Bioactive chemical constituents from the marine-derived fungus Cladosporium sp.DLT-5

A new isochromanone,cladosporinisochromanone(1),accompanied by 15 known compounds(2–16)were obtained from secondary metabolites produced by marine-derived fungus Cladosporium sp.DLT-5.NMR and HRESIMS spectra elucidation determined the planar structure of 1.Subsequent electronic circular dichroism(ECD)experiment assigned the absolute configuration of 1.Compounds 1,2,4–6,and 10 displayed different degrees of neuroprotective activities on human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y.Five compounds(1,3–5,and 13)emerged resistance to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B(PTP1B),further kinetic analysis and molecular docking study indicated that the most potent compound 13(IC50value of 10.74±0.61μmol/L)was found as a noncompetitive inhibitor for PTP1B.Surface plasmon resonance(SPR)and molecular docking studies also demonstrated the interaction between compound 12 and Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1),which has been identified as significant therapeutic target for hypercholesteremia.In addition,compounds 3,6,and 14 showed attractive inhibitory activity against the phytopathogenic fungi:Colletotrichum capsici.Therefore,library of Cladosporium metabolites is enriched and new active uses of known compounds are explored.

Resequencing of sweetpotato germplasm resources reveals key loci associated with multiple agronomic traits

Sweetpotato is an important crop that exhibits hexaploidy and high heterozygosity,which limits gene mining for important agronomic traits.Here,314 sweetpotato germplasm resources were deeply resequenced,and 4599509 SNPs and 846654 InDels were generated,among which 196124 SNPs were nonsynonymous and 9690 InDels were frameshifted.Based on the Indels,genome-wide marker primers were designed,and 3219 of 40366 primer pairs were selected to construct the core InDel marker set.The molecular ID of 104 sweetpotato samples verified the availability of these primers.The sweetpotato population structures were then assessed through multiple approaches using SNPs,and diverse approaches demonstrated that population stratification was not obvious for most Chinese germplasm resources.As many as 20 important agronomic traits were evaluated,and a genome-wide association study was conducted on these traits.A total of 19 high-confidence loci were detected in both models.These loci included several candidate genes,such as IbMYB1,IbZEP1,and IbYABBY1,which might be involved in anthocyanin metabolism,carotenoid metabolism,and leaf morphogenesis,respectively.Among them,IbZEP1 and IbYABBY1 were first reported in sweetpotato.The variants in the promoter and the expression levels of IbZEP1 were significantly correlated with f lesh color(orange or not orange)in sweetpotato.The expression levels of IbYABBY1 were also correlated with leaf shape.These results will assist in genetic and breeding studies in sweetpotato.

Changes in the growth of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)stands in an urban environment in European Russia since 1862

A century and a half ago,in the European part of Russia(Moscow),forest scientists established the first long-term observations of forests,many of which are under observation to the present day.In the twentieth century,climate changes and,due to industrial development,forest areas were under air pollution.Based on observations from 157 sites,this study shows that the growth and density of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)have decreased by the end of the twentieth century.The environment has changed,and the growth and development of plantations has slowed.Pine yields(-34%stand volume)and their life expectancy(on average 50 years)have decreased.These changes are critical for forestry and for the management of forests in urban centers.Due to the decline in growth,ecosystem functions by urban forests has decreased.In order to increase the sustainability of urban forests and the provision of ecosystem services,it is preferable to create multi-species stands with a complex structure.

Russian Collaborative Development of Reproduction Technologies for the Sustainable Management of Amphibian Biodiversity

Reproduction technologies(RTs)can provide for the reliable reproduction of amphibians,as well as perpetuation of species genetic variation with the use of biobanks.In 1982,in anticipation of the biodiversity conservation crisis,major Russian institutions collaborated in a dynamic program to develop and implement RTs for the sustainable management of amphibian biodiversity.An initial primary focus was the captive breeding of threatened Russian endemic anuran and caudate species,using RTs that varied from environmental manipulation to the use of exogenous gonadotropic hormones to stimulate reproduction.These species were mostly from Palearctic or cool mountain regions,but also included a wide range of species from warm regions.Other early achievements included the successful cryopreservation of anuran spermatozoa and anuran diploid pluripotent cell nuclei,in order to store both the matrilineal and patrilineal genomes in biobanks,with their subsequent development to the blastula stage after implantation into enucleated oocytes.After the turn of the 21st Century,in support of the priorities of the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan(2007),we developed RTs for the refrigerated storage of testicular or urinary spermatozoa for days to weeks at 4℃,the cryopreservation of urinary spermatozoa using anovel cryoprotectant,the in vitro fertilisation of hormonally induced oocytes either fresh or after refrigerated ex situ or in situ storage,and the artificial insemination of salamanders with fresh spermatozoa.In this article,we describe previously unpublished techniques and techniques from obscure Russian sources.

