Role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease: Current perspectives

Experimental evidence supports the fact that changes in the bowel microflora due to environmental or dietary factors have been investigated as implicating factors in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).The amassing knowledge that the inhabited microbiome regulates the gut physiology and immune functions in IBD,has led researchers to explore the effectiveness of prebiotics,probiotics,and synbiotics in treating IBD.This therapeutic approach focuses on restoring the dynamic balance between the microflora and host defense mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa to prevent the onset and persistence of intestinal inflammation.Numerous microbial strains and carbohydrate blends,along with their combinations have been examined in experimental colitis models and clinical trials,and the results indicated that it can be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the suppression of inflammation,remission induction,and relapse prevention in IBD with minimal side effects.Several mechanisms of action of probiotics(for e.g.,Lactobacillus species,and Bifidobacterium species)have been reported such as suppression of pathogen growth by releasing certain antimicrobial mediators(lactic and hydrogen peroxide,acetic acid,and bacteriocins),immunomodulation and initiation of an immune response,enhancement of barrier activity,and suppression of human T-cell proliferation.Prebiotics such as lactulose,lactosucrose,oligofructose,and inulin have been found to induce the growth of certain types of host microflora,resulting in an enriched enteric function.These non-digestible food dietary components have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-related cytokines while augmenting interleukin-10 levels.Although proand prebiotics has established their efficacy in healthy subjects,a better understanding of the luminal ecosystem is required to determine which specific bacterial strain or combination of probiotics and prebiotics would prove to be the ideal treatment for IBD.Clinical trials,however,have given some conflicting results,requiring the necessity to cite the more profound clinical effect of these treatments on IBD remission and prevention.The purpose of this review article is to provide the most comprehensive and updated review on the utility of prebiotics,probiotics,and synbiotics in the management of active Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis/pouchitis.

Correction to“Role of prebiotics,probiotics,and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease:Current perspectives”

Correction to“Roy S,Dhaneshwar S.Role of prebiotics,probiotics,and synbiotics in management of inflammatory bowel disease:Current perspectives.World J Gastroenterol 2023;29:2078-2100[PMID:37122604 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v29.i14.20-78]”.In this article,a correction note is to be added.

Combination immunotherapy with Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone fusion protein in murine breast cancer model

AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of two recombinant proteins, Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) fusion protein [LHRH(6 leu)-LTB] for immunotherapy of breast cancer.METHODS Murine 4 T-1 breast cancer model was used to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins in vivo. Twenty four Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice each. Recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein, alone or in combination, were administered along with immunomodulator Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) in Balb/c mice. Unimmunized or control group mice were administered with phosphate buffer saline. Each group was then challenged with syngeneic 4 T-1 cells to induce the growth of breast tumor. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate the efficacy of immune-response in preventing the growth of cancer cells.RESULTS Preventive immunization with 20 μg recombinant Survivin and MIP was effective in suppressing growth of 4 T-1 mouse model of breast cancer (P = 0.04) but 50 μg dose was ineffective in suppressing tumor growth. However, combination of Survivin and LHRH fusion protein was more effective in suppressing tumor growth (P = 0.02) as well as metastasis in vivo in comparison to LHRH fusion protein as vaccine antigen alone.CONCLUSION Recombinant Survivin and MIP suppress tumor growth significantly. Combining LHRH fusion protein with Survivin and MIP enhances tumor suppressive effects marginally which provides evidence for recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein as candidates for translating the combination cancer immunotherapy approaches.

Intrusion detection and prevention system for an IoT environment

Internet of Things(IoT)security is the act of securing IoT devices and networks.IoT devices,including industrial machines,smart energy grids,and building automation,are extremely vulnerable.With the goal of shielding network systems from illegal access in cloud servers and IoT systems,Intrusion Detection Systems(IDSs)and Network-based Intrusion Prevention Systems(NBIPSs)are proposed in this study.An intrusion prevention system is proposed to realize NBIPS to safeguard top to bottom engineering.The proposed NBIPS inspects network activity streams to identify and counteract misuse instances.The NBIPS is usually located specifically behind a firewall,and it provides a reciprocal layer of investigation that adversely chooses unsafe substances.Networkbased IPS sensors can be installed either in an inline or a passive model.An inline sensor is installed to monitor the traffic passing through it.The sensors are installed to stop attacks by blocking the traffic using an IoT signature-based protocol.

