Detection of Citrus Psyllid Based on Improved YOLOX Model

[Objectives]The paper was to explore a faster and more accurate detection method for citrus psyllid to prevent and control yellow-shoot disease and inhibit its transmission.[Methods]We used an improved YOLOX based edge detection method for psyllid,added Convolutional Block Attention Module(CBAM)to the backbone network,and further extracted important features in the channel and space dimensions.The Cross Entropy Loss in the object loss was changed to Focal Loss to further reduce the missed detection rate.[Results]The algorithm described in the study fitted in with the detection platform of psyllid.The data set of psyllid was taken in Lianjiang Orange Garden,Zhanjiang City,Guangdong Province,deeply adapted to the actual needs of agricultural and rural development.Based on YOLOX model,the backbone network and loss function were improved to achieve a more excellent detection method of citrus psyllid.The AP value of 85.66%was obtained on the data set of citrus psyllid,which was 2.70%higher than that of the original model,and the detection accuracies were 8.61%,4.32%and 3.62%higher than that of YOLOv3,YOLOv4-Tiny and YOLOv5-s,respectively,which had been greatly improved.[Conclusions]The improved YOLOX model can better identify citrus psyllid,and the accuracy rate has been improved,laying a foundation for the subsequent real-time detection platform.

The light and hypoxia induced gene ZmPORB1 determines tocopherol content in the maize kernel

Tocopherol is an important lipid-soluble antioxidant beneficial for both human health and plant growth. Here, we fine mapped a major QTLqVE1 affecting γ-tocopherol content in maize kernel, positionally cloned and confirmed the underlying gene ZmPORB1(por1), as a protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. A 13.7 kb insertion reduced the tocopherol and chlorophyll content, and the photosynthetic activity by repressing ZmPORB1 expression in embryos of NIL-K22, but did not affect the levels of the tocopherol precursors HGA(homogentisic acid)and PMP(phytyl monophosphate). Furthermore, ZmPORB1 is inducible by low oxygen and light, thereby involved in the hypoxia response in developing embryos. Concurrent with natural hypoxia in embryos, the redox state has been changed with NO increasing and H_(2)O_(2) decreasing, which lowered γ-tocopherol content via scavenging reactive nitrogen species. In conclusion, we proposed that the lower lightharvesting chlorophyll content weakened embryo photosynthesis, leading to fewer oxygen supplies and consequently diverse hypoxic responses including an elevated γ-tocopherol consumption. Our findings shed light on the mechanism for fine-tuning endogenous oxygen concentration in the maize embryo through a novel feedback pathway involving the light and low oxygen regulation of ZmPORB1 expression and chlorophyll content.

Effect of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on serum antioxidant capacity, mucosal sIgA secretions and gut microbial populations in weaned piglets

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different forms of yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on serum antioxidant capacity, mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A(s Ig A) secretions and gut microbial populations in weaned piglets. A total of 96 piglets weaned at 14 d of age were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments:(1) basal diet without yeast(Control);(2) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g kg–1 live yeast(LY);(3) basal diet supplemented with 2.66 g kg–1 heat-killed whole yeast(HKY); and(4) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g kg–1 superfine yeast powders(SFY). Each treatment had 4 replicates(pens), with 6 piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 3 wk. At d 7 and 21 of the experiment, the samples of serum, mucosa and mesenteric lymph node(MLN) from jejunum, and digesta from the ileum and cecum were collected for determinations. Compared with the Control, dietary SFY supplementation increased serum superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and lysozyme levels at d 7, and jejunum mucosal s Ig A secretions at d 21 of the experiment(P<0.05). Dietary LY supplementation increased serum SOD activity and jejunum mucosal s Ig A secretions, but decreased serum malondialdehyde(MDA) concentration at d 7 and 21(P<0.05). Piglets fed diets supplemented with LY and SFY had lower p H values and decreased numbers of Escherichia coli in the ileum and cecum contents at d 21 compared with the Control(P<0.05). Moreover, the ratio of Lactobacilli to E. coli in the ileum and cecum contents was increased by dietary LY and SFY supplementations(P<0.05). Collectively, different forms of yeasts, especially LY and SFY, may modulate body antioxidant capacity and enhance the intestinal immunity by regulation of secretions of mucosal s Ig A and reduction of pathogenic bacteria colonization, thus improving intestinal health of weaned piglets.

