Hydrogels exhibit potential applications in smart wearable devices because of their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli.However,their applications are limited by challenges in terms of issues in biocom...Hydrogels exhibit potential applications in smart wearable devices because of their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli.However,their applications are limited by challenges in terms of issues in biocompatibility,custom shape,and self-healing.Herein,a conductive,stretchable,adaptable,self-healing,and biocompatible liquid metal GaInSn/Ni-based composite hydrogel is developed by incorporating a magnetic liquid metal into the hydrogel framework through crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)with sodium tetraborate.The excellent stretchability and fast self-healing capability of the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel are derived from its abundant hydrogen binding sites and liquid metal fusion.Significantly,owing to the magnetic constituent,the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel can be guided remotely using an external magnetic field to a specific position to repair the broken wires with no need for manual operation.The composite hydrogel also exhibits sensitive deformation responses and can be used as a strain sensor to monitor various body motions.Additionally,the multifunctional hydrogel displays absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding properties.The total shielding performance of the composite hydrogel increases to~62.5 dB from~31.8 dB of the pure PVA hydrogel at the thickness of 3.0 mm.The proposed bioinspired multifunctional magnetic hydrogel demonstrates substantial application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.展开更多
Complex-amplitude holographic metasurfaces(CAHMs)with the flexibility in modulating phase and amplitude profiles have been used to manipulate the propagation of wavefront with an unprecedented level,leading to higher ...Complex-amplitude holographic metasurfaces(CAHMs)with the flexibility in modulating phase and amplitude profiles have been used to manipulate the propagation of wavefront with an unprecedented level,leading to higher image-reconstruction quality compared with their natural counterparts.However,prevailing design methods of CAHMs are based on Huygens-Fresnel theory,meta-atom optimization,numerical simulation and experimental verification,which results in a consumption of computing resources.Here,we applied residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network to directly map the electric field distributions and input images for monolithic metasurface design.A pretrained network is firstly trained by the electric field distributions calculated by diffraction theory,which is subsequently migrated as transfer learning framework to map the simulated electric field distributions and input images.The training results show that the normalized mean pixel error is about 3%on dataset.As verification,the metasurface prototypes are fabricated,simulated and measured.The reconstructed electric field of reverse-engineered metasurface exhibits high similarity to the target electric field,which demonstrates the effectiveness of our design.Encouragingly,this work provides a monolithic field-to-pattern design method for CAHMs,which paves a new route for the direct reconstruction of metasurfaces.展开更多
Development of high-performance microwave absorption materials(MAM)with stabilized magnetic properties at high temperatures is specifically essential but remains challenging.Moreover,the Snoke's limitation restrai...Development of high-performance microwave absorption materials(MAM)with stabilized magnetic properties at high temperatures is specifically essential but remains challenging.Moreover,the Snoke's limitation restrains the microwave absorption(MA)property of magnetic materials.Modulating alloy components is considered an effective way to solve the aforementioned problems.Herein,a hollow medium-entropy FeCoNiAl alloy with a stable magnetic property is prepared via simple spray-drying and two-step annealing for efficient MA.FeCoNiAl exhibited an ultrabroad effective absorption band(EAB)of 5.84 GHz(12.16–18 GHz)at a thickness of just 1.6 mm,revealing an excellent absorption capability.Furthermore,the MA mechanism of FeCoNiAl is comprehensively investigated via off-axis holography.Finally,the electromagnetic properties,antioxidant properties,and residual magnetism at high temperatures of FeCoNiAl alloys are summarized in detail,providing new insights into the preparation of MAM operating at elevated temperatures.展开更多
