GliomaCNN: An Effective Lightweight CNN Model in Assessment of Classifying Brain Tumor from Magnetic Resonance Images Using Explainable AI

Brain tumors pose a significant threat to human lives and have gained increasing attention as the tenth leading cause of global mortality.This study addresses the pressing issue of brain tumor classification using Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).It focuses on distinguishing between Low-Grade Gliomas(LGG)and High-Grade Gliomas(HGG).LGGs are benign and typically manageable with surgical resection,while HGGs are malignant and more aggressive.The research introduces an innovative custom convolutional neural network(CNN)model,Glioma-CNN.GliomaCNN stands out as a lightweight CNN model compared to its predecessors.The research utilized the BraTS 2020 dataset for its experiments.Integrated with the gradient-boosting algorithm,GliomaCNN has achieved an impressive accuracy of 99.1569%.The model’s interpretability is ensured through SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM++).They provide insights into critical decision-making regions for classification outcomes.Despite challenges in identifying tumors in images without visible signs,the model demonstrates remarkable performance in this critical medical application,offering a promising tool for accurate brain tumor diagnosis which paves the way for enhanced early detection and treatment of brain tumors.

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Some Sn-Zn Based Lead-Free Quinary Alloys

Although there are many lead-free soldering alloys on the market, none of them have ideal qualities. The researchers are combining binary alloys with a variety of additional materials to create the soldering alloys’ features. The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy is among them. This paper investigated the mechanical and electrical properties of Sn-9Zn-x (Ag, Cu, Sb);{x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6} lead-free solder alloys. The mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and ductility were examined at the strain rates in a range from 4.17 10−3 s−1 to 208.5 10−3 s−1 at room temperature. It is found that increasing the content of the alloying elements and strain rate increases the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and yield strength while the ductility decreases. The electrical conductivity of the alloys is found to be a little smaller than that of the Sn-9Zn eutectic alloy.

Comparative Analysis between Single Diode and Double Diode Model of PV Cell: Concentrate Different Parameters Effect on Its Efficiency

This research appraises comparative analysis between single diode and double diode model of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells to enhance the conversion efficiency of power engendering PV solar systems. Single diode model is simple and easy to implement, whereas double diode model has better accuracy which acquiesces for more precise forecast of PV systems performance. Exploration is done on the basis of simulation results and MATLAB tool is used to serve this purpose. Simulations are performed by varying distinct model parameters such as solar irradiance, temperature, value of parasitic resistances, ideality factor of diode and number of series and parallel connected solar cells used to assemble PV array. Conspicuous demonstration is executed to analyze effects of these specifications on the efficiency curve and power vs. voltage output characteristics of PV cell for specified models.

Status of Selective Emitters for p-Type c-Si Solar Cells

Crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells have the lion share in world PV market. Solar cells made from crystalline silicon have lower conversion efficiency, hence optimization of each process steps are very important. Achieving low-cost photovoltaic energy in the coming years will depend on the development of third-generation solar cells. Given the trend towards these Si materials, the most promising selective emitter methods are identified to date. Current industrial monocrystalline Cz Si solar cells based on screen-printing technology for contact formation and homogeneous emitter have an efficiency potential of around 18.4%. Limitations at the rear side by the fully covering Al-BSF can be changed by selective emitter designs allowing a decoupling and separate optimization of the metallised and non-metallised areas. Several selective emitter concepts that are already in industrial mass production or close to it are presented, and their specialties and status concerning cell performance are demonstrated. Key issues that are considered here are the cost-effectiveness, added complexity, additional benefits, reliability and efficiency potential of each selective emitter tech- niques.