Effects of different forms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance,intestinal development,and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to determine effects of different forms of yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,strain Y200007) on the growth performance,intestinal development,and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets.A total of 96 piglets(14-d old,initial average body weight of 4.5 kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments:(1) basal diet without yeast(Control);(2) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g/kg live yeast(LY);(3) basal diet supplemented with 2.66 g/kg heat-killed whole yeast(HKY);and(4) basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g/kg superfine yeast powders(SFY).Diets and water were provided ad libitum to the piglets during 3-week experiment.Growth performance of piglets was measured weekly.Samples of blood and small intestine were collected at days 7 and 21 of experiment.Dietary supplementation with LY and SFY improved G:F of piglets at days 1-21 of the experiment(P<0.05) compared to Control group.Serum concentrations of growth hormone(GH),triiodothyronine(T_3),tetraiodothyronine(T_4),and insulin growth factor 1(IGF-1) in piglets at day 21 of the experiment were higher when fed diets supplemented with LY and SFY than those in Control group(P < 0.05).Compared to Control group,contents of serum urea nitrogen of piglets were reduced by the 3 yeast-supplemented diets(P< 0.05).Diets supplemented with LY increased villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum of piglets(P < 0.05) compared to other two groups at day 7 of the experiment.Feeding diets supplemented with LY and SFY increased(P< 0.05) serum concentrations of IgA,IL-2,and IL-6 levels in piglets compared to Control.The CD4^+/CD8^+ ratio and proliferation of T-lymphocytes in piglets fed diets supplemented with LY were increased compared to that of Control group at day 7 of the experiment(P < 0.05).In conclusion,dietary supplementation with both LY and SFY enhanced feed conversion,small intestinal development,and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets,with better improvement in feed conversion by dietary supplementation with LY,while dietary supplementation with SFY was more effective in increasing systemic immune functions in early-weaned piglets.

Dietary arginine supplementation in multiparous sows during lactation improves the weight gain of suckling piglets

This study investigated the effects of dietary arginine(Arg)supplementation,just during lactation,on sow and litter performance,plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones,and milk yield and composition in multiparous sows.Thirty-one sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments supplemented with 0.0(control,n=10),0.5%(n=10),or1.0%(n=11)L-Arg-HCl,respectively.Experimental diets were provided to the sows from d 3 to 21 of lactation.Plasma and milk samples were collected at d 14 and 21 of lactation.The average daily gain(ADG)of piglets from sows fed diets supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0%L-Arg-HCl at d 3 to 14 of lactation,were higher than that of controls(P<0.05).Maternal supplementation with 1.0%L-Arg-HCl also increased ADG of piglets between d 3 and 21 of lactation than that of the controls(P<0.05).There was no significant effect of supplementation on average daily feed intake(ADFI),body weight loss,and backfat thickness loss of lactating sows.Supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0%L-Arg-HCl had a trend towards increasing milk yields and milk fat contents(0.05<P<0.10);milk protein and lactose were unchanged.Supplementation with 1.0%L-ArgHCl increased plasma concentrations of prolactin and insulin in sows at d 14 and 21 of lactation,and plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA),insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1),and nitric oxide(NO)in sows at d 21 of lactation,when compared to the controls(P<0.05).Supplementation with 1.0%L-Arg-HCl increased IGF-1 and spermine in milk at d 14 of lactation,relative to the controls(P<0.05).Plasma Arg concentrations at d 14 and 21 of lactation,as well as plasma NO level and milk IGF-1 at d 21 of lactation,were increased,while plasma urea nitrogen(PUN)concentration at d 14 and21 of lactation was decreased,by supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0%L-Arg-HCl when compared to the controls(P<0.05).Collectively,dietary supplementation of multiparous sows with Arg,just during lactation,is beneficial for enhancing litter weight gain but the complete mechanism remains to be determined and may involve in the maternal endocrine changes and milk polyamines contents.