大白菜AB-81高频再生系统的建立及gusA基因瞬时表达的研究

以大白菜自交系AB 81的子叶和真叶切块为外植体 ,建立了高频不定芽离体再生系统。在MS附加TDZ 0 .2mg/L ,NAA 2 .0mg/L ,AgNO310mg/L和ABA 0 .2 5mg/L的再生培养基上 ,子叶和真叶的不定芽再生频率分别达到 93.3%和 90 .0 % ,每块外植体的不定芽数达 3～ 6个 ,最多达 2 1个。以EHA10 5/pMOG4 10为载体转化侵染大白菜AB 81的子叶 ,获得较高gusA基因瞬时表达频率的条件为 :子叶预培养 2～ 3d ;侵染的工程菌液的浓度OD 0 .3～ 0 .5;侵染时间 2～ 10min ;共培养时间 2～

俄罗斯及青藏高原野生雁类在禽流感病毒传播中的作用(英文)

雁形目和鸻形目鸟类是低致病性禽流感病毒(正粘病毒科)的自然宿主。水禽中野生雁类(雁形目)的迁徙距离达数千公里。从野生雁类中分离出禽流感病毒的成功率很低。本研究旨在检测俄罗斯境内以及青藏高原营巢繁殖的不同野生雁类的禽流感病毒,分析所得数据后进一步明确这些鸟类在病原体传播中的作用。我们检测了来自俄罗斯境内9个地区以及青藏高原(西藏自治区)的3245份样品,未发现禽流感病毒。这表明,野生雁类在长距离迁徙过程中对禽流感的传播并没未起到明显作用。因此,野生雁类可能不是主要的禽流感病毒的自然宿主,但野生雁类种群中禽流感病毒的状况仍需进一步探究。对野生雁类与禽流感病毒的生态学研究有助于我们掌握更多的病原与宿主间关系的信息,以便更好地维持野生雁类种群数量。

Chemical fertilizers could be completely replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and soil organic carbon(SOC)when SOC reaches a threshold in the Northeast China Plain

The combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers is considered a good method to sustain high crop yield and enhance soil organic carbon （SOC）, but it is still unclear when and to what extent chemical fertilizers could be replaced by organic fertilizers. We selected a long-term soil fertility experiment in Gongzhuling, Northeast China Plain to examine the temporal dynamics of crop yield and SOC in response to chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium （NPK） fertilizers and manure, applied both individually and in combination, over the course of three decades （1980-2010）. We aimed to test 1） which fertilizer application is the best for increasing both maize yield and SOC in this region, and 2） whether chemical fertilizers can be replaced by manure to maintain high maize yield and enhance SOC, and if so, when this replacement should be implemented. We observed that NPK fertilizers induced a considerable increase in maize yield in the first 12 years after the initiation of the experiment, but manure addition did not. In the following years, the addition of both NPK fertilizers and manure led to an increase in maize yield. SOC increased considerably in treatments with manure but remained the same or even declined with NPK treatments. The increase in maize yield induced by NPK fertilizers alone declined greatly with increasing SOC, whereas the combination of NPK and manure resulted in high maize yield and a remarkable improvement in SOC stock. Based on these results we suggested that NPK fertilizers could be at least partially replaced by manure to sustain high maize yield after SOC stock has reached 41.96 Mg C ha^-1 in the Northeast China Plain and highly recommend the combined application of chemical fertilizers and manure （i.e., 60 Mg ha^-1）.

