtained. Through the synthetic studies on ' belt' , ' layer' , ' topography' and 'ecological-type' in mountainy and hilly regions, climate with agriculture ard zonality with non-zonality are closely combined to show the similarities and differences of agroclimatic resources at various layers and with different topography types in mountainy and hilly regions. A general review is given in this paper.展开更多
A compact Ultra-WideBand(UWB) slot antenna is presented in this paper. The slot is modified rectangular in shape and asymmetrically cut in the ground plane. A hexagonal patch with two stepped CoPlanar Waveguide(CPW) f...A compact Ultra-WideBand(UWB) slot antenna is presented in this paper. The slot is modified rectangular in shape and asymmetrically cut in the ground plane. A hexagonal patch with two stepped CoPlanar Waveguide(CPW) feed is used to excite the slot. Wider impedance bandwidth is achieved due to the extra inductive reactance created by the asymmetric slot which neutralizes the capacitive reactance of the hexagonal patch. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 11.85 GHz(2.9–14.75 GHz). The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are obtained and found to be omni-directional in H-plane and bi-directional in E-plane.展开更多
Epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases havebecome world wide serious problems. The Institute of Dermatology and Veneology of Wenshan AutonomousPrefecture in Yunnan is a center of political, economical,cultural and...Epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases havebecome world wide serious problems. The Institute of Dermatology and Veneology of Wenshan AutonomousPrefecture in Yunnan is a center of political, economical,cultural and social activities in the prefecture. It is alsothe location of the Committee of Wenshan and itsgovernment. Wenshan data indicates that STDs havebeen spreading from towns of this prefecture to thecountryside.展开更多
The adsorption capacities for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by six carbon nanomaterials have been evaluated. Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as received and after oxidation ...The adsorption capacities for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by six carbon nanomaterials have been evaluated. Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as received and after oxidation treatment, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are the materials with different dimension and functionalization compared in this research. Carbon nanotubes have been modified using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent under microwave radiation. The oxidation treatment on carbon nanotubes has a positive effect increasing the adsorbent–adsorbate interaction. Rate-controlling mechanisms and equilibrium data are analyzed using non-linear models. Non-linear method is proposed as the most suitable method for determining the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. The values of adsorption energy(E) obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm,have been found around 0.371 and 0.870 k J·mol-1, indicating physical adsorption. Therefore, the pseudo-second order model represents better the kinetic experimental data. The results show that the Langmuir isotherm provides a slightly better fit to the experimental data compared with the Freundlich isotherm, indicating homogeneous distribution of active sites on carbon nanomaterials and monolayer adsorption. The separation factors RLare found in the range of 0–1, suggesting that the adsorption process is suitable for all adsorbents. The mechanisms for hexavalent chromium removal have been proposed as electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.展开更多
The characteristics of 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO ) of the outgoing longwave radiation data (OLR) and its relations to the interannual oscillations of the sea surface temperature (SST) are investigate...The characteristics of 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO ) of the outgoing longwave radiation data (OLR) and its relations to the interannual oscillations of the sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated by using the daily OLR data for the period from January, 1979 to December, 1987 and the corresponding monthly SST data. It is found that the LFO the band the interannual oscillations of the SST monthly anomaly (SSTA) interact each other and they all relate to the occurrence and development of El Nino events closely. Before El Nino event happens, it contributes to the SST's wanning up and to the SST's quasi-biennial oscillation (called QBO for brevity) and three and half years oscillation (called SO for short) being in warm water phase in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (ECP and EEP) that the LFO in the equatorial western Pacific (EWP) enhances and propagates eastward; When El Nino event takes place, the LFO, SSTA and SSTA's QBO and SO in the EEP interact and strengthen each other; But the warmer SST and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the warm water phase in the EEP contribute to the LFO's weakening in the equatorial Pacific. Moreover, these contribute to the SST in the EEP becoming cold and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the EWP being in cold water phase and then impel the El Nino event to end.展开更多
