Experimental obstructive jaundice alters claudin-4 expression in intestinal mucosa: Effect of bombesin and neurotensin

瞄准：调查试验性的妨碍的黄疸和外长的 bombesin 和 neurotensin (NT )(BBS ) 的影响紧密的连接(TJ ) 的表示上的管理在老鼠的肠上皮的蛋白质 claudin-4。方法：四十只男 Wistar 老鼠随机被划分成五个组：我 = 控制， II = 假冒操作， III = 胆汁管结扎(BDL ) ， IV = BDL+BBS (30 microg/kg 每 d ) ， V = BDL+NT (300 microg/kg 每 d ) 。在 d 的实验的结束 10，内毒素在门和大动脉的血被测量。终端回肠的织物节组织学地被检验并且免疫组织化学地为在肠上皮的 claudin-4 表示的评估。结果：妨碍的黄疸导致了重要的门和大动脉的 endotoxemia 表明的肠的障碍失败。Claudin-4 表示显著地被增加在上面在 jaundiced 老鼠的第三根绒毛并且一起来它的侧面的分发的规定被注意。BBS 或 NT 的管理恢复了 claudin-4 表示到控制状态并且显著地减少了门和大动脉的 endotoxemia。结论：在肠上皮的试验性的妨碍的黄疸增加 claudin-4 表示，它可以是贡献粘膜障碍的混乱的一个关键因素。毁坏规章的肽 BBS， NT 能阻止这扇改变和还原剂门和全身的 endotoxemia。

NOD2/CARD15 , ATG16L1 and IL23R gene polymorphisms and childhood-onset of Crohn’s disease

AIM: To assess whether the polymorphisms of NOD2/ CARD15 , autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1 ), and interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R ) genes play a more critical role in the susceptibility of childhood-onset than in adult-onset Crohn’s disease (CD). METHODS: Polymorphisms R702W, G908R, and 3020insC of NOD2/CARD15 ; rs2241880 A/G of ATG16L1 , and rs11209026 (R381Q) of IL23R gene were assessed in 110 childhood-onset CD, 364 adult-onset CD, and 539 healthy individuals. Analysis of polymorphisms R702W, G908R, and 3020insC of NOD2/CARD15 genotyping was performed by allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by PCR-restriction fragment length polymor-phism analysis. The polymorphisms rs2241880 A/G of the ATG16L1 , and rs11209026 (R381Q) of the IL23R gene in the children’s cohort were genotyped by PCR and melting curve analysis whereas adult group genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 5.0 (500K). RESULTS: The 3020insC allele in NOD2/CARD15 was significantly higher in childhood than in adult-onset CD (P = 0.0067). Association with at least 1 NOD2/CARD15 variant was specific for ileal disease (with or without co- lonic involvement). Even if the frequency of G allele of the rs2241880 ATG16L1 polymorphism was increased in both paediatric and adult CD patients compared to con- trols (P = 0.017 and P = 0.001, respectively), no difference was observed between the childhood and the adult cohort. The rare Q allele of IL23R rs11209026 polymorphism was underrepresented in both paediatric and adult CD cases (P = 0.0018 and P = 0.04, respectively) and no difference was observed between the childhood and the adult cohort. The presence of the rs2241880 ATG16L1 and rs11209026 IL23R polymorphisms did not influence disease phenotype. CONCLUSION: Polymorphism 3020insC in NOD2/ CARD15 occurs statistically significantly more often in patients with childhood-onset CD than in patients with adult-onset CD. The ATG16L1 and IL23R variants are associated with susceptibility to CD, but not earlyonset disease.