Recent advances in the design of biosensors based on novel nanomaterials:An insight

Biosensors have acquired much importance in drug discovery,medical diagnostics,food safety,defense,security,and monitoring of environmental conditions.Furthermore,there has been great progress in the potential applications of advanced nanomaterials in biosensors.Every year there are several advances in sensing techniques that can be attributed to nanomaterials,biorecognition elements,or their related fabrication techniques.The further development of nanotechnology-based sensors provides a wide variety of opportunities to modern research.Advanced nanomaterials can provide remarkable optical,electrical,mechanical,and catalytic properties.For example,transition metals and organic polymers have been used in the fabrication of powerful,sensitive,and precise biosensors.The distinctive properties of advanced nanomaterials have been widely incorporated into biosensors.However,fabrication techniques also play important roles in the development of these devices.Therefore,we present a review of some of the advanced nanomaterials that have been widely used over the last few years and discuss their fabrication techniques.The focus of this review is to provide a directional perspective of recently fabricated advanced nanomaterial-based biosensors in the diagnosis of various diseases.

Mutualistic Interaction of <i>Piriformospora indica</i>(<i>Serendipita indica</i>) with <i>Aloe vera</i>, the Wonder Plant for Modern Living

Aloe vera, a short-stemmed shrub is described as a “wonder plant”, due to its vast uses in various medical products. Since many decades, extensive research has revealed that the pharmacological active ingredients are distributed in both the gel and rind of the Aloe vera leaves. A. vera is very popular in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries and it is needed in large quantities with higher fractions of important constituents. To satisfy the market demand, intervention of microbial community seems to be a promising approach, which helps to increase the growth and metabolites along with plant fitness. Piriformospora indica is a root colonizing endophytic fungus, having unique plant growth-promoting properties. It helps the plant to acquire more nutrients from soil even under extreme physical and nutrient stress conditions. It interacts with a wide range of hosts. Interaction of P. indica with A. vera resulted in overall increase in plant biomass and greater shoot and root length, as well as number of shoots and roots as compared to control under both in vitro and in vivo environment conditions. Apart from that, the photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b and total Chl) and aloin content were observed significantly higher in A. vera plantlets colonized with symbiotic endophyte. The antioxidant activities were also tested and found significantly higher as compared to control plants. This imparts the potential of P. indica, to resist the plants against phyto-pathogenic microbes. P. indica has been proved as a potential candidate to enhance the biomass production along with various value additions in the form of active ingredients in A. vera.

Prospects and advancements in C-reactive protein detection

C-reactive protein(CRP) is one of the earliest proteins that appear in the blood circulation in most systemic inflammatory conditions and this is the reason for its significance,even after identification of many organ specific inflammatory markers which appear relatively late during the course of disease.Earlier methods of CRP detection were based on the classical methods of antigen-antibody interaction through precipitation and agglutination reactions.Later on,CRP based enzymatic assays came into the picture which were further modified by integration of an antigen-antibody detection system with surface plasma spectroscopy.Then came the time for the development of electrochemical biosensors where nanomaterials were used to make a highly sensitive and portable detection system based on silicon nanowire,metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor/bipolar junction transistor,ZnS nanoparticle,aptamer,field emission transmitter,vertical flow immunoassay etc.This editorial attempts to summarize developments in the field of CRP detection,with a special emphasis on biosensor technology.This would help in translating the latest development in CRP detection in the clinical diagnosis of inflammatory conditions at an early onset of the diseases.

9个水稻栽培种和1个水稻组培种对稻螟赤眼蜂和赤眼卵蜂的互利作用(英文)

采用培养皿法对营养生长期和开花期的9个水稻栽培种(Pusa Sugandh-2,Pusa Basmati-1,Pusa-2511,Pusa Basmati-370,Pusa-1077,KarnalLocal,PRR-78,Jaya,Pusa-1238)和1个组培种(Culture No.34)的正己烷提取物进行了生测,以调查它们对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead和赤眼卵蜂Trichogramma chilonis(Ishii)平均寄生活性指数(PAI)和平均寄生百分率的影响。将不同水稻品种的正己烷提取物进行气相-液相色谱,来测定饱和碳氢化合物。其中,营养生长期的Pusa Sugandh-2叶片提取物激发两种寄生蜂产生最大的反应,平均寄生率最大。而开花期的Pusa Basmati-1使两种寄生蜂的平均寄生率最高。对营养生长阶段的叶片提取物进行的气相-液相色谱分析表明:Pusa Sugandh-2含有25个碳原子(C25)和29个碳原子(C29)的2种化合物。对开花期的叶片提取物进行的气相-液相色谱分析也表明:Basmati-1含有25个碳原子(C25)、26个碳原子(C26)和29个碳原子(C29)的3种化合物,可激发寄生蜂产生最大的反应。