As a Nature-Based Solution,urban forests deliver a number of environmental ecosystem services(EESs).To quantify these EESs,well-defined,reliable,quantifiable and stable indicators are needed.With literature analysis a...As a Nature-Based Solution,urban forests deliver a number of environmental ecosystem services(EESs).To quantify these EESs,well-defined,reliable,quantifiable and stable indicators are needed.With literature analysis and expert knowledge gathered within COST Action FP1204 GreenInUrbs,we proposed a classification of urban forest EESs into three categories:(A)regulation of air,water,soil and climate;(B)provisioning of habitat quality;and(C)provisioning of other goods and services.Each category is divided into EES types:(a)amelioration of air quality;restoration of soil and water;amelioration of the microclimate;removal of CO2 from the air;(b)provision of habitat for biodiversity;support for resilient urban ecosystems;provision of genetic diversity;and(c)provision of energy and nutrients;provision of grey infrastructure resilience.Each EES type provides one or more benefits.For each of these 12 benefits,we propose a set of indicators to be used when analyzing the impacts on the identified EESs.Around half of the 36 indicators are relevant to more than one single benefit,which highlights complex interrelationships.The indicators of wider applicability are tree and stand characteristics,followed by leaf physical traits and tree species composition.This knowledge is needed for the optimization of the EESs delivered by urban forests,now and in the future.展开更多
The management of patients with cirrhosis is complex and subject to ever-evolving literature and recommendations.In the most recent Japanese practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis(1),Yoshiji et al.provide a number of...The management of patients with cirrhosis is complex and subject to ever-evolving literature and recommendations.In the most recent Japanese practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis(1),Yoshiji et al.provide a number of key updates to guidance based on evidence reflective of practice in Japan that are worth emphasizing.展开更多
Dear Editor,Receiving a cancer diagnosis is a traumatic life event that impacts not only the patients but also their families[1].Parents of patients with a cancer diagnosed in early life might experience a life crisis...Dear Editor,Receiving a cancer diagnosis is a traumatic life event that impacts not only the patients but also their families[1].Parents of patients with a cancer diagnosed in early life might experience a life crisis with various negative emotions,including the difficult decision-making in cancer treatment,concerns related to the side effects of the treatment and comorbidities,the worry for progression and relapse of the cancer and the risk of loss of the child due to death,as well as the physical demand of caregiving[2,3].展开更多
Grain orientation evolutions and texture formation based on the Taylor principles offer important references to reveal crystallographic mechanisms of deforma- tion behaviors. Strain equilibrium between grains is achie...Grain orientation evolutions and texture formation based on the Taylor principles offer important references to reveal crystallographic mechanisms of deforma- tion behaviors. Strain equilibrium between grains is achieved in Taylor theory, however, stress equilibrium has not yet been reached perfectly even in many modifications of the theory though the textures predicted become very close to those of experimental observations. A reaction stress model is proposed, in which mechanical interactions between grains are considered in details and grain deformation is conducted by penetrating and non-penetrating slips. The new model offers both of the stress and strain equilibria and predicts the same textures indicated by Taylor theory. The rolling texture simulated comes very close to the experimental observations if the relaxation effect of the non-penetrating slips on the up-limits of reaction stresses is included. The reaction stress principles open theoretically a new field of vision to consider deformation behaviors of poiycrystaliine materials, whereas the Taylor principles become unnecessary both theoretically and practically. Detailed engineering conditions have to be included in simulations if the deformation textures of industrial products should be predicted.展开更多
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 51571024）.
文摘The original Taylor principles offer identical intergranular strain equilibrium without stress equilibrium in metals during deformation. In reality, however, the stress and strain equilibria are maintained individually for different grains. As key points, the principles have become a prerequisite predominantly in the current theories, which unreasonably indicate that strains instead of stresses induce grain deformation despite reaching the stress equilibrium by complicated combinations of the activation of slip systems or other crystallographic mechanism via different approaches. Real intergranular equilibria can be traced if mechanical interactions together with the external loading are considered step by step. In this work, several penetrating and non-penetrating slips were used to obtain the necessary elastic and plastic strain tensors of different grains in a natural manner. Without the Taylor principles, the stress and strain equilibria can be reached naturally, simply, easily, reasonably, and individually without complicated calculations. Results of the experimental observation conformed with the predicted deformation texture when certain important engineering stress conditions are included in the simulation. Therefore, the Taylor principles for plastic deformation of polycrystalline metals should now be disregarded.
