Targeted yield concept and a framework of fertilizer recommendation in irrigated rice domains of subtropical India

Soil test crop response （STCR） correlation studies were carried out in Vindhyan alluvial plain during 2001 to 2004 taking IR-36 as test crop to quantify rice production in the context of the variability of soil properties and use of balanced fertilizers based on targeted yield concept. The soils were developed on gently sloping alluvial plain with different physiographic settings and notable variation in drainage condition. Soil properties show moderate variation in texture （loamy to clay）, organic carbon content （4.4 to 9.8 g/kg）, cation exchange capacity （10,2 to 22.4 cmol （p＋）/kg） and pH （5.3 to 6,4）, Soil fertility status for N is low to medium （224 to 348 kg/ha）, P is medium to high （87 to 320 kg/ha） and K ranges from medium to high （158 to 678 kg/ha）. Database regarding nutrient requirement in kg/t of grain produce （NR）, the percent contribution from the soil available nutrients [CS （%）] and the percent contribution from the applied fertilizer nutrients [CF （%）] were computed for calibrating and fbrmulating fertilizer recommendations. Validity of the yield target for 7 and 8 t/ha was tested in farmers＇ fields and yields targets varied at less than 10%. The percent achievement of targets aimed at different level was more than 90%, indicating soil test based fertilizer recommendation approach was economically viable within the agro-ecological zone with relatively uniform cropping practices and socio-economic conditions.

Line-of-Sight MIMO for Next-Generation Microwave Transmission Systems

Line-of-sight MIMQ （LoS MIMO） is not applicable in scattering wireless transmission scenarios, but it may be applied in LoS microwave transmission scenarios if antenna spacing （within transmit and/or receive arrays） is suitable and there is one hop distance. LoS MIMQ can improve channel capacity and performance of a transmission system. In this paper, we discuss factors affecting channel capacity and performance in LoS MIMO. We also discuss the feasibility LoS MIMO applications.

Suggestion of Criteria and Certification Process to Secure the Safety of Railway Software

One of the significant differences between the digital system and the analog system is software. The software takes charge of the functions and the management of the digital system. Nowadays railway equipment has begun to be designed and implemented based on digital technology with online and real time performance to achieve high speed and high density operation. The software is designed, coded and implemented into the system, and controls hardware components in order to satisfy the functional requirements of the system. As the functions that are implemented by software are increased, it becomes very difficult to predict the soil-ware failures because of its complexity. Therefore, it has become one of the key issues how to assure that the sottware is reliable, safe and secure. In this paper, the safety criteria are suggested to secure the software safety for the field of railway system. Characteristic of railway software and review safety related standards are analyzed. The authors also suggest development methodology and certification procedure for the developer and assessor to easily make safety critical railway software with following the safety criteria.

Fabrication of practical deformable displays:advances and challenges

Display form factors such as size and shape have been conventionally determined in consideration of usability and portability.The recent trends requiring wearability and convergence of various smart devices demand innovations in display form factors to realize deformability and large screens.Expandable displays that are foldable,multi-foldable,slidable,or rollable have been commercialized or on the edge of product launches.Beyond such two-dimensional(2D)expansion of displays,efforts have been made to develop three dimensional(3D)free-form displays that can be stretched and crumpled for use in realistic tactile sensation,artificial skin for robots,and on-skin or implantable displays.This review article analyzes the current state of the 2D and 3D deformable displays and discusses the technological challenges to be achieved for industrial commercialization.