Recent trends in stem cell-based therapies and applications of artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can self-renew and differentiate into diverse types of mature and functional cells while maintaining their original identity.This profound potential of stem cells has been thoroughly investigated for its significance in regenerative medicine and has laid the foundation for cellbased therapies.Regenerative medicine is rapidly progressing in healthcare with the prospect of repair and restoration of specific organs or tissue injuries or chronic disease conditions where the body’s regenerative process is not sufficient to heal.In this review,the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine are discussed,emphasizing mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies as these cells have been extensively studied for clinical use.Recent applications of artificial intelligence algorithms in stem cell-based therapies,their limitation,and future prospects are highlighted.

Self-Management of Low Back Pain Using Neural Network

Low back pain(LBP)is a morbid condition that has afflicted several citizens in Europe.It has negatively impacted the European economy due to several man-days lost,with bed rest and forced inactivity being the usual LBP care and management steps.Direct models,which incorporate various regression analyses,have been executed for the investigation of this premise due to the simplicity of translation.However,such straight models fail to completely consider the impact of association brought about by a mix of nonlinear connections and autonomous factors.In this paper,we discuss a system that aids decision-making regarding the best-suited support system for LBP,allowing the individual to avail of reinforcement and improvement in its self-management.These activities are monitored with the help of a wearable sensor that helps in their detection and their classification as those that soothe or aggravate LBP and hence,should or should not be performed.This system helps the patients set their own boundaries and milestones with respect to suitable activities.This system also does windowing and feature extraction.The present study is an empirical and comparative analysis of the most suitable activities that patients suffering from low back pain can select.The evaluation shows that the system can distinguish between nine common daily activities effectively and helps self-monitor these activities for the efficient management of LBP.

Nanostructures: Enhancing Potential Applications in Biomedicals

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and application of 1 - 100 nm sized structures. Nanomaterials have opened avenues for the industries and scientific endeavors. These recognized for unique size, dependant physical and chemical properties (optical, magnetic, catalytic, thermodynamic, electrochemical) [1]. Most significant properties of nanoparticles is their carbon strength. It is said to be so tough that recently with a nano-sized particles i.e. carbon nanotube—a bullet proof T-shirt/vests was manufactured. Nanotechnology were firstly proposed/initiated by Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman in 1959 [2]. This science is credited to have applications ranging from electronics, biomedicals, food, fuel cells to biosensors and even fabrics. Though every field of science progressing but still faces some lacunae and that result in development of a new technology. The thriving biomedical techniques for disorders like cancers etc. is still in developmental stage where researchers and doctors are working hard for concrete therapeutic results from such nano-techniques. On Cancers, the harmful side effects of its treatment like chemotherapy can’t be left aside which is result of one of its drug delivery methods that don’t pinpoint their intended target cells accurately rather affects whole area. Researchers in universities like Harvard and MIT have been able to attach special RNA strands, measuring about 10nm in diameter, to nanoparticles and fill the nanoparticles with a chemotherapy drug. The RNA strands get attracted to cancer cells. When the nanoparticle encounters a cancer cell it adheres to it and releases the drug into the cancer cell. This directed method of drug delivery has great potential for treating cancer patients while producing less side harmful effects than those produced by conventional chemotherapy [3]. This paper provides valuable information to the researchers, knowledge experts and policy makers regarding the application of nanotechnology and its values in science and technology. Biomedical is one of the major issues which were catered by nanotechnology.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes as a function of human age

Despite more than 300 theories to explain the aging process, oxidative stress theory offers the best mechanism to explain aging and age related disorders. Several studies has shown the importance of oxidative stress during aging. Pub Med, Science Direct and Springer online data bases are taken into consideration to write this mini-review. Human erythrocytes are most abundant and specialized cells in the body. Erythrocytes were extensively studied due to their metabolism and gas transport functions. Recent studies on erythrocytes have provided us detailed information of cell membrane and its structural organization that may help in studying the aging and age associated changes. The susceptibility of an organism is associated with the antioxidant potential of the body. Erythrocytes have potent antioxidant protection consisting of enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways that counteract with reactive oxygen species, thus maintaining the redox regulation in the body. The non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and other biomarkers associated with erythrocyte membrane transport functions are the main content of this review. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and its membrane were taken into the consideration during human aging that will be the main subject of this minireview.

