A review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccines:Viral properties,mutations,vaccine efficacy,and safety

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 instigated by coronavirus disease of 2019(COVID-19)has delivered an unfathomable obstruction that has touched all sectors worldwide.Despite new vaccine tech-nologies and mass administration of booster doses,the virus persists,and unknown the ending of the pandemic for new variants and sub-variants.Moreover,whether leaning on home medications or using plant extracts is suf-ficient often to combat the virus has generated tremendous interest in the scientific fraternity.Different databases including PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar used to find published articles linked with related topics.Currently,COVID-19 third and fourth shots of vaccines are progressively administered worldwide,where some countries trail others by a significant margin.Many proteins related to viral activity have changed,possibly boosting the virus infectivity and making antibodies ineffective.This study will reminisce the viral genome,as-sociated pathways for viral protein functions,variants,and their mutations.The current,comprehensive review will also provide information on vaccine technologies developed by several biotech companies and the efficacy of their doses,costs including boosters on a mass level.As no vaccine is working to protect fully against all the variants,the new proactive vaccine research needs to be conducted based on all variants,their sub-lineage,and mutations.

Monkeypox virus(MPXV):A Brief account of global spread,epidemiology,virology,clinical features,pathogenesis,and therapeutic interventions

The largest monkeypox virus(MPXV)outbreak of the 21st century occurred in 2022,which caused epidemics in many countries.According to WHO,physical contact with infected persons,contaminated surfaces,or affected animals might be a source of this virus transmission.A febrile sickness including few symptoms found in MPX disease.Skin rash,lesions,fever,headache,fatigue,and muscle aches symptoms were observed commonly for this disease.Animal and in vitro,studies have shown that the antiviral medications cidofovir and brincidofovir are effective against MPXV.The first-generation vaccinia virus vaccine was developed in 1960,and it helped to protect against MPXV with its side effects.A second-generation vaccination with limitations was launched in 2000.However,the CDC advised vaccinations for risk groups in endemic countries,including positive patients and hospital employees.The JYNNEOS vaccine,administered in 2 doses,also provides protection from MPX.This article presents concisely the most recent findings regarding epidemiology,genomic transmission,signs and symptoms,pathogenesis,diagnosis,and therapeutic interventions for MPXV,which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners.WHO declared that MPX was no longer a global health emergency due to its declining case rate,and a number of countries have reported new incidences.Further research-based investigations must be carried out based on the 2022 outbreak.