Efficient differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells from Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells using human platelet lysate: A potential cell source for small blood vessel engineering

BACKGROUND The development of fully functional small diameter vascular grafts requires both a properly defined vessel conduit and tissue-specific cellular populations.Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs) derived from the Wharton's Jelly(WJ) tissue can be used as a source for obtaining vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),while the human umbilical arteries(h UAs) can serve as a scaffold for blood vessel engineering.AIM To develop VSMCs from WJ-MSCs utilizing umbilical cord blood platelet lysate.METHODS WJ-MSCs were isolated and expanded until passage(P) 4. WJ-MSCs were properly defined according to the criteria of the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy. Then, these cells were differentiated into VSMCs with the use of platelet lysate from umbilical cord blood in combination with ascorbic acid,followed by evaluation at the gene and protein levels. Specifically, gene expression profile analysis of VSMCs for ACTA2, MYH11, TGLN, MYOCD, SOX9,NANOG homeobox, OCT4 and GAPDH, was performed. In addition,immunofluorescence against ACTA2 and MYH11 in combination with DAPI staining was also performed in VSMCs. HUAs were decellularized and served as scaffolds for possible repopulation by VSMCs. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed in repopulated h UAs.RESULTS WJ-MSCs exhibited fibroblastic morphology, successfully differentiating into"osteocytes", "adipocytes" and "chondrocytes", and were characterized by positive expression(> 90%) of CD90, CD73 and CD105. In addition, WJ-MSCs were successfully differentiated into VSMCs with the proposed differentiation protocol. VSMCs successfully expressed ACTA2, MYH11, MYOCD, TGLN and SOX9. Immunofluorescence results indicated the expression of ACTA2 and MYH11 in VSMCs. In order to determine the functionality of VSMCs, h UAs were isolated and decellularized. Based on histological analysis, decellularized h UAs were free of any cellular or nuclear materials, while their extracellular matrix retained intact. Then, repopulation of decellularized h UAs with VSMCs was performed for 3 wk. Decellularized h UAs were repopulated efficiently by the VSMCs. Biochemical analysis revealed the increase of total hydroyproline and s GAG contents in repopulated h UAs with VSMCs. Specifically, total hydroxyproline and s GAG content after the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd wk was 71 ± 10, 74 ± 9 and 86 ± 8 μg hydroxyproline/mg of dry tissue weight and 2 ± 1, 3 ± 1 and 3 ± 1μg s GAG/mg of dry tissue weight, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between all study groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION VSMCs were successfully obtained from WJ-MSCs with the proposed differentiation protocol. Furthermore, h UAs were efficiently repopulated by VSMCs. Differentiated VSMCs from WJ-MSCs could provide an alternative source of cells for vascular tissue engineering.

Rotating Lepton Model of Pions and Kaons: Mechanics at fm Distances

The present article is a continuation of a recently published paper [1] in which we have modeled the composition and structure of neutrons and other hadrons using the Rotating Lepton Model (RLM) which is a Bohr type model employing the relativistic gravitational attraction between three ultrafast rotating neutrinos as the centripetal force. The RLM accounts for special relativity and also for the De Broglie equation of quantum mechanics. In this way this force was shown to reach the value of the Strong Force while the values of the masses of the rotating relativistic neutrinos reach those of quarks. Masses computed for twelve hadrons and bosons are in very close (~2%) agreement with the experimental values. Here we use the same RLM approach to describe the composition and structure and to compute the masses of Pions and Kaons which are important zero spin mesons. Contrary to hadrons and bosons which have been found via the RLM to comprise the heaviest neutrino eigenmass m3, in the case of mesons the intermediate neutrino mass eigenstate m2 is found to play the dominant role. This can explain why the lowest masses of mesons are generally smaller than those of hadrons and bosons. Thus in the case of Pions it is found that they comprise three rotating m2 mass eigenstate neutrinos and the computed mass of 136.6 MeV/c2 is in good agreement with the experimental value of 134.977 MeV/c2. The Kaon structure is found to consist of six m2 mass eigenstate neutrinos arranged in two parallel pion-type rotating triads. The computed Kaon mass differs less that 2% from the experimental K± and K°values of 493.677 MeV/c2 and 497.648 MeV/c2 respectively. This, in conjunction with the experimentally observed decay products of the Kaons, provides strong support for the proposed K structure.