The demand for lightweight, flexible, and high-performance portable power sources urgently requires high-efficiency and stable flexible solar cells. In the case of perovskite solar cells(PSCs), most of the common elec...The demand for lightweight, flexible, and high-performance portable power sources urgently requires high-efficiency and stable flexible solar cells. In the case of perovskite solar cells(PSCs), most of the common electron transport layer(ETL) needs to be annealed for improving the optoelectronic properties,while conventional flexible substrates could barely stand the high temperature. Herein, a vacuumassisted annealing SnO_(2) ETL at low temperature(100℃) is utilized in flexible PSCs and achieved high efficiency of 20.14%. Meanwhile, the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)) increases from 1.07 V to 1.14 V. The flexible PSCs also show robust bending stability with 86.8% of the initial efficiency is retained after 1000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 5 mm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), atomic force microscopy(AFM), and contact angle measurements show that the density of oxygen vacancies, the surface roughness of the SnO_(2) layer, and film hydrophobicity are significantly increased, respectively. These improvements could be due to the oxygen-deficient environment in a vacuum chamber, and the rapid evaporation of solvents. The proposed vacuum-assisted low-temperature annealing method not only improves the efficiency of flexible PSCs but is also compatible and promising in the large-scale commercialization of flexible PSCs.展开更多
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been recognized as a promising and cost-effective photovoltaic technology with the power conversion efficiency(PCE) exceeding 25%[1–3]. The high efficiency i...Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been recognized as a promising and cost-effective photovoltaic technology with the power conversion efficiency(PCE) exceeding 25%[1–3]. The high efficiency is attributed to the exceptional optoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, low non-radiative recombination rate, and so on[4–7].展开更多
The dynamics of negative surface discharges in c-C_(4)F_(8)/CF_(3)I/CO_(2) gas mixture is investigated here with a 2D fuid model.The distributions of ion concentration,electric field strength and photon flux during th...The dynamics of negative surface discharges in c-C_(4)F_(8)/CF_(3)I/CO_(2) gas mixture is investigated here with a 2D fuid model.The distributions of ion concentration,electric field strength and photon flux during the propagation of the streamer are obtained by solving the drift-diffusion equations of particles and Poisson's equation,and the photon flux variation function during the propagation is also fitted.It is found that the streamer branches occur when the streamer transitions from the upper surface of the insulator to the side surface,and then when the streamer approaches the plane electrode,the photon flux will increase significantly.On this basis,the positive and negative surface discharge models are compared in terms of streamer characteristics,particle characteristics and streamer branches.It is found that the streamer has a higher electron concentration and electric field in the positive model.The streamer develops“floating”in the positive surface discharge,while it is close to the surface of the insulator in the negative model.In addition,the negative streamer branch has a wider width and develops further.展开更多
The division of aqueous samples into microdroplet arrays has many applications in biochemical and medical analysis.Inspired by biological features,we propose a method to produce picoliter droplet arrays for single-cel...The division of aqueous samples into microdroplet arrays has many applications in biochemical and medical analysis.Inspired by biological features,we propose a method to produce picoliter droplet arrays for single-cell analysis based on physical structure and interface.A 0.9 pL droplet array with an RSD(relative standard deviation)less than 6.3%and a density of 49,000 droplets/cm^(2) was successfully generated on a PDMS chip(polydimethylsiloxane)from a micromachined glass mold.The droplet generation principle of the wetting behavior in the microholes with splayed sidewalls on the PDMS chip by liquid smearing was exploited.The feasibility of the picoliter droplets for bacterial single-cell analysis was verified by the separation of mixed bacteria into single droplets and isolated in situ bacteria propagation.展开更多