俄罗斯蜜蜂保种群的遗传标识码:基因组微卫星标记谱图

俄罗斯蜜蜂是欧洲人大约在十九世纪中期向俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克及其周边海冰边疆(即俄罗斯远东地区)移居时带入的西方蜜蜂;欧洲黑蜂在欧洲向东方向的地理分布极限地域是位于俄罗斯西部平原(欧洲部分)与东部高原、山地(亚洲部分)之间的乌拉尔山脉,即俄罗斯中部地区。为了初步揭示俄罗斯蜜蜂与欧洲黑蜂之间的遗传关系,本研究通过聚合酶链反应体外扩增基因组微卫星标记的方法,对俄罗斯远东地区采样点的俄罗斯蜜蜂(俄罗斯当地人称之为俄罗斯远东黑蜂)和俄罗斯中部地区采样点的欧洲黑蜂(俄罗斯当地人称之为俄罗斯中部蜜蜂)进行了比对分析。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的结果显示,绝大多数蜜蜂样本在11个基因组微卫星位点均出现等位序列条带,两种蜜蜂样本的等位序列条带数构成了各自特有的基因组微卫星DNA等位序列标记谱图。这提示,俄罗斯蜜蜂样本的基因组微卫星DNA等位序列标记谱图作为俄罗斯蜜蜂保种群的遗传标识码,很可能具有特异性(相对于欧洲黑蜂样本的基因组微卫星DNA等位序列标记谱图)。

A Brief Study on pH, Exchangeable Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺in Farmlands under Tobacco-Rice Rotation in Xuancheng City of South Anhui

pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducted in Xuancheng city to understand the current situations of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation and to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders to abate soil acidification. In total 124 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the typical farmlands and soil pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured. The results showed that soil pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Xuancheng city were generally in the suitable grades, pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.42 with an average of 5.87, exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 1.01 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 to 100.55 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 with an average of 11.07 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1, and exchangeable Mg2+ ranged from 0.14 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 to 2.86 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 with an average of 0.81 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1, all spanned from the low grades to the high grades. To the whole Xuancheng city, 37.10%, 62.10% and 72.58% of the surveyed farmlands were in the low grades of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, while 52.42%, 25.00% and 20.97% of the farmlands were in the suitable grades, respectively. pH had an extremely significantly positive Napierian logarithm correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and an extremely significantly positive power correlation with exchangeable Mg2+. In total about 338.2 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 202.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually input into the farmlands, while about 110.4 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 7.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually moved out from the farmlands, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were annually increased by 225.2 kg·hm-2 and 187.6 kg·hm-2 in the farmlands, respectively. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands dynamically in order to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders which should be dependent upon the specific conditions of individual farmlands.

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Two SMV-Resistance Traits in Soybean:Adult-Plant Resistance and Resistance to Seed Coat Mottling

Soybean mosaic virus （SMV） could lead to adult-plant system diseases, and cause mottling of soybean seeds. Genetic analysis and molecular mapping were conducted using an F2 population and derived F3 families from two crosses of Dongnong 3C624 （susceptible）x Dongnong 8143 （resistant） and Dongnong 3C628 （susceptible）× Tie 6915 （resistant）. Simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers with bulked segregation analysis （BSA） were used to conduct genetic mapping of the resistance to SMV1 in the segregating populations. The results indicated that resistance to SMV1 in adultplants and the resistance to seed coat mottling in Dongnong 8143 and Tie 6915 was separately controlled by one single dominant gene. The two dominant genes were identified to be linked on the MLG F by Mendel＇s genetics and SSR genetic mapping. The order and distance of markers DPRSMV1 and DSRSMV1 were Sat 229-6.9 cM-DSRSMV1-4.6 cM-Sat_317-3.6 cM-DPRSMV1-5.2 cM-Satt335. The order and distance of markers TPRSMV1 and TSRSMV1 was Satt160-16.1 cM-TPRSMV1-7.3 cM-Satt516-2.0 cM-TSRSMV1-4.5 cM-Sat_133. This research provides the useful information for breeders to select the two types of SMV resistance simultaneously in soybean breeding through molecular marker-assisted selection （MAS）.

Yield Effect of Chemical and Soil Nitrogen on the Mid-season and Ratooning Hybrid Rice

Using hybrid rice Yixiang1577 as the material, the mid-season and ratooning hybrid rice yield variation was studied in Southem Sichuan at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that rice yield by using N fertilizer increased to the most significant level than no fertilizer ones, and the mid-season rice and rice yield by using more N fertilizer increased to the significant level than less fertilizer ones. The rice yield by using no fertilizer ones increased to the most significant level than some used fertilizer, and the ratooning rice and rice yield by using more N fertilizer decreased to the most significant level than less fertilizer ones. The rice yield by using some fertilizer increased to the most significant level than no fertilizer ones for mid-season＋rationing rice and rice yield by using some fertilizer had no obvious differences at different nitrogen levels. Therefore, application of fertilizer can improve yield of mid-season rice and mid-season＋rationing rice. Soil test results showed that nutrient contents in rice field in South Sichuan were very rich in nitrogen, which could provide more adequate crop growth potential soil nitrogen nutrition. The crops with a deep root system had stronger ability of utilization on soil nitrogen. Therefore, the ratooning rice used no or little N fertilizer had a high yield performance because they made full use of soil nitrogen with deep root system.