Enterocytes’tight junctions:From molecules to diseases

Tight junctions(TJs)are structures between cells where cells appear in the closest possible contact.They are responsible for sealing compartments when epithelial sheets are generated.They regulate the permeability of ions,(macro)molecules and cells via the paracellular pathway.Their structure at the electron microscopic level has been well known since the 1970s;however,only recently has their macromolecular composition been revealed.This review first examines the major macromolecular components of the TJs(occludin,claudins,junctional adhesion molecule and tricellulin)and then the associated macromolecules at the intracellular plaque[zonula occludens(ZO)-1,ZO-2,ZO-3,AF-6,cingulin,7H6].Emphasis is given to their interactions in order to begin to understand the mode of assembly of TJs.The functional significance of TJs is detailed and several mechanisms and factors involved are discussed briefly.Emphasis is given to the role of intestinal TJs and the alterations observed or speculated in diverse disease states.Specifically,intestinal TJs may exert a pathogenetic role in intestinal(inflammatory bowel disease,celiac disease)and extraintestinal diseases (diabetes type 1,food allergies,autoimmune diseases).Additionally,intestinal TJs may be secondarily disrupted during the course of diverse diseases,subsequently allowing the bacterial translocation phenomenon and promoting the systemic inflammatory response,which is often associated with clinical deterioration.The major questions in the field are highlighted.

Mesenchymal stromal cells as potential immunomodulatory players in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by SARSCoV- 2 infection

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and the related coronavirus disease-19(COVID-19)is a worldwide emerging situation,which was initially reported in December 2019 in Wuhan,China.Currently,more than 7258842 new cases,and more than 411879 deaths have been reported globally.This new highly transmitted coronavirus is responsible for the development of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.Due to this disorder,a great number of patients are hospitalized in the intensive care unit followed by connection to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for breath supporting and survival.Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome is mostly accompanied by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines,including interleukin(IL)-2,IL-6,IL-7,granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(GSCF),interferon-inducible protein 10(IP10),monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP1),macrophage inflammatory protein 1A(MIP1A),and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),an event which is known as“cytokine storm”.Further disease pathology involves a generalized modulation of immune responses,leading to fatal multiorgan failure.Currently,no specific treatment or vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)has been developed.Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs),which are known for their immunosuppressive actions,could be applied as an alternative co-therapy in critically-ill COVID-19 patients.Specifically,MSCs can regulate the immune responses through the conversion of Th1 to Th2,activation of M2 macrophages,and modulation of dendritic cells maturation.These key immunoregulatory properties of MSCs may be exerted either by produced soluble factors or by cell-cell contact interactions.To date,several clinical trials have been registered to assess the safety,efficacy,and therapeutic potential of MSCs in COVID-19.Moreover,MSC treatment may be effective for the reversion of ground-glass opacity of damaged lungs and reduce the tissue fibrosis.Taking into account the multifunctional properties of MSCs,the proposed stem-cell-based therapy may be proven significantly effective in critically-ill COVID-19 patients.The current therapeutic strategy may improve the patient’s overall condition and in parallel may decrease the mortality rate of the current disease.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Treatment hurdles, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is one of the most lethal diseases,with an average 5-year survival rate of less than 10%.Unfortunately,the majority of patients have unresectable,locally advanced,or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis.Moreover,traditional treatments such as chemotherapy,surgery,and radiation have not been shown to significantly improve survival.Recently,there has been a swift increase in cancer treatments that incorporate immunotherapybased strategies to target all the stepwise events required for tumor initiation and progression.The results in melanoma,non-small-cell lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma are very encouraging.Unfortunately,the application of checkpoint inhibitors,including anti-CTLA4,anti-PD-1,and anti-PD-L1 antibodies,in pancreatic cancer has been disappointing.Many studies have revealed that the PDAC microenvironment supports tumor growth,promotes metastasis and consists of a physical barrier to drug delivery.Combination therapies hold great promise for enhancing immune responses to achieve a better therapeutic effect.In this review,we provide an outline of why pancreatic cancer is so lethal and of the treatment hurdles that exist.Particular emphasis is given to the role of the tumor microenvironment,and some of the latest and most promising studies on immunotherapy in PDAC are also presented.