With their advantages of high efficiency,long lifetime,compact size and being free of mercury,ultraviolet light-emitting diodes(UV LEDs)are widely applied in disinfection and purification,photolithography,curing and b...With their advantages of high efficiency,long lifetime,compact size and being free of mercury,ultraviolet light-emitting diodes(UV LEDs)are widely applied in disinfection and purification,photolithography,curing and biomedical devices.However,it is challenging to assess the reliability of UV LEDs based on the traditional life test or even the accelerated life test.In this paper,radiation power degradation modeling is proposed to estimate the lifetime of UV LEDs under both constant stress and step stress degradation tests.Stochastic data-driven predic-tions with both Gamma process and Wiener process methods are implemented,and the degradation mechanisms occurring under different aging conditions are also analyzed.The results show that,compared to least squares regression in the IESNA TM-21 industry standard recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America(IESNA),the proposed stochastic data-driven methods can predict the lifetime with high accuracy and narrow confidence intervals,which confirms that they provide more reliable information than the IESNA TM-21 standard with greater robustness.展开更多
Background:Axial myopia is the most common type of myopia.However,due to the high incidence of myopia in Chinese children,few studies estimating the physiological elongation of the ocular axial length(AL),which does n...Background:Axial myopia is the most common type of myopia.However,due to the high incidence of myopia in Chinese children,few studies estimating the physiological elongation of the ocular axial length(AL),which does not cause myopia progression and differs from the non-physiological elongation of AL,have been conducted.The purpose of our study was to construct a machine learning(ML)-based model for estimating the physiological elongation of AL in a sample of Chinese school-aged myopic children.Methods:In total,1011 myopic children aged 6 to 18 years participated in this study.Cross-sectional datasets were used to optimize the ML algorithms.The input variables included age,sex,central corneal thickness(CCT),spherical equivalent refractive error(SER),mean K reading(K-mean),and white-to-white corneal diameter(WTW).The output variable was AL.A 5-fold cross-validation scheme was used to randomly divide all data into 5 groups,including 4 groups used as training data and one group used as validation data.Six types of ML algorithms were implemented in our models.The best-performing algorithm was applied to predict AL,and estimates of the physiological elongation of AL were obtained as the partial derivatives of AL_(predicted)-age curves based on an unchanged SER value with increasing age.Results:Among the six algorithms,the robust linear regression model was the best model for predicting AL,with a R^(2) value of 0.87 and relatively minimal averaged errors between the predicted AL and true AL.Based on the partial derivatives of the AL_(predicted)-age curves,the estimated physiological AL elongation varied from 0.010 to 0.116 mm/year in male subjects and 0.003 to 0.110 mm/year in female subjects and was influenced by age,SER and K-mean.According to the model,the physiological elongation of AL linearly decreased with increasing age and was negatively correlated with the SER and the K-mean.Conclusions:The physiological elongation of the AL is rarely recorded in clinical data in China.In cases of unavailable clinical dat,an ML algorithm could provide practitioners a reasonable model that can be used to estimate the physiological elongation of AL,which is espedally useful when monitoring myopia progression in orthokeratology lens wearers.展开更多
Fluorescence microscopy technology uses fluorescent dyes to provide highly specific visualization of cell components,which plays an important role in understanding the subcellular structure.However,fluorescence micros...Fluorescence microscopy technology uses fluorescent dyes to provide highly specific visualization of cell components,which plays an important role in understanding the subcellular structure.However,fluorescence microscopy has some limitations such as the risk of non-specific cross labeling in multi-labeled fluorescent staining and limited number of fluo-rescence labels due to spectral overlap.This paper proposes a deep learning-based fluorescence to fluorescence[Flu0-Fluo]translation method,which uses a conditional generative adversarial network to predict a fluorescence image from another fluorescence image and further realizes the multi-label fluorescent staining.The cell types used include human motor neurons,human breast cancer cells,rat cortical neurons,and rat cardiomyocytes.The effectiveness of the method is verified by successfully generating virtual fluorescence images highly similar to the true fluorescence images.This study shows that a deep neural network can implement Fluo-Fluo translation and describe the localization relationship between subcellular structures labeled with different fluorescent markers.The proposed Fluo-Fluo method can avoid non-specific cross labeling in multi-label fluorescence staining and is free from spectral overlaps.In theory,an unlimited number of fluorescence images can be predicted from a single fluorescence image to characterize cells.展开更多
