Preparation of Tartary Buckwheat Seed Coating Agent and Its Effect on Germination

To mitigate the wastage of seed resources and reduce the usage of pesticides and fertilizers, seed coating agentshave gained popularity. This study employs single-factor and multi-index orthogonal experimental design methodsto investigate the seed coating formula and physical properties of Tartary buckwheat. The specific effects ofeach component on Tartary buckwheat seed germination are analyzed. The findings reveal that the seed coatingagent formulated with 1.5% polyvinyl alcohol, 0.15% sodium alginate, 0.2% op-10, 0.1% polyacrylamide, 8% colorant,3% ammonium sulfate, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.15% carbendazim exhibits the mosteffective coating. It demonstrates optimal physical properties and promotes seed germination efficiently. The suspensionrate of this seed coating agent reaches 91.12%, with a mere 2.13% coating shedding rate and 2.5% coatingseed rot rate. Furthermore, it achieves a germination percentage of 99.17%, which is 20.84% higher than the lowestgroup. The germination potential and index are also significantly higher than the lowest group, with anincrease of 20.84% and 26.56%, respectively. Additionally, the vitality index is 553.08, a 15.75% increase comparedto the lowest group. The application of seed coating agents helps reduce seed resource loss, increase plant numbers,and ultimately enhance agricultural yields. This finding holds practical significance in agriculturalproduction.

Prescreening of large-effect markers with multiple strategies improves the accuracy of genomic prediction

Presently,integrating multi-omics information into a prediction model has become a ameliorate strategy for genomic selection to improve genomic prediction accuracy.Here,we set the genomic and transcriptomic data as the training population data,using BSLMM,TWAS,and eQTL mapping to prescreen features according to |β_(b)|>0,top 1%of phenotypic variation explained(PVE),expression-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms(eSNPs),and egenes(false discovery rate(FDR)<0.01),where these loci were set as extra fixed effects(named GBLUP-Fix)and random effects(GFBLUP)to improve the prediction accuracy in the validation population,respectively.The results suggested that both GBLUP-Fix and GFBLUP models could improve the accuracy of longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM),water holding capacity(WHC),shear force(SF),and pH in Huaxi cattle on average from 2.14 to 8.69%,especially the improvement of GFBLUP-TWAS over GBLUP was 13.66%for SF.These methods also captured more genetic variance than GBLUP.Our study confirmed that multi-omics-assisted large-effects loci prescreening could improve the accuracyofgenomic prediction.

Inversion tillage with straw incorporation affects the patterns of soil microbial co-occurrence and multi-nutrient cycling in a Hapli-Udic Cambisol

Inversion tillage with straw amendment is widely applied in northeastern China, and it can substantially increase the storage of carbon and improve multiple subsoil functions. Soil microorganisms are believed to be the key to this process,but research into their role in subsoil amelioration is limited. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in 2018 in a region in northeastern China with Hapli-Udic Cambisol using four treatments: conventional tillage(CT, tillage to a depth of 15 cm with no straw incorporation), straw incorporation with conventional tillage(SCT, tillage to a depth of 15 cm),inversion tillage(IT, tillage to a depth of 35 cm) and straw incorporation with inversion tillage(SIT, tillage to a depth of 35 cm). The soils were managed by inversion to a depth of 15 or 35 cm every year after harvest. The results indicated that SIT improved soil multi-nutrient cycling variables and increased the availability of key nutrients such as soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in both the topsoil and subsoil.In contrast to CT and SCT, SIT created a looser microbial network structure but with highly centralized clusters by reducing the topological properties of average connectivity and node number, and by increasing the average path length and the modularity. A Random Forest analysis found that the average path length and the clustering coefficient were the main determinants of soil multi-nutrient cycling. These findings suggested that SIT can be an effective option for improving soil multi-nutrient cycling and the structure of microbial networks, and they provide crucial information about the microbial strategies that drive the decomposition of straw in Hapli-Udic Cambisol.