基金We especially thank Dr Binghua Wu(Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,China)for kindly providing the yeast mutant strain EBY.VW4000 and Prof.Zhong-Nan Yang(Shanghai Normal University,China)for sharing Atsweet8 seeds.This work was supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi(Gui Ke AA22068096)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Pingtan Science and Technology Research Institute(PT2021007,PT2021003)+2 种基金the General Project of Fujian Natural Science Foundation(2020 J01594)the Project of Guangxi Featured Fruit Innovation Team on Pineapple Breeding and Cultivation Post under the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(nycytxgxcxtd-17-05)the Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Basic Research Project(Gui Nong Ke 2021YT046).The funding bodies played no role in the design of the study and collection,analysis and interpretation of the data,and writing the manuscript.
文摘SWEET transporters are a unique class of sugar transporters that play vital roles in various developmental and physiological processes in plants.While the functions of SWEETs have been well established in model plants such as Arabidopsis,their functions in economically important fruit crops like pineapple have not been well studied.Here we aimed to investigate the substrate specificity of pineapple SWEETs by comparing the protein sequences of known glucose and sucrose transporters in Arabidopsis with those in pineapple.Our genome-wide approach and 3D structure comparison showed that the Arabidopsis SWEET8 homolog in pineapple,AcSWEET10,shares similar sequences and protein properties responsible for glucose transport.To determine the functional conservation of AcSWEET10,we tested its ability to complement glucose transport mutants in yeast and analyzed its expression in stamens and impact on the microspore phenotype and seed set in transgenic Arabidopsis.The results showed that AcSWEET10 is functionally equivalent to AtSWEET8 and plays a critical role in regulating microspore formation through the regulation of the Callose synthase5(CalS5),which highlights the importance of SWEET transporters in pineapple.This information could have important implications for improving fruit crop yield and quality by manipulating SWEET transporter activity.
文摘Tactical Ballistic Missile(TBM) class target neutralization by the fragment spray of a Fragment Generator Warhead(FGW) calls for quantification of fragment projection angle scatter to finalize the end game engagement logic.For conventional axi-symmetric warhead,dispersion is assumed to be normal with a standard deviation of 3~O.However,such information is not available in case of FGW.Hence,a set of experiments are conducted to determine the dispersion of fragments.The experiments are conducted with a specific configuration of FGW in an identical arena to quantify the scatter and then verified its applicability to other configurations having a range of L/D and C/M ratios,and contoured fragmenting discs.From the experimental study,it is concluded that the scatter in projection angle follows normal distribution with a standard deviation of 0.75° at Chi-square significance level of 0.01(x_(0.99)~2).
文摘The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify some possible sources of dispersion of 120 mm APFSDS tank ammunition both experimentally and numerically.This paper aims to point out the most influential source during In-Bore Balloting Motion phase as well as in External Ballistics phase of the ammunition and quantifies its effect on dispersion.Data obtained from flight trials is critically analysed and parameters affecting dispersion such as initial yaw/pitch rates,yaw/pitch dampening,plane start angle,launch spin,clearance,centre of gravity shift,dynamic imbalance angle,cross wind,etc.are observed and,later on,studied in detail by extensive External Ballistics Monte Carlo(EBMC)simulation and Six Degree of Freedom(6-DOF)trajectory analysis.In Bore Balloting Motion simulation shows that reduction in residual spin by about 5%results in drastic56%reduction in first maximum yaw.A correlation between first maximum yaw and residual spin is observed.Results of data analysis are used in design modification for existing ammunition.Number of designs are evaluated numerically before freezing five designs for further soundings.These designs are critically assessed in terms of their comparative performance during In-bore travel&external ballistics phase.Results are validated by free flight trials for the finalised design.
文摘Submunitions should exhibit optimum terminal performance at target end when released from certain pre-determined height. Selection of an optimum height of release of the submunitions depends on the terminal parameters like forward throw, remaining velocity, impact angle and flight time. In this paper,the effects of initial firing conditions and height of release on terminal performance of submunitions discussed in detail. For different height of release, the relation between range and forward throw is also established & validated for a number of firing altitude and rocket configurations.