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Trapezoidal Enclosure Having Heated Triangular Block

A numerical research on magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection flow in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall has been studied numerically. The enclosure consists of insulated top wall and cold side walls, too. It also contains a heated triangular block (Rot = 0° - 90°) located somewhere inside the enclosure. The boundary top wall of the enclosure is moving through uniform speed U0. The geometry of the model has been represented mathematically by coupled governing equations in accordance with proper boundary conditions and then a two-dimensional Galerkin finite element based numerical approach has been adopted to solve this paper. The numerical computations have been carried out for the wide range of parameters Prandtl number (0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2), Reynolds number (60 ≤ Re ≤ 120), Rayleigh number (Ra = 103) and Hartmann number (Ha = 20) taking with different rotations of heated triangular block. The results have been shown in the form of streamlines, temperature patterns or isotherms, average Nusselt number and average bulk temperature of the fluid in the enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall. It is also indicated that both the streamlines, isotherm patterns strongly depend on the aforesaid governing parameters and location of the triangular block but the thermal conductivity of the triangular block has a noteworthy role on the isotherm pattern lines. Moreover, the variation of Nuav of hot bottom wall and θav in the enclosure is demonstrated here to show the characteristics of heat transfer in the enclosure.

Magnetic Hysteresis and Complex Initial Permeability of Cr³⁺Substituted Mn-Zn Ferrites

The impact of Cr3+ ion on the magnetic properties of Mn0.50Zn0.50CrxFe2-xO4 (with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) has been studied. Ferrite samples were synthesized by combustion method and sintered at various temperatures (1250°C, 1300°C and 1350°C). The structural properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction patterns and indicated that the samples possess single phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice parameter decreases with the increase in Cr3+ content, as the ionic radius of Cr3+ ion is smaller than that of Fe3+. The average grain size (D), bulk density (ρB) and initial permeability (μi’ )decreases with increase in Cr3+ content whereas porosity follows its opposite trend. The ρB was found to increase with increase in Cr3+ content as the sintering temperature (Ts) is increased from 1250°C to 1350°C. The Ts affects the densification, grain growth and (μi’ ) of the samples. The (μi’ ) strongly depends on average grain size, density and intragranular porosity. The B-H loops of the compositions were measured at room temperature. The saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Hc) and hysteresis losses were studied as a function of Cr3+ content. The Ms was found to decrease with the increase of Cr3+ content, which is attributed to the dilution of A-B interaction.

Feasibility Study of Smart Grid in Bangladesh

The agenda of this paper is to discuss about the significance and a detailed feasibility study of practical implementation of Smart Grid in Bangladesh. Smart grid refers to an electric power system that enhances grid reliability and efficiency by automatically responding to system disturbances. Power crisis is a major problem for a developing country like Bangladesh. Efficient transmission and distribution of electricity with essential energy resources is a fundamental requirement to provide citizens and economies. The paper analyzes the characteristics of Smart Grid and a comparative analysis with conventional grid system. It also discusses about the efficient transmission and distribution process which will integrate power system with renewable energy and information system.

Emergence of Water Urbanism for Water Born “Can Tho”

Growing from water, Can Tho is a region on delta area of Southern Vietnam carved up by the currents of Mekong’s tributary, where settlements and water are closely interact. Being an important city, Can Tho puts in high expectations for investment calls that activate the growth of the city towards a new direction of urbanism. This trend seems to neglect its nature way of coping with water. In this connection, the intention of the research is to understand the urbanism in delta area of Can Tho, its confidences and fears the region has to experience and deal with. The intensive field work reveals an evaluation towards Can Tho’s spatial quality and major water problems. As a closing, the last section has share thoughts that different strategies of urban design to retrieve back the wisdom of living with water which are required for future urbanity of Can Tho region.

Comparative Study on Dyeing of Cotton, Modal and Lyocell Fabrics Using Bifunctional and Polyfunctional Reactive Dyes

Polyfunctional reactive dyes have been introduced by the renowned dye manufacturers in the recent years for better exhaustion and fixation performance. This paper deals with evaluation of the dyeing performance of three cellulosic fibres namely cotton, modal and lyocell with polyfunctional (Avitera Cardinal SE) reactive dye in comparison a bifunctional-(Novacron Brilliant Red FN-3GL) reactive dye. The purpose of this study is to achieve a better understanding of exhaustion and fixation behaviour in dyeing of cotton, modal and lyocell fibres using these two types of reactive dyes. The dyeing was carried out at four different shade% (1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). Besides studying exhaustion (%) and fixation (%) along with K/S values of dyed fabrics, several other quality parameters e.g. bursting strength, pilling resistance and colour fastness to wash were also examined. Finally, the optimum combination among the three types of cellulosic fabrics and two types of reactive dyes was observed. Lyocell fabric and polyfunctional reactive dyes have been found more sustainable.