Orchid diversity and distribution pattern in karst forests in eastern Yunnan Province,China

Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species have raised serious global concerns,especially in fragile ecosystems.Karst forest,a well-known fragile ecosystem,is served as a natural laboratory for biogeographical,ecological,evolutionary,and taxonomic research.However,species richness and distribution patterns in karst forests largely remain unclear.Orchidaceae has been regarded as the“flagship”group of plant diversity.In this study,we use Wanfengshan Nature Reserve in southeast Yunnan,China,as a model to determine the conservation status of orchids in the karst forest by conducting systematic field surveys in the past three years from 2019 to 2022.In total,we identified 78 orchid species in 35 genera in Wanfengshan Nature Reserve.The dominant species were Bulbophyllum andersonii,Eria coronaria,Nervilia mackinnonii and Paphiopedilum micranthum.Multiple life forms were also observed,including epiphyte(14.29%),facultative epiphyte(18.18%),lithophyte(23.38%),and terrestrial(44.15%).Orchid species richness showed a bimodal pattern varied with altitude,the higher richness was recorded at 1,500-1,600 and 1,200-1,300 m,while the minimum was below 1,100 m.Each independent hill is rich in orchid species including‘endemic’species.A total of 25(33.8%)orchid species were considered threatened by the Redlist of Chinese Vascular Plants(Qin et al.,2017),including 3 CR species,5 EN species and 17 VU species.We call for more research addressing the mechanisms of ecological adaption,mycorrhizal interactions,and pollination of orchids in karst forests,and effective ways for recovery and conservation of orchids.

Microbial Responses of Soil Fertility to Depth of Tillage and Incorporation of Straw in a Haplic Chernozem in Northeast China

Straw is widely incorporated into soil worldwide,but most studies have concentrated on the effects of straw mulching or incorporation with topsoil.To determine the effect of depth of straw incorporation on bacterial and fungal communities,we established a field experiment in a region in Northeast China with Haplic Chernozems using four treatments:conventional tillage(CT,tillage to a depth of 15 cm with no straw incorporation),straw incorporation with conventional tillage(SCT,tillage to a depth of 15 cm),inversion tillage(IT,tillage to a depth of 35 cm)and straw incorporation with inversion tillage(SIT,tillage to a depth of 35 cm).The soils were managed by inversion to a depth of 15 or 35 cm after harvest.The results show that soil organic carbon content was significantly higher and pH and bulk density were significantly lower in the 15–35 cm layer in IT and SIT than CT and SCT.Fungal abundance was higher with straw incorporation,but fungal diversity was lower in the 0–15 cm layer in SCT and SIT than in CT and IT.Path length in the bacterial network was shorter and connectivity was higher in CT+SCT than in IT+SIT,leading to a more complex ecosystem,and the fungal network had opposite patterns.The key taxa in the phylum Actinobacteriota and Ascomycota in the microbial networks changed dramatically at the genus level following inversion tillage with straw amendment,which may increase bacterial network resistance to environmental disturbances and unstable fungal networks,resulting in large changes in the fungal community involved in the decomposition of recalcitrant straw-derived C and the more efficient acquisition of limiting resources.

Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution and Expression Analyses of GA2ox Gene Family in Brassica napus L.

Gibberellin 2-oxidases(GA2ox)are important enzymes that maintain the balance of bioactive GAs in plants.GA2ox genes have been identified and characterized in many plants,but these genes were not investigated in Brassica napus.Here,we identified 31 GA2ox genes in B.napus and 15 of these BnaGA2ox genes were distributed in the A and C subgenomes.Subcellular localization predictions suggested that all BnaGA2ox proteins were localized in the cytoplasm,and gene structure analysis showed that the BnaGA2ox genes contained 2–4 exons.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BnGA2ox family proteins in monocotyledons and dicotyledons can be divided into four groups,including two C_(19)-GA2ox and two C_(20)-GA2ox clades.Group 4 is a C_(20)-GA2ox Class discovered recently.Most BnaGA2ox genes had a syntenic relationship with AtGA2ox genes.BnaGA2ox genes in the C subgenome had experienced stronger selection pressure than genes in the A subgenome.BnaGA2ox genes were highly expressed in specific tissues such as those involved in growth and development,and most of them were mainly involved in abiotic responses,regulation of phytohormones and growth and development.Our study provided a valuable evolutionary analysis of GA2ox genes in monocotyledons and dicotyledons,as well as an insight into the biological functions of GA2ox family genes in B.napus.