Flaring activity from quiescent states in neutron-star X-ray binaries

We examine systematically the observed X-ray luminosity jumps(or flares) from quiescent states in millisecond binary pulsars(MSBPs) and high-mass X-ray binary pulsars(HMXBPs). We rely on the published X-ray light curves of seven pulsars: four HMXBPs, two MSBPs and the ultraluminous X-ray pulsar M82 X-2. We discuss the physics of their flaring activities or lack thereof, paying special attention to their emission properties when they are found on the propeller line, inside the Corbet gap or near the light-cylinder barrier. We provide guiding principles for future interpretations of faint X-ray observations, as well as a method of constraining the propeller lines and the dipolar surface magnetic fields of pulsars using a variety of quiescent states. In the process, we clarify some disturbing inaccuracies that have made their way into the published literature.

The Great Pretenders Among the ULX Class

The recent discoveries of pulsed X-ray emission from three ultraluminous X-ray （ULX） sources have finally enabled us to recognize a subclass within the ULX class： the great pretenders, neutron stars （NSs） that appear to emit X-ray radiation at isotropic luminosities Lx = 7 × 10^39 erg s-1 _ 1 ×10^41 erg s-i only because their emissions are strongly beamed toward our direction and our sight lines are offset by only a few degrees from their magnetic-dipole axes. The three known pretenders appear to be stronger emitters than the presumed black holes of the ULX class, such as Holmberg II ＆ IX X-1, IC10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1. For these three NSs, we have adopted a single reasonable assumption, that their brightest observed outbursts unfold at the Eddington rate, and we have calculated both their propeller states and their surface magnetic-field magnitudes. We find that the results are not at all different from those recently obtained for the Magellanic Be/X-ray pulsars： the three NSs reveal modest magnetic fields of about 0.3-0.4TG and beamed propeller-line X-ray luminosities of 1036 - 1037 erg s-1, substantially below the Eddington limit.

Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19:Promising evidence from in vitro results

BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,which was initiated in December 2019.COVID-19 is characterized by a low mortality rate(<6%);however,this percentage is higher in elderly people and patients with underlying disorders.COVID-19 is characterized by mild to severe outcomes.Currently,several therapeutic strategies are evaluated,such as the use of anti-viral drugs,prophylactic treatment,monoclonal antibodies,and vaccination.Advanced cellular therapies are also investigated,thus representing an additional therapeutic tool for clinicians.Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs),which are known for their immunoregulatory properties,may halt the induced cytokine release syndrome mediated by SARS-CoV-2,and can be considered as a potential stem cell therapy.AIM To evaluate the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs,upon stimulation with COVID-19 patient serum.METHODS MSCs derived from the human Wharton’s Jelly(WJ)tissue and bone marrow(BM)were isolated,cryopreserved,expanded,and defined according to the criteria outlined by the International Society for Cellular Therapies.Then,WJ and BM-MSCs were stimulated with a culture medium containing 15%COVID-19 patient serum,1%penicillin-streptomycin,and 1%L-glutamine for 48 h.The quantification of interleukin(IL)-1 receptor a(Ra),IL-6,IL-10,IL-13,transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-a,fibroblast growth factor(FGF),platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF),and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)was performed using commercial ELISA kits.The expression of HLA-G1,G5,and G7 was evaluated in unstimulated and stimulated WJ and BMMSCs.Finally,the interactions between MSCs and patients’macrophages were established using co-culture experiments.RESULTS Thawed WJ and BM-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology,successfully differentiated to“osteocytes”,“adipocytes”,and“chondrocytes”,and in flow cytometric analysis were characterized by positivity for CD73,CD90,and CD105(>95%)and negativity for CD34,CD45,and HLA-DR(<2%).Moreover,stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs were characterized by increased cytoplasmic granulation,in comparison to unstimulated cells.The HLA-G isoforms(G1,G5,and G7)were successfully expressed by the unstimulated and stimulated WJ-MSCs.On the other hand,only weak expression of HLA-G1 was identified in BM-MSCs.Stimulated MSCs secreted high levels of IL-1Ra,IL-6,IL-10,IL-13,TGF-β1,FGF,VEGF,PDGF,and IDO in comparison to unstimulated cells(P<0.05)after 12 and 24 h.Finally,macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients successfully adapted the M2 phenotype after co-culturing with stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs.CONCLUSION WJ and BM-MSCs successfully produced high levels of immunoregulatory agents,which may efficiently modulate the over-activated immune responses of critically ill COVID-19 patients.

The Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016

1. Overview The 2016 Quadrennial Ozone Symposium （QOS-2016） was held on 4-9 September 2016 in Edinburgh, UK. The Symposium was organized by the International Ozone Commission （IO3C）, the NERC Centre for Ecology ＆ Hydrology and the University of Edinburgh, and was co-sponsored by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, and the World Meteorological Organization.

RNA binding proteins:a common denominator of neuronal function and dysfunction

In eukaryotic cells, gene activity is not directly reflected by protein levels because mRNA processing, transport, stability, and translation are co- and post-transcriptionally regulated. These processes, collectively known as the ribonome, are tightly controlled and carried out by a plethora of trans-acting RNA-binding proteins （RBPs） that bind to specific cis elements throughout the RNA sequence. Within the nervous system, the role of RBPs in brain function turns out to be essential due to the architectural complexity of neurons exemplified by a relatively small somal size and an extensive network of projections and connections, Thus far, RBPs have been shown to be indispensable for several aspects of neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, synapse formation, and plasticity. Consequently, perturbation of their function is central in the etiology of an ever-growing spectrum of neurological diseases, including fragile X syndrome and the neurodegenerative disorders frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Conservation and characterization of unique porcine interstitial telomeric sequences

Telomeres are composed of TTAGGG repeats and located at the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres protect chromosomes from instability in mammals, including mice and humans. Repetitive TTAGGG sequences are also found at intrachromosomal sites, where they are named as interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs). Aberrant ITSs are implicated in chromosomal instability and found in cancer cells. Interestingly, in pigs, vertebrate telomere sequences TTAGGG (vITSs) are also localized at the centromeric region of chromosome 6, in addition to the end of all chromosomes. Surprisingly, we found that botanic telomere sequences, TTTAGGG (bITSs), also localize with vITSs at the centromeric regions of pig chromosome 6 using telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and by comparisons between several species. Furthermore, the average lengths of vITSs are highly correlated with those of the terminal telomeres (TTS). Also, pig ITSs show a high incidence of telomere doublets, suggesting that pig ITSs might be unstable and dynamic. Together, our results show that pig cells maintain the conserved telomere sequences that are found at the ITSs from of plants and other vertebrates. Further understanding of the function and regulation of pig ITSs may provide new clues for evolution and chromosomal instability.

A Survey of the Availability of Primary Bioinformatics Web Resources

The explosive growth of the bioinformatics field has led to a large amount of data and software applications publicly available as web resources. However, the lack of persistence of web references is a barrier to a comprehensive shared access. We conducted a study of the current availability and other features of primary bioinforo matics web resources （such as software tools and databases）. The majority （95%） of the examined bioinformatics web resources were found running on UNIX/Linux operating systems, and the most widely used web server was found to be Apache （or Apache-related products）. Of the overall 1,130 Uniform Resource Locators （URLs） examined, 91% were highly available （more than 90% of the time）, while only 4% showed low accessibility （less than 50% of the time） during the survey. Furthermore, the most common URL failure modes are presented and analyzed.

Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein as a potential biomarker in Parkinson's disease and synucleinopathies

The discovery of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases represents an unmet clinical challenge. For example, the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) relies mainly on the presence of clinical symptoms. Therefore, the identification and use of novel PD biomarkers would allow the application of disease-modifying treatments at the very early stages of neurodegeneration. The presynaptic protein, α-synuclein, has been genetically and biochemically linked with PD pathogenesis and has been considered as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of PD and the related synucleinopathies. The vast majority of studies have assessed the measurement of α-synuclein, alone or in combination with other biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), since it is the biofluid that most closely reflects the pathophysiology of the brain. The diagnostic value of the monomericα-synuclein but also the oligomeric, the phosphorylated and the aggregated forms of the protein has been evaluated using a variety of immunoassays. The results have so far been reproducible but the assays used are still lacking the required diagnostic accuracy. Recent reports have shown that Protein misfolding cyclic amplification is a technique that has the potential to detect α-synuclein seeds in samples of CSF with high sensitivity and across different synucleinopathies. In an effort to increase the source of biomarker for PD and related synucleinopathies,α-synuclein has also been measured in neuronal exosomes, small vesicles of endosomal origin that are secreted from neurons into the CSF or the periphery. The potential diagnostic value of exosomes stems from the notion that exosomes carry a disease-specific repertoire of marker proteins. Therefore, the assessment of exosome-associated α-synuclein species may also open up new avenues for disease diagnosis in different synucleinopathies.

Autophagy-lysosome pathway as a source of candidate biomarkers for Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease(PD)is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor disturbances and affects more than 1%of the worldwide population.Diagnosis of PD relies on clinical history and physical examination,but misdiagnosis is common in early stages.Despite considerable progress in understanding PD pathophysiology,including genetic and biochemical causes,diagnostic approaches lack accuracy and interventions are restricted to symptomatic treatments.Identification of biomarkers for PD may allow early and more precise diagnosis and monitoring of dopamine replacement strategies and disease-modifying treatments.Increasing evidence suggests that autophagic dysregulation causes the accumulation of abnormal proteins,such as aberrantα-synuclein,a protein critical to PD pathogenesis.Mutations in the GBA gene are a major PD risk factor andβ-glucocerebrosidase(GCase)is also emerging as an important molecule in PD pathogenesis.Consequently,proteins involved in the autophagy-lysosome pathway and GCase protein levels and activity are prime targets for the research and development of new PD biomarkers.The studies so far in PD biological material have yielded some consistent results,particularly regarding the levels of Hsc70,a component of the chaperone-mediated autophagy pathway,and the enzymatic activity of GCase in GBA mutation carriers.In the future,larger longitudinal studies,corroborating previous research on possible biomarker candidates,as well as extending the search for possible candidates for other lysosomal components,may yield more definitive results.

猪中间端粒序列的保守性和特征

哺乳动物包括小鼠和人的端粒由位于染色体末端的TTAGGG重复序列组成,对维持染色体的稳定有重要作用.TTAGGG重复序列也出现在染色体末端以外的其他部位,称为中间端粒序列.异常的中间端粒被用来研究染色体的不稳定性,并且在癌细胞中也发现有异常的中间端粒.通过端粒荧光原位杂交,并与不同的物种进行比对,实验表明,猪的6号染色体着丝粒区有植物的TTTAGGG端粒重复序列(plant telomere sequences of TTTAGGG,bITSs),它与脊椎动物的TTAGGG序列(vertebrate telomere sequences TTAGGG,vITSs)并存于同一区域.通过对不同细胞系端粒长度的分析,ITS的端粒长度是动态变化的,它的变化趋势与末端端粒长度的变化趋势呈正相关.同时,猪的端粒末端有很高频率的双端粒信号(doublets),可能与染色体的不稳定性和ITSs端粒的动态性有关.总之,猪染色体的ITS区含有植物和动物的保守端粒序列,对ITS功能和调节机制的进一步研究可能为进化和染色体不稳定性的研究提供新的依据.

气相绝缘介质X

第10届“气相绝缘介质”国际会议于2004年4月在希腊举行，本书为这次会议的论文集，内容包括了气相绝缘介质在基础研究、应用研究和工业领域各方面的发展和最新进展。