XPS Study of Electroless Deposited Sb2Se3 Thin Films for Solar Cell Absorber Material

As a thin film solar cell absorber material, antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has become a potential candidate recently because of its unique optical and electrical properties and easy fabrication method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the stoichiometry and composition of electroless Sb2Se3 thin films using depth profile studies. The surface layers were analyzed nearly stoichiometric. But the abundant amount of antimony makes the inner layer electrically more conductive.

Simulation Study of CuO-Based Solar Cell with Different Buffer Layers Using SCAPS-1D

In copper oxide (CuO) based solar cells, various buffer layers such as CdS, In2S3, WS2 and IGZO have been investigated by solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS) in this work. By varying absorber and buffer layer thickness, photovoltaic parameters (open circuit voltage, fill factor, short-circuit current density and efficiency) are determined. The highest efficiency achieved is 19.6% with WS2 buffer layer. The impact of temperature on all CuO-based solar cells is also investigated.

Evaluating the Efficiency and Effectiveness of a Federated SSO Environment Using Shibboleth

The notion of this project is derived from our practical use of user authentication system namely Shibboleth at the University of Bedfordshire. It has been found that the University of Bedfordshire controls its various services including student portal Breo, Learning Resources and Student Email Access and others through the Shibboleth. Like the University of Bedfordshire the other Universities in the UK are also implementing the Shibboleth system in their access management control. Therefore, the researchers of this project have found it important to evaluate its efficiency and effectiveness of Shibboleth from different perspectives. In the first part of this paper it tries to explain the features of Shibboleth as SSO services and compares it with other SSO services like Athens, Kerberos, etc. Then in the middle section, the authors go through the steps of installation and configuration of the Shibboleth. In the end of the paper, based on the survey of real users of Shibboleth at the University of Bedfordshire, the authors give its insights on the effectiveness of the Shibboleth as SSO service. Throughout this investigation, the authors have applied a triangulation to find out user and service provider viewpoint about Shibboleth. Although there were some problems persisted, the authors also implemented the Shibboleth system successfully to figure out different problems, efficiency and effectiveness. The recommendations and conclusion have been provided at the end of this project.

Study on Fabric and Seam Strength Loss of Denim Trousers for Different Washing Treatments

This paper shows that fabric and seam strength loss (%) of the selected denim trousers occurred for different washing applications. At first, a commonly used denim fabric of 12.5 Oz/yd2 was selected to make the trousers containing two types of seam i.e. superimposed and lapped seam. Then bleach, enzyme and acid wash were applied on the produced trousers and fabric & seam strength loss were determined by using related standard and equipment. It was found that fabric strength loss is higher in case of acid wash and the loss of seam strength is higher in case of enzyme wash.

Impact of the Presence of the Loop at Different Location on Fabric Width and Areal Density of a Weft Knitted Structure

Knitted structures are progressively built up from row after row of knitted intermeshed loops known as knitted loops. Apart from this knitted loops, tuck or miss loops may be produced by varying the timing of the intermeshing sequence of the old loop and new loops. These loops are main and prominent part of the design of the weft knitted structures. Structures having float or miss loop exhibits many noticeable characteristics. The fabrics renders better surface appearance or color pattern. Dimensional stability is significantly improved. Fabric width is reduced and areal density is also increased considerably due to the presence of float loops in the structure. Therefore, the dimensional and physical features of different knitted structures having knit-miss loops may be studied carefully to find the influence of float stitch or loop on fabric width and areal density. In this project work, such an attempt has been made to specify some specific single jersey structures, which will be ensured as an effective tool for product research and development as well as for meeting up customer’s quality requirements of high class products.