Recent progress of porcine milk components and mammary gland function

As the only nutritional source for newborn piglets,porcine colostrum and milk contain critical nutritional and immunological components including carbohydrates,lipids,and proteins(immunoglobulins).However,porcine milk composition is more complex than these three components.Recently,scientists identified additional and novel components of sow colostrum and milk,including exosomes,oligosaccharides,and bacteria,which possibly act as biological signals and modulate the intestinal environment and immune status in piglets and later in life.Evaluation of these nutritional and non-nutritional components in porcine milk will help better understand the nutritional and biological function of porcine colostrum and milk.Furthermore,some important functions of the porcine mammary gland have been reported in recent published literature.These preliminary studies hypothesized how glucose,amino acids,and fatty acids are transported from maternal blood to the porcine mammary gland for milk synthesis.Therefore,we summarized recent reports on sow milk composition and porcine mammary gland function in this review,with particular emphasis on macronutrient transfer and synthesis mechanisms,which might offer a possible approach for regulation of milk synthesis in the future.

Plasmonic polydopamine-modified TiO_(2)nanotube substrates for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging

Mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)has made the spatio-chemical characterization of a broad range of small-molecule metabolites within biological tissues possible.However,available matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS)suffers from severe background interferences in low-mass ranges and inhomogeneous matrix deposition.Thus,surface-assisted LDI-MS(SALDI-MS)has been an attractive alternative for high-sensitivity detection and imaging of small biomolecules.In this study,we construct a new composite substrate,hydrophobic polydopamine(hPDA)-modified TiO_(2)nanotube(TDNT)coated with plasmonic gold nanoparticle(AuNP-hPDA-TDNT),as a dual-polarity SALDI substrate using an easy and cost-effective fabrication approach.Benefitting from the synergistic effects of TDNT semiconductor and plasmonic PDA modification,this SALDI substrate exhibits superior performance for dual-polarity detection of a vast diversity of small molecules.Highly reduced background interferences,lower detection limits,and spot-to-spot repeatability can be achieved using AuNP-hPDA-TDNT substrates.Due to its unique imprinting performance,various metabolites and lipids can be visualized within jatropha integerrima petals,ginkgo leaves,strawberry fruits,and latent fingerprints.More valuably,the universality of this matrix-free substrate is demonstrated for mapping spatial distribution of lipids within mouse brain tissue sections.Considered together,this AuNP-hPDA-TDNT material is expected to be a promising SALDI substrate in various fields,especially in nanomaterial development and life sciences.

Shining in the dark:the big world of small peptides in plants

Small peptides represent a subset of dark matter in plant proteomes.Through differential expression patterns and modes of action,small peptides act as important regulators of plant growth and development.Over the past 20 years,many small peptides have been identified due to technical advances in genome sequencing,bioinformatics,and chemical biology.In this article,we summarize the classifi-cation of plant small peptides and experimental strategies used to identify them as well as their potential use in agronomic breeding.We review the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of small peptides in plants,discuss current problems in small peptide research and highlight future research directions in this field.Our review provides crucial insight into small peptides in plants and will contribute to a better understanding of their potential roles in biotechnology and agriculture.

