The Trade Relationship Between Brazil and Algeria in the Import of Oil and Its Derivatives in the Period 2010-2016

The Brazilian choice on the energy matrix,which established as a priority the exploitation of oil and consequently its derivatives for energy generation,had consequences for its foreign trade relations.It is important to clarify that the choice of the energy matrix involves strategic variables and decisions about investment,consumption,and demand projected for the next 30 years,for example.Thus,this paper intends to analyze the trade balance between Brazil and Algeria(Country of North Africa,with a strong movement of oil and its derivatives),in the period 2010-2016,focusing even on the period in which Brazil began its periods of recession(2015).The research problem is,therefore,“during the period of 2010-2016,what is the situation of the trade balance between Brazil and Algeria?”.Therefore,the hypothesis formulated is that,because it does not have enough to supply Brazilian domestic demand for oil and,consequently,derivatives,Brazil has imported these products from other continents.During the period analyzed,Brazil did not have a favorable balance.The reason why Algeria was chosen for analysis and not another country since Brazil has trade relations with more than 70 countries is that the African continent is the main supplier surpassing the percentage of 71%,and Algeria has significant representativity.The methodology used was a bibliographical research,based on the analysis of recent data from the Brazilian trade balance,including in the context of recession,starting in 2015.The results obtained are:(1)The Brazilian energy matrix is diversified,but still shows a majority of non-renewable energies,different from what happens with other emerging countries;(2)it is necessary to revise the demand for oil and its derivatives for the next 30 years,as a matter of urgency;and(3)the investment volume defined by the Brazilian government for the energy matrix is not sufficient for the established demand.

Spatiotemporal Variability of Methane over the Amazon from Satellite Observations

The spatiotemporal variability of the greenhouse gas methane （CH4） in the atmosphere over the Amazon is studied using data from the space-borne measurements of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder on board NASA＇s AQUA satellite for the period 2003-12. The results show a pronounced variability of this gas over the Amazon Basin lowlands region, where wetland areas occur. CH4 has a well-defined seasonal behavior, with a progressive increase of its concentration during the dry season, followed by a decrease during the wet season. Concerning this variability, the present study indicates the important role of ENSO in modulating the variability of CH4 emissions over the northern Amazon, where this association seems to be mostly linked to changes in flooded areas in response to ENSO-related precipitation changes. In this region, a CH4 decrease （increase） is due to the E1 Nifio-related （La Nifia-related） dryness （wetness）. On the other hand, an increase （decrease） in the biomass burning over the southeastern Amazon during very dry （wet） years explains the increase （decrease） in CH4 emissions in this region. The present analysis identifies the two main areas of the Amazon, its northern and southeastern sectors, with remarkable interannual variations of CH4. This result might be useful for future monitoring of the variations in the concentration of CH4, the second-most important greenhouse gas, in this area.

A Methodology for Collection of Residential Construction Residue in Manaus

Civil construction is one of the largest consumers of raw materials and producers of waste, which has been causing environmental problems both through the extraction of raw materials and through building activity by generation of waste. Notwithstanding the need to find an optimum use for solid construction residue to try to solve or minimize this problem, there are no standards for the process of obtaining the CDR （construction and demolition residue）. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a method of collecting solid waste at the construction site that is easy and low-cost and thus can be applied throughout the construction industry. This collection method was designed to produce residue with the desired proprieties and obtain the best possible homogeneity. This method permitted to evaluate the factors generating construction residue more precisely.

An Analysis of the Spectral Energetics for a Planet Experiencing Rapid Greenhouse Gas Emissions

So far, energetics studies related to climate change have focused on the disturbed and undisturbed kinetic and potential energies, as well as their transformations, without dealing with the energetics involved in the phenomena of different spatial scales. Thus, the present work reports the first analysis of the spectral energetics for a condition of climate change, followed by the high-range emission scenario, RCP8.5, which originated from the new Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The results showed that both types of generation (Go and Gn), baroclinic processes (Co and Cn), kinetic energies (Ko and Kn) and the barotropic process, Mn, significantly increase in the condition of a warming climate. Moreover, the results still reveal that in the most components of the energetics, is the planetary scale waves that are the most impacted under a climate change scenario. These results highlight that global warming can have different impacts on particular types of motions.