Mathematical Analysis of the Transmission Dynamics of Tuberculosis

We develop a dynamical model to understand the underlying dynamics of TUBERCULOSIS infection at population level. The model, which integrates the treatment of individuals, the infections of latent and recovery individuals, is rigorously analyzed to acquire insight into its dynamical features. The phenomenon resulted due to the exogenous infection of TUBERCULOSIS disease. The mathematical analysis reveals that the model exhibits a backward bifurcation when TB treatment remains of infected class. It is shown that, in the absence of treatment, the model has a disease-free equilibrium (DEF) which is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) and the associated reproduction threshold is less than unity. Further, the model has a unique endemic equilibrium (EEP), for a special case, whenever the associated reproduction threshold quantity exceeds unity. For a special case, the EEP is GAS using the central manifold theorem of Castillo-Chavez.

Impact of the Speed of Flat of a Typical Carding Machine on the Quality of Carded Sliver and 40 Ne Yarn

The carding cycle affects the sliver quality and the subsequent yarn attributes since it is the main sliver formation step. Processing parameters assume a significant part in affecting the nature of the eventual outcome in any sorts of production. In the case of carding machine, a higher production rate makes the operation more sensitive. And this will cause degradation in product quality. So optimization of speed is the talk of the town in spinning field [1]. Extreme higher speed can prompt fiber harm and unnecessary neps generation will corrupt the end result. Again lower speed will lessen the production rate which isn’t reasonable. So we need to discover the ideal speed which will be advantageous to both product quality and production rate. In carding machine, real operational activity happens between flats and cards [1]. From an ordinary perspective, high produce able cards generates higher level of speed. Speed of the cards impacts the carding cycle and the nature of the yarn and in practical point of view, flat’s level of speed is advanced and optimized. The aim of the project was to find out the optimum flat speed in the context of yarn quality. 40 Ne cotton yarns were produced with the slivers manufactured at different flat speeds such as 240, 260, 280, 300 and 320 mm/min. The quality parameters of slivers and yarns were tested and analyzed.

Effective Control Strategies on the Transmission Dynamics of a Vector-Borne Disease

In this paper, we have rigorously analyzed a model to find the effective control strategies on the transmission dynamics of a vector-borne disease. It is proved that the global dynamics of the disease are completely determined by the basic reproduction number. The numerical simulations (using MatLab and Maple) of the model reveal that the precautionary measures at the aquatic and adult stage decrease the number of new cases of dengue virus. Numerical simulation indicates that if we take the precautionary measures seriously then it would be more effective than even giving the treatment to the infected individuals.

Retraction:Modeling Electrical Characteristics of a pn-Junction Silicon Solar Cell Using PSpice

Short Retraction Notice The article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. The substantial portions of the text came from Luis Casta?er and Santigo Silvestre, " Modelling photovoltaic systems using PSpice".The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.2 133-138, 2012, has been removed from this site.

Numerical Study on Single and Multi-Dimensional Boundary Value Problems by the Method of Weighted Residual

The Galerkin method of weighted residual (MWR) for computing natural frequencies of some physical problems such as the Helmholtz equation and some second-order boundary value problems has been revised in this article. The use of one and two-dimensional characteristic Bernstein polynomials as the basis functions have been presented by the Galerkin MWR. The vibration of non-homogeneous membranes with Dirichlet type boundary conditions is also studied here. The useful properties of Bernstein polynomials, its derivatives and function approximations have also been illustrated. Besides, the efficiency and applicability of the proposed technique have been demonstrated through some numerical experiments.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn_0.50-xZn_0.50Cu_xFe₂O₄

Mn0.50-xZn0.50CuxFe2O4 (where x = 0.0 - 0.3) ferrites have been synthesized by auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that all compositions are of single phase cubic spinel structure. The lattice parameter decreases with the increase in Cu2+ content obeying the Vegard’s law. The bulk density, average grain size, initial permeability, Néel temperature and saturation magnetic induction of Mn0.50-xZn0.50CuxFe2O4 increased with increasing Cu2+content. It is observed that both density and initial permeability increase with increasing sintering temperature. The maximum initial permeability is found to be 1061 which is almost four times greater than that of the parent composition. The resonance frequency of all the samples shifts towards the lower frequency as the permeability increases with Cu2+ content. It is observed from B-H loops of Mn0.50-xZn0.50CuxFe2O4 that coercivity decreases and retentivity increases with Cu2+ content. Possible explanations for the observed magnetic properties with various Cu2+ contents are discussed.