Study on Land Use/Cover Changes and the Driving Forces in Xuzhou City

Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat 5,landscape indexes were used to analyze the land use/cover changes of Xuzhou City during 1994 and 2005,in order to discover the inside driving system.Fourteen social driving forces were chosen according to the PCA theory,and the social driving forces of land use/cover change were analyzed with the help of SPSS software.The result indicated that population,economy,adjustment of agriculture structure were main impact factors of land use/cover changes.

Genetic diversity and differentiation of pedunculate ( Quercus robur ) and sessile ( Q. petraea ) oaks

This study was conducted to determine the parent-off spring genetic structure of the pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.),sessile oak(Q.petraea[Matt.]Liebl.)and their hybrids.Forty half-sib Quercus families and their maternal trees originating from one tree stand in southern Lithuania were analyzed using SSR and RAPD markers.Based on a preliminary study of leaf morphological traits,the individuals separated into six groups.The studied halfsib oak families were also compared for allelic diversity,including group variations;genotypic structure;genetic diversity;and the degree of genetic subdivision and diff erentiation.The level of genetic variation and subdivision was lower in the hybrid families than in the families of the parental species.Genotypic analysis of the half-sibling off spring showed the asymmetric nature of interspecifi c hybridization processes of pedunculate and sessile oaks in mixed stands.

ISSR Analysis on Genetic Diversity of Local Varieties of Chinese Hu mulberry(Morus L.)

[Objective] The aim was to study on the genetic diversity of local varieties of Chinese Hu mulberry (Morus L.). [Method] The genetic diversity of 141 copies of Hu mulberry varieties was analyzed by ISSR molecular markers. [Result] 12 ISSR primers had amplified a total of 90 amplified,of which 57 bands were polymorphic,and the polymorphic rate was 63.33%. The genetic similarity coefficients of 141 Hu mulberry germplasm resources varied from 0.633 3 to 1.000 0 with the average of 0.483 35,indicating that there was difference on genetic diversity among different varieties of Hu mulberries. A dendrogram of all 141 Hu mulberry varieties based on the genetic similarity coefficients using ISSR molecular markers was generated by UPGMA cluster method. Clustering of the 141 Hu mulberry varieties did not correspond with the conventional classification involving differences in style,leaf,branch,fruit and other morphological or agronomical characters. [Conclusion] Four subgroups clearly represented the genetic relationships in the 141 accessions which were benefit for the variety improvement and germplasm resource conservation.

Dynamic profiles of DNA methylation and the interaction with histone acetylation during fiber cell initiation of Gossypium hirsutum

Background:Fiber,as the main product of cotton,provides main raw material for the textile industry.Many key factors have been revealed a significant role in fiber cell development including Myb proteins,phytohormones,fatty acid metabolites,and epigenetic modifications.DNA methylation is one of the important epigenetic modifications to regulate plant development and responses to abiotic or biotic stimuli.In general,DNA methylation consisting of 5mC and 6mA regulates the chromatin structure and gene transcription to affect plant development,however,the detailed role and underlying mechanism of DNA methylation in the fiber development of cotton are yet vague.Results:Here,systematical study of the 5mC and 6mA DNA methylation profiles during the fiber initiation period of Xu142 and its glabrous mutant Xu142fl represented a clear alteration of global DNA methylation associated with fiber cell initiation.Then,the genome-wide identification of genes responsible for methylation regulation at the fifth carbon of cytosine and the sixth carbon of adenine of DNA was operated in Gossypium hirsutum.As a result,13,10,6,and 17 genes were identified for 5mC methylation,5mC demethylation,6mA methylation,and 6mA demethylation,respectively.We then investigated the tissue expression pattern of all these genes,and some genes showed higher expression levels in fiber initiation,among which some displayed a significant change in transcription between Xu142 and Xu142fl.The possible interaction between histone acetylation and DNA methylation in fiber initiation through in vitro culture was studied by dot blot,and the results showed that repressed histone deacetylation by Trichostatin A(TSA)inhibited the global DNA methylation,and some causal genes(e.g.,GhDMT13,GhDAMT2,GhALKBH12,GhDM7)were also identified.Conclusions:In this study,all the findings indicated the interplay between histone acetylation and DNA methylation,supporting their important roles and providing precious clues for the epigenetic modifications associated with DNA methylation in the fiber development of cotton.