Diel dynamics of multi-omics in elkhorn fern provide new insights into weak CAM photosynthesis

Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM)has high water-use efficiency(WUE)and is widely recognized to have evolved from C3 photosynthesis.Different plant lineages have convergently evolved CAM,but the molecular mechanism that underlies C3-to-CAM evolution remains to be clarified.Platycerium bifurcatum(elkhorn fern)provides an opportunity to study the molecular changes underlying the transition from C3 to CAM photosynthesis because both modes of photosynthesis occur in this species,with sporotrophophyll leaves(SLs)and cover leaves(CLs)performing C3 and weak CAM photosynthesis,respectively.Here,we report that the physiological and biochemical attributes of CAM in weak CAM-performing CLs differed from those in strong CAM species.We investigated the diel dynamics of the metabolome,proteome,and transcriptome in these dimorphic leaves within the same genetic background and under identical environmental conditions.We found that multi-omic diel dynamics in P.bifurcatum exhibit both tissue and diel effects.Our analysis revealed temporal rewiring of biochemistry relevant to the energy-producing pathway(TCA cycle),CAM pathway,and stomatal movement in CLs compared with SLs.We also confirmed that PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE KINASE(PPCK)exhibits convergence in gene expression among highly divergent CAM lineages.Gene regulatory network analysis identified candidate transcription factors regulating the CAM pathway and stomatal movement.Taken together,our results provide new insights into weak CAM photosynthesis and new avenues for CAM bioengineering.

Effects of protein sources and levels in antibiotic-free diets on diarrhea,intestinal morphology, and expression of tight junctions in weaned piglets

This study examined effects of dietary protein sources and levels on intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets fed antibiotics-free diets. A total of 150 weaned piglets(21 d of age) were allotted to 5 dietary treatment groups. Diets were formulated, based on corn-soybean meal, with different protein sources(fish meal and soy protein concentrate) to provide different dietary CP levels. Piglets within 5 dietary treatments were fed diets as follows, respectively: 1) control diet of 17% CP(control); 2) 19% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19); 3) fish meal(FM19); 4) 23.7% CP diets formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23); 5) fish meal(FM23). The results showed that piglets from control group had higher ADG and lower incidence of diarrhea compared with those of other groups(P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea of piglets in FM19 group was lower than those from SPC23 group and FM23 group(P < 0.05). With the higher CP levels, villous height and villous height to crypt depth ratio of piglets in the duodenum and jejunum were decreased(P < 0.05), but crypt depth was increased(P < 0.05). Comparing control group and other groups, we found the expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and interferon-γ(IFN-γ) were increased(P < 0.05) in the jejunum and colon of piglets, as did cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators(CFTR) in the distal colon. The relative transcript abundance of Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) in the jejunum, and occludin in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed 23.7% CP diets were reduced compared with those fed control diet(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 17% CP diet without in-feed antibiotics helped improve growth performance and relief of diarrhea of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets. Dietary CP level, rather than its source(either fish meal or soy protein concentrate), has more significant impacts on the growth performance and intestinal health of 21 to 35 d-old weaned piglets when fed antibiotics-free diets.

Abscisic acid and ethephon regulation of cellulase in the endosperm cap and radicle during lettuce seed germination

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cellulase in endosperm cap weakening and radicle elongation during lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination. The application of abscisic acid(ABA) or ethephon inhibits or promotes germination, respectively, by affecting endosperm cap weakening and radicle elongation. Cellulase activities, and related protein and transcript abundances of two lettuce cellulase genes, Ls CEL1 and Ls CEL2, increase in the endosperm cap and radicle prior to radicle protrusion following imbibition in water. ABA or ethephon reduce or elevate, respectively,cellulase activity, and related protein and transcript abundances in the endosperm cap. Taken together, these observations suggest that cellulase plays a role in endosperm cap weakening and radicle elongation during lettuce seed germination, andthat the regulation of cellulase in the endosperm cap by ABA and ethephon play a role in endosperm cap weakening.However, the influence of ABA and ethephon on radicle elongation may not be through their effects on cellulase.