文摘Power Cartridges are pyrotechnic devices where hot combustion gases utilized to do mechanical work for disruption of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs). It plays a vital role either in destroying the suspicious object or making them non-functional by generating the gas pressure on burning of propellant against the water column inside the barrel, Present work is focused on characterisation,numerical solution such as deformation; strain; stress using FEM(Finite Element Method), design qualification, performance and evaluation of power cartridge for disruptor application. Experimental trials for pressure-time(P-t) measurement in closed vessel(CV), various electrical parameters like all fire current(AFC), no fire current(NFC) and ignition delay have been measured. Further, mechanical properties for brass material have been determined. An attempt has been made to characterise the power cartridge by FEM and carrying out the experiments for water-jet application.
文摘In recent years, the agroclimatic investigations have been made at various temporal and spatial scales in mountainous and hilly regions, and so have the adaptability tests on the crop ecoclimate. A large quantity of reliable and representative data are obtained. Through the synthetic studies on ' belt' , ' layer' , ' topography' and 'ecological-type' in mountainy and hilly regions, climate with agriculture ard zonality with non-zonality are closely combined to show the similarities and differences of agroclimatic resources at various layers and with different topography types in mountainy and hilly regions. A general review is given in this paper.
文摘A compact Ultra-WideBand(UWB) slot antenna is presented in this paper. The slot is modified rectangular in shape and asymmetrically cut in the ground plane. A hexagonal patch with two stepped CoPlanar Waveguide(CPW) feed is used to excite the slot. Wider impedance bandwidth is achieved due to the extra inductive reactance created by the asymmetric slot which neutralizes the capacitive reactance of the hexagonal patch. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 11.85 GHz(2.9–14.75 GHz). The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are obtained and found to be omni-directional in H-plane and bi-directional in E-plane.
文摘Epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases havebecome world wide serious problems. The Institute of Dermatology and Veneology of Wenshan AutonomousPrefecture in Yunnan is a center of political, economical,cultural and social activities in the prefecture. It is alsothe location of the Committee of Wenshan and itsgovernment. Wenshan data indicates that STDs havebeen spreading from towns of this prefecture to thecountryside.
基金the finantial support of ITQ-2015-16 research projectsthe partial financial support of the Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales Grafénicos (CIQA) CONACYT Project 250848
文摘The adsorption capacities for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by six carbon nanomaterials have been evaluated. Single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as received and after oxidation treatment, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide are the materials with different dimension and functionalization compared in this research. Carbon nanotubes have been modified using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent under microwave radiation. The oxidation treatment on carbon nanotubes has a positive effect increasing the adsorbent–adsorbate interaction. Rate-controlling mechanisms and equilibrium data are analyzed using non-linear models. Non-linear method is proposed as the most suitable method for determining the kinetic and equilibrium parameters. The values of adsorption energy(E) obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm,have been found around 0.371 and 0.870 k J·mol-1, indicating physical adsorption. Therefore, the pseudo-second order model represents better the kinetic experimental data. The results show that the Langmuir isotherm provides a slightly better fit to the experimental data compared with the Freundlich isotherm, indicating homogeneous distribution of active sites on carbon nanomaterials and monolayer adsorption. The separation factors RLare found in the range of 0–1, suggesting that the adsorption process is suitable for all adsorbents. The mechanisms for hexavalent chromium removal have been proposed as electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science foundation of China under Program49070240.
文摘The characteristics of 30-60 day oscillation (hereafter called LFO ) of the outgoing longwave radiation data (OLR) and its relations to the interannual oscillations of the sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated by using the daily OLR data for the period from January, 1979 to December, 1987 and the corresponding monthly SST data. It is found that the LFO the band the interannual oscillations of the SST monthly anomaly (SSTA) interact each other and they all relate to the occurrence and development of El Nino events closely. Before El Nino event happens, it contributes to the SST's wanning up and to the SST's quasi-biennial oscillation (called QBO for brevity) and three and half years oscillation (called SO for short) being in warm water phase in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (ECP and EEP) that the LFO in the equatorial western Pacific (EWP) enhances and propagates eastward; When El Nino event takes place, the LFO, SSTA and SSTA's QBO and SO in the EEP interact and strengthen each other; But the warmer SST and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the warm water phase in the EEP contribute to the LFO's weakening in the equatorial Pacific. Moreover, these contribute to the SST in the EEP becoming cold and the SSTA's QBO and SO in the EWP being in cold water phase and then impel the El Nino event to end.