Failure in Fuel Injector Nozzles Used in Diesel Engines

This paper aims to conduct a study of the problems associated with the wear of the needles and fuel injection nozzles utilized in diesel engines. The wear found on the needles is mainly associated to impurities in the fuel oil and microcavitation occurred due to high pressure in the phase of the air compression for combustion of the combustible fluid. These pressures associated with the temperature and the fluid velocity results in the occurrence of vaporization, which releases shock waves that cause damage to the affected surface. The impurities solid particles from the fuel oil cause problems inside the nozzles as obstruction of the holes and wear on the needle tip and nozzle seat surface. These failures affect in the atomization of the fuel, since the deterioration of the internal passages of the nozzles interferes in the spray formation and in the end passage of the fluid. For the execution of this study it will be used digital microscopic analysis in specimens that suffered damage, in order to investigate the effects of fuel property, and the temperature conditions and pressure in the formation of the wear on the needles and injector nozzle.

Impact of the Waves on the Sea Surface Roughness under Uniform Wind Conditions:Idealized Cases for Uniform Winds(Part I)

The effect of the surface gravity waves over sea surface roughness length (z0) is investigated from several idealized numerical experiments with the Wave-Watch-III (WW3) model. The WW3 model is combined with a simplified model to estimate z0, CD, u* and U10 as function of the sea state. The impacts related to the presence of the ocean waves over z0 are obtained from conditions of growing (young waves) and mature seas (old waves). The wave spectrum is obtained from WW3 model for each idealized simulation under uniform wind conditions. Uniform wind experiments range from 15 to 45 m/s. The simplified algorithm determines z0, CD, u* and U10 for cases of young waves, old waves and by the Charnock method. The results show that when the ocean is characterized by young waves, both z0 and CD (drag coefficient) increase while U10 is reduced. In Charnock case, the values of z0, CD and U10 have no dependence with the presence of gravity waves. Experiments using winds higher than 30 m/s result in young waves’ CD values higher than the CD value for old waves. Even for young waves CD values are high for cases of strong winds. The results also show that in experiments using winds higher than 30 m/s the dependence between CD and wave age becomes stronger, which is in accordance with other studies.

Projecting Extreme Changes in Summer Rainfall in South America by the Middle of the 21st Century

Extreme rainfall events can be considered a natural manifestation of the environment in which they are embedded and foreknowledge about their future behavior is very important, especially for decision makers. In this context, we aimed to explore the future behavior of extreme rainfall intensity through numerical simulations with the ETA model. The model was forced with a scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions for the middle of the 21st Century as described for A1B emission scenario. We detailed the main changes in accumulated rainfall produced by heavy events, very heavy events and rare events over a broad area of South America with a focus on the tropical sector. The methodology applied here is capable of separating extreme events and establishing the quantity of rainfall yielded by them. We have found that in the near future (2041-2050) rare events will tend to increase over the Amazon basin, followed by reductions in heavy and very heavy events. Conversely, heavy, very heavy and rare events are expected to decline over north-east Brazil. Furthermore, increases were found for heavy, very heavy and rare events over southern Brazil.

Impact of the Waves on the Sea Surface Roughness Length under Idealized Like-Hurricane Wind Conditions (Part Ⅱ)

In this study the effect of the surface waves over sea surface roughness (z0) and drag coefficient (CD) is investigated by combining an ocean wave model and a simplified algorithm, which estimates z0 and CD with and without dependence on the sea state. This investigation was possible from several numerical simulations with the Wave-Watch-III (WW3) model for complex wind conditions. The numerical experiments were performed for idealized like-hurricanes with different translation speed (0, 5 and 10 m/s) and maximum wind speed (MWS) at the centre (35, 45 and 55 m/s). It is observed that z0 and CD are strongly dependent on the sea state, via substantial modification in Charnock parameterization (zch). As the hurricane translation speed increases more discrepancies in z0 and CD are observed in opposite quadrants around the region of MWS. As for instance, higher, longer and older (or more developed) waves, located in the front-right quadrant, produce lower values of z0 and CD. In the rear-left quadrant, where the waves are lower, shorter and younger (or less developed), higher values of z0 and CD are observed. In addition the difference between values on opposite quadrants increases as the hurricane intensity increases, showing the hurricane intensification dependence. Interesting aspects are observed in scatter plotting wave age versus Charnock coefficient. It is also observed that zch, which has a constant value of 0.0185, is modified by the sea state, where young waves produce higher values of zch, while old waves are related to lower values of zch when compared with zch without dependence on sea state.