基金the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52231007,51725101,11727807,22088101,52271167)the Shanghai Excellent Academic/Technological Leaders Program(19XD1400400)+4 种基金the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(973 Project Nos.2018YFA0209100 and 2021YFA1200600)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022JCCXHH09)the Foundation for University Youth Key Teachers of Henan Province(2020GGJS170)the Support Program for Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents of Higher Education in Henan Province(21HASTIT004)Key Research Project of Zhejiang Lab(No.2021PE0AC02)。
文摘Hydrogels exhibit potential applications in smart wearable devices because of their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli.However,their applications are limited by challenges in terms of issues in biocompatibility,custom shape,and self-healing.Herein,a conductive,stretchable,adaptable,self-healing,and biocompatible liquid metal GaInSn/Ni-based composite hydrogel is developed by incorporating a magnetic liquid metal into the hydrogel framework through crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)with sodium tetraborate.The excellent stretchability and fast self-healing capability of the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel are derived from its abundant hydrogen binding sites and liquid metal fusion.Significantly,owing to the magnetic constituent,the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel can be guided remotely using an external magnetic field to a specific position to repair the broken wires with no need for manual operation.The composite hydrogel also exhibits sensitive deformation responses and can be used as a strain sensor to monitor various body motions.Additionally,the multifunctional hydrogel displays absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding properties.The total shielding performance of the composite hydrogel increases to~62.5 dB from~31.8 dB of the pure PVA hydrogel at the thickness of 3.0 mm.The proposed bioinspired multifunctional magnetic hydrogel demonstrates substantial application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61971435,62101588,62101589Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant No:2022JM-352,2022JQ-335,2023-JC-YB-069)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:SQ2017YFA0700201).
文摘Complex-amplitude holographic metasurfaces(CAHMs)with the flexibility in modulating phase and amplitude profiles have been used to manipulate the propagation of wavefront with an unprecedented level,leading to higher image-reconstruction quality compared with their natural counterparts.However,prevailing design methods of CAHMs are based on Huygens-Fresnel theory,meta-atom optimization,numerical simulation and experimental verification,which results in a consumption of computing resources.Here,we applied residual encoder-decoder convolutional neural network to directly map the electric field distributions and input images for monolithic metasurface design.A pretrained network is firstly trained by the electric field distributions calculated by diffraction theory,which is subsequently migrated as transfer learning framework to map the simulated electric field distributions and input images.The training results show that the normalized mean pixel error is about 3%on dataset.As verification,the metasurface prototypes are fabricated,simulated and measured.The reconstructed electric field of reverse-engineered metasurface exhibits high similarity to the target electric field,which demonstrates the effectiveness of our design.Encouragingly,this work provides a monolithic field-to-pattern design method for CAHMs,which paves a new route for the direct reconstruction of metasurfaces.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2021YFA1200600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52231007,12327804,22088101,51725101,and T2321003)+4 种基金the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(No.GJJ200338)Key Research Project of Zhejiang Lab(No.2021PE0AC02)the“Chenguang Program”by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.21CGA04)sponsored by Shanghai Sailing Program(No.21YF1401800)the Fund of Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory(No.JCKYS2023120201).