Requirements and Safeguard Measures for Using Soil Fertilizer in Organic Agriculture:A Case Study of Fushun City in Liaoning Province

This paper summarized the requirements of organic agriculture for soil environment,fertilizer application and irrigation water quality,put forward safeguard measures for organic agriculture in terms of soil,fertilizer and water,and finally came up with recommendations for strengthening the use of soil fertilizers in organic agriculture.

Recommendations for Using Crop Straws to Produce Organic Fertilizers in Liaoning Province

This paper introduces in detail the current situation of crop straw resources and comprehensive utilization in Liaoning Province and the basic situation of enterprises using crop straw to produce organic fertilizers.In addition,it analyzes in detail the problems existing in the production of organic fertilizers in Liaoning Province,and finally comes up with some recommendations for using crop straw to produce organic fertilizers.

Preliminary Research on Biological Characteristics of Scopula subpunctaria in Shandong Tea Region

[Objectives]The paper was to observe the life history and living habits of Scopula subpunctaria in Shandong tea region.[Methods]The occurrence period and duration of each insect state,as well as duration of each instar larvae in various generations were investigated and statistically analyzed.[Results]There were 6 generations of S.subpunctaria per year in Shandong tea region.Different from southern tea region,S.subpunctaria survived the winter as pupae and larvae in tea trees in Shandong,and the duration of overwintering eggs was greatly affected by temperature.The generations of S.subpunctaria overlapped seriously.[Conclusions]The results provide a basis for the comprehensive treatment of S.subpunctaria in Shandong tea region.

Development of New Green Feed for Large Water Surface Ecological Fishery

In view of the fact that cages and bait are not allowed in large water surface aquiculture,1-2 kinds of new green feeds"plankton+microecologics"were developed to solve the problems of yield reduction,slow growth and difficulty in fishing of aquatic organisms caused by extensive mode.The new green feed is ecological,environmentally friendly and residue-free,which not only supplements nutrition but also meets the requirements of environmental protection.

Technique for Ecological Pond Breeding of Charybdis japonica

In 2016 and 2017,the ecological pond breeding experiment of Charybdis japonica was carried out,with a total of experimental area up to 4 ha.Through two years of experimental research,it obtained a total of 48950 kg of C.japonica,with an average output of 12237.5 kg/ha.The production output value was 2.3675 million yuan,the total production cost was 831700 yuan,the net profit was 1.5358 million yuan,the average profit was 384000 yuan/ha,and the input-output ratio was 1∶2.85.The average proportion of C.japonica population with a production weight of 150 g or more was 7.9%.The proportion of the group of 120-150 g was relatively large,with an average of 80%in two years,and the proportion of the group below 120 g was relatively small,with an average of 12%in two years.The cumulative harvest of shellfish in two years was 65700 kg,with an average output of 16425 kg/ha,the production output value of 738100 yuan,the production cost of 295500 yuan,the net profit of 442600 yuan,and the average profit of 110700 yuan/ha.

Enzyme Inhibition Rate Method for Rapid Detection of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Cowpea

[Objectives ] The paper was to explore enzyme inhibition rate method for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea. [ Methods ] Acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） was added to cowpea extract, to determine the inhibition rate of extract against enzyme. The influences of different sampiing methods and sampling parts on detection results were compared. [ Results] The positive rate of standard sampling was 18.18% higher than that of non-stand- ard sampling, and the positive rate of samples collected from cowpea tail was 16.67% higher than that collected from other parts. [ Condmions] Enzyme inhibi- tion rate method is suitable for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea.