Fecal scores and microbial metabolites in weaned piglets fed different protein sources and levels

This experiment studied the effects of dietary protein sources and levels on the gut health of piglets,p H value,and concentrations of microbial metabolites(ammonia-N,volatile fatty acids [VFA],and polyamines) in the distal colonic and proximal colonic digesta of piglets weaned at 21 d of age.A total of 150 early-weaned piglets were allotted randomly to 5 diets: 1) control diet(CT; 17% CP),2) CT formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC19; 19% CP),3) more fish meal(FM19; 19% CP),4) CT formulated with more soy protein concentrate(SPC23; 23% CP),and 5) more fish meal(FM23; 23%CP).Results showed high protein level increased fecal score(P < 0.05),but different protein sources did not(P > 0.05).The p H value and ammonia-N concentration of digesta in the proximal and distal colon of FM23 were significantly higher(P < 0.05) than those of CT.Acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the proximal colon of FM23 exceeded those of CT,SPC19,and FM19(P < 0.05);however,isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid were not affected(P > 0.05).Histamine and spermidine concentrations of FM23 were higher than those of other treatments(P < 0.05).Propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in the distal colon were higher of FM23 than of FM19(P < 0.05); putrescine,histamine and spermidine were higher of FM23 than of LP and FM19(P < 0.05).It was concluded that high dietary CP content increased microbial metabolites(ammonia-N,histamine,putrescine) in colonic digesta and aggravated piglets' diarrhea.

代谢组学在胃肠道微生物研究中的应用（英文）

On May 13,2016,the American government launched a121-million USD investment for the National Microbiome Initiative(NMI),which aims to provide an in-depth understanding of microbiomes in order to develop new applications in the areas of human health,food security,and environmental restoration[1].NMI also calls for projects to develop platform technologies,reference libraries,and databases for microbiome research in all habitats,including in the human gut.As an important platform technology,metabolomics is able to characterize

The Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of Tea Tree Unveils Recent Bursts of Nonautonomous LTR Retrotransposons in Driving Genome Size Evolution

Dear Editor,The tea tree Camellia sinensis,a member of the genus Camellia in the Theaceae family,includes two major cultivated varieties,C.sinensis var.assamica(CSA\Assam type)and C.sinensis var.sinensis(CSS;Chinese type)(Ming and Bartholomew,2007).Due to the high economic importance of the tea tree,considerable efforts have been made to explore genetic basis of the biosynthesis of natural metabolites that determine health benefits and diverse tea flavors(Shi et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Li et al.,2015;Xia et aL,2017;Liu et al.,2019).

Defective mitochondrial function by mutation in THICK ALEURONE 1 encoding a mitochondrion-targeted single-stranded DNA-binding protein leads to increased aleurone cell layers and improved nutrition in rice

Cereal endosperm comprises an outer aleurone and an inner starchy endosperm.Although these two tissues have the same developmental origin,they differ in morphology,cell fate,and storage product accumulation,with the mechanism largely unknown.Here,we report the identification and characterization of rice thick aleurone 1(ta1)mutant that shows an increased number of aleurone cell layers and increased contents of nutritional factors including proteins,lipids,vitamins,dietary fibers,and micronutrients.We identified that the TA1 gene,which is expressed in embryo,aleurone,and subaleurone in caryopses,encodes a mitochondrion-targeted protein with single-stranded DNA-binding activity named OsmtSSB1.Cytological analyses revealed that the increased aleurone cell layers in ta1 originate from a developmental switch of subaleurone toward aleurone instead of starchy endosperm in the wild type.We found that TA1/OsmtSSB1 interacts with mitochondrial DNA recombinase RECA3 and DNA helicase TWINKLE,and downregulation of REC A3 or TWINKLE also leads to ta1-like phenotypes.We further showed that mutation in TA1/OsmtSSB1 causes elevated illegitimate recombinations in the mitochondrial genome,altered mitochondrial morphology,and compromised energy supply,suggesting that the OsmtSSB1-mediated mitochondrial function plays a critical role in subaleur one cell-fate determination in rice.