基金financially supported by COST Action FP1204 GreenInUrbsPRIN project EUFORICCMinistry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation(the Agreement No.02.A03.21.0008)
文摘As a Nature-Based Solution,urban forests deliver a number of environmental ecosystem services(EESs).To quantify these EESs,well-defined,reliable,quantifiable and stable indicators are needed.With literature analysis and expert knowledge gathered within COST Action FP1204 GreenInUrbs,we proposed a classification of urban forest EESs into three categories:(A)regulation of air,water,soil and climate;(B)provisioning of habitat quality;and(C)provisioning of other goods and services.Each category is divided into EES types:(a)amelioration of air quality;restoration of soil and water;amelioration of the microclimate;removal of CO2 from the air;(b)provision of habitat for biodiversity;support for resilient urban ecosystems;provision of genetic diversity;and(c)provision of energy and nutrients;provision of grey infrastructure resilience.Each EES type provides one or more benefits.For each of these 12 benefits,we propose a set of indicators to be used when analyzing the impacts on the identified EESs.Around half of the 36 indicators are relevant to more than one single benefit,which highlights complex interrelationships.The indicators of wider applicability are tree and stand characteristics,followed by leaf physical traits and tree species composition.This knowledge is needed for the optimization of the EESs delivered by urban forests,now and in the future.
基金Nadim Mahmud is supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases(No.K08-DK124577)by American College of Gastroenterology.
文摘The management of patients with cirrhosis is complex and subject to ever-evolving literature and recommendations.In the most recent Japanese practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis(1),Yoshiji et al.provide a number of key updates to guidance based on evidence reflective of practice in Japan that are worth emphasizing.
基金supported by the Swedish Cancer Society(grant number:200846 PjF to Fang Fang)Karolinska Institutet(Senior Researcher Award and Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology to Fang Fang)+6 种基金the China Scholarship Council(grant number:201700260291 to QL,grant number:201700260276 to Dang Wei)the Novo Nordisk Foundation(grant number:NNF18OC0052029 to Jiong Li)the Independent Research Fund Denmark(grant number:DFF-6110-00019B,DFF-9039-00010B and DFF-1030-00012B to Jiong Li)Nordic Cancer Union(grant number:R275-A15770 and R278-A15877 to Jiong Li)the Karen Elise Jensens Fond(2016 to Jiong Li)the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation(grant number:20180306 to Krisztina D László)the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research(grant number:2015-00837 to Krisztina D László).
文摘Dear Editor,Receiving a cancer diagnosis is a traumatic life event that impacts not only the patients but also their families[1].Parents of patients with a cancer diagnosed in early life might experience a life crisis with various negative emotions,including the difficult decision-making in cancer treatment,concerns related to the side effects of the treatment and comorbidities,the worry for progression and relapse of the cancer and the risk of loss of the child due to death,as well as the physical demand of caregiving[2,3].
文摘Grain orientation evolutions and texture formation based on the Taylor principles offer important references to reveal crystallographic mechanisms of deforma- tion behaviors. Strain equilibrium between grains is achieved in Taylor theory, however, stress equilibrium has not yet been reached perfectly even in many modifications of the theory though the textures predicted become very close to those of experimental observations. A reaction stress model is proposed, in which mechanical interactions between grains are considered in details and grain deformation is conducted by penetrating and non-penetrating slips. The new model offers both of the stress and strain equilibria and predicts the same textures indicated by Taylor theory. The rolling texture simulated comes very close to the experimental observations if the relaxation effect of the non-penetrating slips on the up-limits of reaction stresses is included. The reaction stress principles open theoretically a new field of vision to consider deformation behaviors of poiycrystaliine materials, whereas the Taylor principles become unnecessary both theoretically and practically. Detailed engineering conditions have to be included in simulations if the deformation textures of industrial products should be predicted.