Grey Relational Analysis on the Effects of Rainfall Factors on Runoff and Sediment in the Sloping Farmland with Different Plants in the Central South of Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the main rainfall factors influencing runoff and sediment in the sloping farmland with different plants in the central south of Shandong Province.[Method] Through grey relational analysis,the effects of different rainfall factors on runoff and sediment with different plants in the central south of Shandong were studied.[Result] In the sloping farmland with different plants,the effects of rainfall factors on runoff and sediment weren’t consistent.Rainfall was the dominant influencing factor of runoff,but PI30 had the greatest influence on runoff in natural grassland.Meanwhile,rainfall intensity was the main influencing factor of sediment,but PI had the greatest influence on sediment in Astragalus adsurgens Pall.plot.The compound factor had the minimal influence on runoff and sediment in Arachis hypogaea plot and natural grassland.In A.adsurgens Pall.plot,rainfall intensity had the minimal impact on runoff,but the compound factor had the least effect on sediment.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical references for the comprehensive control of slope soil erosion,the optimum utilization and sustainable development of land.

A novel method to improve sow reproductive performance:Combination of pre-weaning immunization against inhibin and post-insemination hCG treatment

The feasibility of a novel method to improve sow reproductive performance by combining inhibin immunization and hCG treatment was tested using in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiment, 106 sows were administered an inhibin immunogen on day 7 prior to weaning, and 56 non-treated sows served as the controls. Sows exhibiting oestrous behaviour on day 5 after weaning were artificially inseminated. On day 5 post-insemination, a subset of 50 inhibin-immunized sows received an injection of 1000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Our results showed that pre-weaning immunization against inhibin marginally improved (P=0.068) total litter size and significantly increased (P=0.044) the live litter size. The overall differences in farrowing rates and live litter size tended toward significance (P=0.10) in the three groups, and the differences in total litter size were not significant (P=0.18). In the in vitro experiment, activin and hCG dose-dependently suppressed (P<0.001) and stimulated (P<0.001) progesterone (P4) secretion in cultured pig granulosa cells (GCs), respectively, and the suppression effect of activin was reversed (P<0.001) by hCG. Activin suppressed P4 secretion mainly by downregulating (P<0.001) the expression of StAR, Cyp11a1, and 3β-HSDII, whereas hCG prevented (P<0.001) the suppression effects. These results indicate that the combination of pre-weaning immunization against inhibin and postinsemination hCG treatment provides a novel method for improving sow reproductive performance.

Breeding of a New Clubroot-resistant Chinese Cabbage Variety, CCR11242

In this study, using Japanese radish cytoplasmic sterile line ＂Half Green Cabbage＂ （HGC） and clubfoot-resistant South Korean cabbage variety ＂ CR Cabbage King＂ （CCK） as experimental materials, serf-incompatible DH lines were obtained by mierosporo culture. Through five gnerations of backeross, CCR11239, a clubroot-resistant radish cytoplasmic sterile line, was obtained. Through six generations of serf-crossing, CCR11240, the maintainer line of CCR11239, was bred. After the cross of CCK and Luchunbai 1 （83 - 1 ） and five generations of self-crossing, serf-compatible line CCRl1241 was obtained. Through crossing CCR11240 with CCRl1241, the new cabbage variety CCRl1242 was obtained. After variety comparison test, provincial regional test and production demonstration test, the new variety was registered in 2012. The average yield of CCR11242 reached 60 975 kg/hm2, which was improved by 142% compared with Luchunbai 1 （83 - 1 ）. The disease index of CCR11242 was 5.63, which was 88.13 lower than the control, indicating high resistance （HR） to clubfoot.