文摘Development of high-performance microwave absorption materials(MAM)with stabilized magnetic properties at high temperatures is specifically essential but remains challenging.Moreover,the Snoke's limitation restrains the microwave absorption(MA)property of magnetic materials.Modulating alloy components is considered an effective way to solve the aforementioned problems.Herein,a hollow medium-entropy FeCoNiAl alloy with a stable magnetic property is prepared via simple spray-drying and two-step annealing for efficient MA.FeCoNiAl exhibited an ultrabroad effective absorption band(EAB)of 5.84 GHz(12.16–18 GHz)at a thickness of just 1.6 mm,revealing an excellent absorption capability.Furthermore,the MA mechanism of FeCoNiAl is comprehensively investigated via off-axis holography.Finally,the electromagnetic properties,antioxidant properties,and residual magnetism at high temperatures of FeCoNiAl alloys are summarized in detail,providing new insights into the preparation of MAM operating at elevated temperatures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61774046)。
文摘The demand for lightweight, flexible, and high-performance portable power sources urgently requires high-efficiency and stable flexible solar cells. In the case of perovskite solar cells(PSCs), most of the common electron transport layer(ETL) needs to be annealed for improving the optoelectronic properties,while conventional flexible substrates could barely stand the high temperature. Herein, a vacuumassisted annealing SnO_(2) ETL at low temperature(100℃) is utilized in flexible PSCs and achieved high efficiency of 20.14%. Meanwhile, the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc)) increases from 1.07 V to 1.14 V. The flexible PSCs also show robust bending stability with 86.8% of the initial efficiency is retained after 1000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 5 mm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), atomic force microscopy(AFM), and contact angle measurements show that the density of oxygen vacancies, the surface roughness of the SnO_(2) layer, and film hydrophobicity are significantly increased, respectively. These improvements could be due to the oxygen-deficient environment in a vacuum chamber, and the rapid evaporation of solvents. The proposed vacuum-assisted low-temperature annealing method not only improves the efficiency of flexible PSCs but is also compatible and promising in the large-scale commercialization of flexible PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61774046)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0206600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51773045, 21772030, 51922032, and 21961160720) for financial support。
文摘Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have been recognized as a promising and cost-effective photovoltaic technology with the power conversion efficiency(PCE) exceeding 25%[1–3]. The high efficiency is attributed to the exceptional optoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, low non-radiative recombination rate, and so on[4–7].
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62075045)。
文摘The dynamics of negative surface discharges in c-C_(4)F_(8)/CF_(3)I/CO_(2) gas mixture is investigated here with a 2D fuid model.The distributions of ion concentration,electric field strength and photon flux during the propagation of the streamer are obtained by solving the drift-diffusion equations of particles and Poisson's equation,and the photon flux variation function during the propagation is also fitted.It is found that the streamer branches occur when the streamer transitions from the upper surface of the insulator to the side surface,and then when the streamer approaches the plane electrode,the photon flux will increase significantly.On this basis,the positive and negative surface discharge models are compared in terms of streamer characteristics,particle characteristics and streamer branches.It is found that the streamer has a higher electron concentration and electric field in the positive model.The streamer develops“floating”in the positive surface discharge,while it is close to the surface of the insulator in the negative model.In addition,the negative streamer branch has a wider width and develops further.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China with Grant No.61874033 and 61674043the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipal with Grant No.18ZR1402600the State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System,Fudan University with Grant No.2018MS003.
文摘The division of aqueous samples into microdroplet arrays has many applications in biochemical and medical analysis.Inspired by biological features,we propose a method to produce picoliter droplet arrays for single-cell analysis based on physical structure and interface.A 0.9 pL droplet array with an RSD(relative standard deviation)less than 6.3%and a density of 49,000 droplets/cm^(2) was successfully generated on a PDMS chip(polydimethylsiloxane)from a micromachined glass mold.The droplet generation principle of the wetting behavior in the microholes with splayed sidewalls on the PDMS chip by liquid smearing was exploited.The feasibility of the picoliter droplets for bacterial single-cell analysis was verified by the separation of mixed bacteria into single droplets and isolated in situ bacteria propagation.
基金The work described in this paper was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51805147)Shang-hai Science and Technology Development Funds(19DZ2253400)+1 种基金the Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(GDZB-017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B200203031).
文摘With their advantages of high efficiency,long lifetime,compact size and being free of mercury,ultraviolet light-emitting diodes(UV LEDs)are widely applied in disinfection and purification,photolithography,curing and biomedical devices.However,it is challenging to assess the reliability of UV LEDs based on the traditional life test or even the accelerated life test.In this paper,radiation power degradation modeling is proposed to estimate the lifetime of UV LEDs under both constant stress and step stress degradation tests.Stochastic data-driven predic-tions with both Gamma process and Wiener process methods are implemented,and the degradation mechanisms occurring under different aging conditions are also analyzed.The results show that,compared to least squares regression in the IESNA TM-21 industry standard recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America(IESNA),the proposed stochastic data-driven methods can predict the lifetime with high accuracy and narrow confidence intervals,which confirms that they provide more reliable information than the IESNA TM-21 standard with greater robustness.