Bioinformatics Analysis on Pathogenic Genes of Botrytis cinerea Pers.

With reported pathogenic genes of Botrytis cirterea Pers. and unknown proteins related to pathogencity as experimental materials, the pathogenic genes were studied by bioinformatics methods, and these unknown proteins were analyzed with bioinforrnaties tools and softwares, so as to lay a theoretical basis for the control of tomato grey mould at molecular level in future. The results showed that through the alignment analysis by DNAMAN software, three pairs of unknown pro- teins with higher comprehensive matching degrees were obtained, and these proteins were predicted to be coded by hrp gene cluster of type Ili secretion system; through Bioedit and ProtParam, the amino acid composition, size, molecular weight, isoelectrie point and hydrophobicity of the each of the six unknown proteins were obtained; and corresponding secondary structures were obtained using DNAMAN. The results of this study could guide deep research of such genes.

Regression-Tensor Modeling of Multivariate Optimization of Process for Applying Metal Coatings

A universal regression-tensor approach is developed in the mathematical modeling of optimal parameters of chemical-technological process of complex mechanical products. The testing of developed algorithms was performed on the example of multi-factorial process of low-temperature sulfur-chromium plating of precision mechanical parts.

Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Maldistribution in Plate Heat Exchangers

After conducting a critical survey of the different categories of existing heat exchangers,the results of several experiments about the behaviour of a two-phase current in an open channel are reported.The results confirm the complexity of the problems induced in heat exchangers by flow maldistribution,especially when two-phase flows are considered in multi-channel systems.It is shown that severe misalignment of heat exchangers can lead to a loss of economic performance of more than 25%.Improper distribution of fluid flow causes longer fluid coils to form,and the liquid cochlea can eventually occupy a large space,thereby reducing heat transfer and disrupting the considered biphasic system.The use of a small diameter distribution pipe with properly spaced outlet holes seems to be a promising approach to fix many of these issues.It is found that the current distribution in the channels,in addition to the header pressure distribution,also depends on factors such as the geometry and the initial flow regime in the header.

Effects of Biomineral Liquid from Spartina alterniflora on Growth,Body Color and Nutritional Components of Ricefield Eels,Monopterus albus

[Objective]The paper was to develop new fodder additives and to strengthen comprehensive utilization of Spartina alterniflora resources.[Method]The effects of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora on growth,nutritional components of ricefield eels were studied.[Result]（1）0.5%of biomineral liquid had significant effect on weight gain rate,which was 8.37%higher than that in control group（P〈0.01）.Further supply of biomineral liquid could not increase the weight gain rate.Furthermore,biomineral liquid had no effect on the survival rate of ricefield eels.（2）Ricefield eels had certain changes in body color in the0.5%biomineral liquid group,and some ricefield eels were yellowing.（3）The contents of Cr,Fe,Zn in body of ricefield eels in treatment group were significantly higher than that in control group,but was lower than that in wild eel group,and the content of Se in treatment group was lower than that in control group and wild group（P〈0.01）.（4）The contents of K,Mg in muscle of ricefield eels in treatment group were higher than those in control group and wild eel group.The contents of ash and Ca in treatment group were close to that in control group but were higher than that in wild eel group.The content of crude fat in treatment group was close to that in wild eel group but was lower than that in control group.The contents of Zn,Se,Ni in treatment group were higher than that in control group and wild eel group,and the contents of Cr,Fe,Cu were close to that in control group and were higher than that in wild eel group（P〈0.01）.No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture,crude fat and P among the three groups（P〉0.05）.[Conclusion]Addition of biomineral liquid from S.alterniflora could speed up the growth of ricefield eels and significantly improve their flesh quality,but had no significant effect on survival rate of ricefield eels.

Validating the Runoff from the PRECIS Model Using a Large-Scale Routing Model

The streamflow over the Yellow River basin is simulated using the PRECIS （Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies） regional climate model driven by 15-year （1979-1993） ECMWF reanalysis data as the initial and lateral boundary conditions and an off-line large-scale routing model （LRM）. The LRM uses physical catchment and river channel information and allows streamflow to be predicted for large continental rivers with a 1°×1° spatial resolution. The results show that the PRECIS model can reproduce the general southeast to northwest gradient distribution of the precipitation over the Yellow River basin, The PRECIS- LRM model combination has the capability to simulate the seasonal and annual streamflow over the Yellow River basin. The simulated streamflow is generally coincident with the naturalized streamflow both in timing and in magnitude.