Current Situations,Evolution Trend,and Improvement Measures of Soil Organic Matter in Cultivated Land of Northeast China

The data of cultivated land quality monitoring sites,and the current situations and evolution trend of soil organic matter in cultivated land in Northeast China were analyzed.Then,the causes for low organic matter content were discussed.Finally,it came up with pertinent soil improvement recommendations,including actively promoting the quality protection technology model of cultivated land such as straw returning in accordance with local conditions,expanding organic fertilizer sources and increasing application of organic fertilizers,implementing reasonable crop rotation,planting green manure crops such as legumes,and realizing the combination of land use and land cultivation,establishing a reasonable fertilization system,combining organic and inorganic fertilizers with scientific fertilization,increasing fertilizer efficiency and reducing the application of chemical fertilizers,increasing financial investment and promoting the integration of funds related to cultivated land protection.

Effects of Straw and Biochar Returned to the Soil on Soil Physical Properties and pH Value in Cold Rice Region

[Objectives]In order to explore the feasibility of using straw and biochar returned to the soil to improve soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice regions of China.[Methods]the effects of straw directly returned to the soil and charred straw(biochar)returned to the soil on soil bulk density,porosity,temperature and pH value of cold paddy soil were studied in this paper.[Results]The results showed that compared with conventional production,straw(6 t/ha),a small amount of biochar(2 t/ha)and a large amount of biochar(40 t/ha)returned to the soil reduced paddy soil bulk density at different growth stages by 6.02%-11.86%,2.69%-6.67%and 8.58%-11.32%,respectively,increased total porosity by 7.41%-14.93%,3.19%-8.38%and 9.81%-14.27%,respectively,and increased aeration porosity by 22.28%-192.11%,17.80%-92.11%and 52.44%-157.11%,respectively.Straw and a small amount of biochar returned to the soil had no significant effect on soil temperature and pH value of paddy field,but a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature by 5.13%-8.79%and pH value by 3.15%-5.96%in the later stage of rice growth.[Conclusions]The straw and biochar returned to the soil could reduce soil bulk density,increase total porosity and aeration porosity,and only a large amount of biochar returned to the soil could significantly increase soil temperature and pH value.

Nudivirus Genomics: Diversity and Classification

Nudiviruses represent a diverse group of arthropod specific, rod-shaped and dsDNA viruses. Due to similarities in pathology and morphology to members of the family Baculoviridae, they have been previously classified as the so-called “non-occluded” baculoviruses. However, presently they are taxonomically orphaned and are not assigned to any virus family because of the lack of genetic relatedness to Baculoviridae,. Here, we report on recent progress in the genomic analysis of Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1), Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus (GbNV) and Heliotis zea nudivirus 2 (HzNV-2). Gene content comparison and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the viruses share 15 core genes with baculoviruses and form a monophyletic sister group to them. Consequences of the genetic relationship are discussed for the classification of nudiviruses.

Application of Artificially Induced Double-strand Breaks (DSB) and Triplex-forming Oligonucleotides (TFO) in the Improvement of Gene Targeting Efficiency

Gene targeting technology is an important means to investigate gene functions, but its efficiency of gene targeting is very low, especially for somatic cell targeting. Artificially induced double-strand breaks （DSB） and triplex forming oligonucleotide （TFO） are currently developed methods to improve the targeting efficiency. This paper summarized the basic principles, design ideas and application in gene targeting efficiency improvement of these two methods, analyzed and com- pared their characteristics, and finally proposed prospects for their future development.

Problems of Shoal Wetland and Riverfront Greening in China and Solutions:A Case Study of Zhejiang Province

Shoal wetland and riverfront greening are important contents of "afforestation for flood control",in addition to increasing shoal wetland biodiversity and waterscapes,they can also restore and improve coastal ecological environment,and broaden the green area on the plain effectively. Through analyzing problems of shoal wetland and riverfront greening in Zhejiang Province,this paper took successful cases for example to propose the ideas for implementing plain greening effectively,such as "afforestation for flood control","landscaping construction is an ecological infrastructure project","plan wetland greening according to actual conditions","promote wetland greening by enhancing the cooperation among relevant departments","adopt multiple measures to enhance riverfront greening".