A Holistic,Proactive and Novel Approach for Pre,During and Post Migration Validation from Subversion to Git

Software development is getting a transition from centralized version control systems(CVCSs)like Subversion to decentralized version control systems(DVCDs)like Git due to lesser efficiency of former in terms of branching,fusion,time,space,merging,offline commits&builds and repository,etc.Git is having a share of 77%of total VCS,followed by Subversion with a share of 13.5%.The majority of software industries are getting a migration from Subversion to Git.Only a few migration tools are available in the software industry.Still,these too lack in many features like lack of identifying the empty directories as premigration check,failover capabilities during migration due to network failure or disk space issue,and detailed report generation as post-migration steps.In this work,a holistic,proactive and novel approach has been presented for pre/during/post-migration validation from Subversion to Git.Many scripts have been developed and executed run-time over various projects for overcoming the limitations of existing migration software tools for a Subversion to Git migration.During premigration,none of the available migration tools has the capability to fetch empty directories of Subversion,which results in an incomplete migration from Subversion to Git.Many Scripts have been developed and executed for pre-migration validation and migration preparation,which overcomes the problem of incomplete migration.Experimentation was conducted in SRLC Software Research Lab,Chicago,USA.During the migration process,in case of loss of network connection or due to any other reason,if migration stops or breaks,available migration tools do not have capabilities to start over from the same point where it left.Various Scripts have been developed and executed to keep the migration revision history in the cache(elastic cache)to start from the same point where it was left due to connection failure.During post-migration,none of the available version control migration tools generate a detailed report giving information about the total size of source Subversion repositories, the total volume of data migrated todestination repositories in Git, total number of pools migrated, time taken formigration, number of Subversion users with email notification, etc. VariousScripts have been developed and executed for the above purpose during thepost-migration process.

DAPSO and PSO-VAF in Linear Phase Digital Low Pass FIR Filter Design

Digital filters play a key role in the field of digital signal processing. This paper presents a linear phase digital low pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter design using particle swarm optimization and its two new variants, dynamic and adjustable particle swarm optimization (DAPSO) and particle swarm optimization with variable acceleration factor (PSO-VAF) and illustrates the superiority of the PSO-VAF method over PSO based methods. Two fitness functions are considered. The fitness1 is used to find the possible minimum ripples in pass band and stop band in case of PSO, DAPSO and PSO-VAF. Fitness2 is able to control the ripples in both bands separately. A comparison of simulation results demonstrates the performance of PSO and its methods in designing digital low pass FIR filters.

Blockchain Based Secure Solution for Cloud Storage:A Model for Synchronizing Industry 4.0 and IIoT

Industry 4.0 is one of the hot topic of today’s world where everything in the industry will be data driven and technological advancements will take place accordingly.In the fourth phase of industrial revolution,manufacturers are dependent upon data produced by the consumers to invent,innovate or change anything for the product.Internet of things devices like OBD,RFID,IIoT,Smart devices are the major source of data generation and represents trends in the industry.Since the IoT device are vulnerable to hackers due to its limitation,consumer data security should be tighten up and enhanced.This paper gives an overview of industrial revolutions as well as proposes Blockchain Cloud Computing as a solution to store data for Industry 4.0.

CDDITA-Based Voltage-Mode First Order All Pass Filter Configuration

This realization of a voltage-mode first order voltage-mode all pass filter (VM-APF) employing single current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier (CDDITA) as active component is presented. The proposed configuration employs one CDDITA along with two resistors and one grounded capacitor. The pole frequency and phase shift of proposed VM-APF are electronically tunable by transconductance of CDDITA. The proposed circuit is verified by SPICE simulations.

On some new fuzzy entropy measure of Pythagorean fuzzy sets for decision-making based on an extended TOPSIS approach

Fuzzy entropy measures are valuable tools in decision-making when dealing with uncertain or imprecise information.There exist many entropy measures for Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets(PFS)in the literature that fail to deal with the problem of providing reasonable or consistent results to the decision-makers.To deal with the shortcomings of the existing measures,this paper proposes a robust fuzzy entropy measure for PFS to facilitate decision-making under uncertainty.The usefulness of the measure is illustrated through an illustration of decision-making in a supplier selection problem and compared with existing fuzzy entropy measures.The Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)approach is also explored to solve the decision-making problem.The results demonstrate that the proposed measure can effectively capture the degree of uncertainty in the decision-making process,leading to more accurate decision outcomes by providing a reliable and robust ranking of alternatives.