基金This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81870684 and 81421004)the HuaXia Translation Medicine Fund For Young Scholars(Grant No.2017-B-001)+2 种基金the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences(Grant No.2019HY320001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0104200)the National Key Instrumentation Development Project of China(2013YQ030651).
文摘Background:Axial myopia is the most common type of myopia.However,due to the high incidence of myopia in Chinese children,few studies estimating the physiological elongation of the ocular axial length(AL),which does not cause myopia progression and differs from the non-physiological elongation of AL,have been conducted.The purpose of our study was to construct a machine learning(ML)-based model for estimating the physiological elongation of AL in a sample of Chinese school-aged myopic children.Methods:In total,1011 myopic children aged 6 to 18 years participated in this study.Cross-sectional datasets were used to optimize the ML algorithms.The input variables included age,sex,central corneal thickness(CCT),spherical equivalent refractive error(SER),mean K reading(K-mean),and white-to-white corneal diameter(WTW).The output variable was AL.A 5-fold cross-validation scheme was used to randomly divide all data into 5 groups,including 4 groups used as training data and one group used as validation data.Six types of ML algorithms were implemented in our models.The best-performing algorithm was applied to predict AL,and estimates of the physiological elongation of AL were obtained as the partial derivatives of AL_(predicted)-age curves based on an unchanged SER value with increasing age.Results:Among the six algorithms,the robust linear regression model was the best model for predicting AL,with a R^(2) value of 0.87 and relatively minimal averaged errors between the predicted AL and true AL.Based on the partial derivatives of the AL_(predicted)-age curves,the estimated physiological AL elongation varied from 0.010 to 0.116 mm/year in male subjects and 0.003 to 0.110 mm/year in female subjects and was influenced by age,SER and K-mean.According to the model,the physiological elongation of AL linearly decreased with increasing age and was negatively correlated with the SER and the K-mean.Conclusions:The physiological elongation of the AL is rarely recorded in clinical data in China.In cases of unavailable clinical dat,an ML algorithm could provide practitioners a reasonable model that can be used to estimate the physiological elongation of AL,which is espedally useful when monitoring myopia progression in orthokeratology lens wearers.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B03035001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81941014, 31625013, 91732302, 81471312, 81771387, 81460352, 81500983, 31700897, 31700910, 31800901, 31700897, 31960178, and 81460352)+7 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDBS32060200)the Shanghai Brain-Intelligence Project from the Science and Technology Commission of the Shanghai Municipality (16JC1420501)the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2018SHZDZX05)the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Yunnan Province (2017FB109, 2018FB052, 2018FB053, and 2019FA007)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M631105)the CAS ‘‘Light of West China” Programthe National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFA0801403)the Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Guangdong Province (2018B030335001)。
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61871263,12034005,and 11827808)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Nos.21ZR1405200 and 20S31901300).
文摘Fluorescence microscopy technology uses fluorescent dyes to provide highly specific visualization of cell components,which plays an important role in understanding the subcellular structure.However,fluorescence microscopy has some limitations such as the risk of non-specific cross labeling in multi-labeled fluorescent staining and limited number of fluo-rescence labels due to spectral overlap.This paper proposes a deep learning-based fluorescence to fluorescence[Flu0-Fluo]translation method,which uses a conditional generative adversarial network to predict a fluorescence image from another fluorescence image and further realizes the multi-label fluorescent staining.The cell types used include human motor neurons,human breast cancer cells,rat cortical neurons,and rat cardiomyocytes.The effectiveness of the method is verified by successfully generating virtual fluorescence images highly similar to the true fluorescence images.This study shows that a deep neural network can implement Fluo-Fluo translation and describe the localization relationship between subcellular structures labeled with different fluorescent markers.The proposed Fluo-Fluo method can avoid non-specific cross labeling in multi-label fluorescence staining and is free from spectral overlaps.In theory,an unlimited number of fluorescence images can be predicted from a single fluorescence image to characterize cells.