Small RNAs in regulating temperature stress response in plants

Due to global climate change, temperature stress has become one of the primary causes of crop losses worldwide. Much progress has been made in unraveling the complex stress response mechanisms in plants, particularly in the identification of temperature stress responsive protein-coding genes. Recently discovered micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and endogenous small-interfering RNAs(si RNAs) have also been demonstrated as simportant players in plant temperature stress response.Using high-throughput sequencing, many small RNAs,especially mi RNAs, have been identified to be triggered by cold or heat. Subsequently, several studies have shown an important functional role for these small RNAs in cold or heat tolerance. These findings greatly broaden our understanding of endogenous small RNAs in plant stress response control. Here, we highlight new findings regarding the roles of mi RNAs and si RNAs in plant temperature stress response and acclimation. We also review the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of small RNAs in temperature stress response, and explore the outlook for the use of these small RNAs in molecular breeding for improvement of temperature stress tolerance in plants.

A reactive oxygen species burst causes haploid induction in maize

Haploid induction (HI) is an important tool in crop breeding. Phospholipase A1 (ZmPLA1)/NOT LIKE DAD (NLD)/MATRILINEAL (MTL) is a key gene controlling HI in maize;however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, to dissect why loss of ZmPLA1 function could mediate HI we performed a comprehensive multiple omics analysis of zmpla1 mutant anthers by integrating transcriptome, metabolome, quantitative proteome, and protein modification data. Functional classes of significantly enriched or differentially abundant molecular entities were found to be associated with the oxidative stress response, suggesting that a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst plays a critical role in HI. In support of this, we further discovered that a simple chemical treatment of pollen with ROS reagents could lead to HI. Moreover, we identified ZmPOD65, which encodes a sperm-specific peroxidase, as a new gene controlling HI. Taken together, our study revealed a likely mechanism of HI, discovered a new gene controlling HI, and created a new method for HI in maize, indicating the importance of ROS balance in maintaining normal reproduction and providing a potential route to accelerate crop breeding.

Chromatin-associated SUMOylation controls the transcriptional switch between plant development and heat stress responses

The post-translational protein modification known as SUMOylation has conserved roles in the heat stress responses of various species.The functional connection between the global regulation of gene expression and chromatin-associatedSUMOylation in plant cells isunknown.Here,weuncovereda genome-wide relationship between chromatin-associated SUMOylation and transcriptional switches in Arabidopsis thaliana grown at room temperature,exposed to heat stress,and exposed to heat stress followed by recovery.The small ubiquitin-like modifier(SUMO)-associated chromatin sites,characterized by whole-genome ChIP-seq,were generally associated with active chromatin markers.In response to heat stress,chromatin-associated SUMO signals increased at promoter-transcriptional start site regions and decreased in gene bodies.RNAseq analysis supported the role of chromatin-associatedSUMOylation in transcriptional activation during rapid responses to high temperature.Changes inSUMOsignals on chromatinwere associated with the upregulation of heat-responsivegenesandthedownregulation ofgrowth-relatedgenes.Disruption of theSUMOligasegene SIZ1 abolished SUMOsignals on chromatin and attenuated rapid transcriptional responses to heat stress.The SUMO signal peaks were enriched in DNA elements recognized by distinct groups of transcription factors under different temperature conditions.These observations provide evidence that chromatin-associated SUMOylation regulates the transcriptional switch between development and heat stress response in plant cells.

Recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics in plants

Over the past decade,systems biology and plant-omics have increasingly become the main stream in plant biology research.New developments in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools,and methodological schema to inte-grate multi-omics data have leveraged recent advances in proteomics and metabolomics.These progresses are driv-ing a rapid evolution in the field of plant research,greatly facilitating our understanding of the mechanistic aspects of plant metabolisms and the interactions of plants with their external environment.Here,we review the recent progresses in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics tools and workflows with a special focus on their applications to plant biology research using several case studies related to mechanistic understanding of stress response,gene/protein function characterization,metabolic and signaling pathways exploration,and natural product discovery.We also present a projection concerning future perspectives in MS-based proteomics and metabolomics development including their applications to and challenges for system biology.This review is intended to provide readers with an overview of how advanced MS technology,and integrated application of proteomics and metabolomics can be used to advance plant system biology research.