Cloud‐based video streaming services:Trends,challenges,and opportunities

Cloud computing has drastically changed the delivery and consumption of live streaming content.The designs,challenges,and possible uses of cloud computing for live streaming are studied.A comprehensive overview of the technical and business issues surrounding cloudbased live streaming is provided,including the benefits of cloud computing,the various live streaming architectures,and the challenges that live streaming service providers face in delivering high‐quality,real‐time services.The different techniques used to improve the performance of video streaming,such as adaptive bit‐rate streaming,multicast distribution,and edge computing are discussed and the necessity of low‐latency and high‐quality video transmission in cloud‐based live streaming is underlined.Issues such as improving user experience and live streaming service performance using cutting‐edge technology,like artificial intelligence and machine learning are discussed.In addition,the legal and regulatory implications of cloud‐based live streaming,including issues with network neutrality,data privacy,and content moderation are addressed.The future of cloud computing for live streaming is examined in the section that follows,and it looks at the most likely new developments in terms of trends and technology.For technology vendors,live streaming service providers,and regulators,the findings have major policy‐relevant implications.Suggestions on how stakeholders should address these concerns and take advantage of the potential presented by this rapidly evolving sector,as well as insights into the key challenges and opportunities associated with cloud‐based live streaming are provided.

Multifaceted role of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling pathway in human health and disease

The mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)is a protein kinase that controls cellular metabolism,catabolism,immune responses,autophagy,survival,proliferation,and migration,to maintain cellular homeostasis.The mTOR signaling cascade consists of two distinct multi-subunit complexes named mTOR complex 1/2(mTORC1/2).mTOR catalyzes the phosphorylation of several critical proteins like AKT,protein kinase C,insulin growth factor receptor(IGF-1R),4E binding protein 1(4E-BP1),ribosomal protein S6 kinase(S6K),transcription factor EB(TFEB),sterol-responsive element-binding proteins(SREBPs),Lipin-1,and Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinases.mTOR signaling plays a central role in regulating translation,lipid synthesis,nucleotide synthesis,biogenesis of lysosomes,nutrient sensing,and growth factor signaling.The emerging pieces of evidence have revealed that the constitutive activation of the mTOR pathway due to mutations/amplification/deletion in either mTOR and its complexes(mTORC1 and mTORC2)or upstream targets is responsible for aging,neurological diseases,and human malignancies.Here,we provide the detailed structure of mTOR,its complexes,and the comprehensive role of upstream regulators,as well as downstream effectors of mTOR signaling cascades in the metabolism,biogenesis of biomolecules,immune responses,and autophagy.Additionally,we summarize the potential of long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)as an important modulator of mTOR signaling.Importantly,we have highlighted the potential of mTOR signaling in aging,neurological disorders,human cancers,cancer stem cells,and drug resistance.Here,we discuss the developments for the therapeutic targeting of mTOR signaling with improved anticancer efficacy for the benefit of cancer patients in clinics.

Cancer chemotherapy and beyond:Current status,drug candidates,associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics

Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year.With the new understanding of the molecular mechanism(s)of disease progression,our knowledge about the disease is snowballing,leading to the evolution of many new therapeutic regimes and their successive trials.In the past few decades,various combinations of therapies have been pro-posed and are presently employed in the treatment of diverse cancers.Targeted drug therapy,immunotherapy,and personalized medicines are now largely being employed,which were not common a few years back.The field of cancer discoveries and therapeutics are evolving fast as cancer type-specific biomarkers are progressively being identified and several types of cancers are nowadays undergoing systematic therapies,extending patients’disease-free survival thereafter.Although growing evidence shows that a systematic and targeted approach could be the future of cancer medicine,chemotherapy remains a largely opted therapeutic option despite its known side effects on the patient’s physical and psychological health.Chemother-apeutic agents/pharmaceuticals served a great purpose over the past few decades and have remained the frontline choice for advanced-stage malignancies where surgery and/or radiation therapy cannot be prescribed due to specific reasons.The present report succinctly reviews the existing and contemporary advancements in chemotherapy and assesses the status of the enrolled drugs/pharmaceuticals;it also comprehensively discusses the emerging role of specific/targeted therapeutic strategies that are presently being employed to achieve better clinical success/survival rate in cancer patients.