Transmission and Suppression of Avian Influenza Virus

The growth of AIV is possible with supply of minerals from aeolian desert dust, as cofactors of enzymes, and thus the blockage of the aeolian desert dusts to the poultry farmhouse is important to suppress the enzymatic activity of AIV. South Georgia of Subantarctic Islands may be the source of Continental AIV, so that Continental AIV can become endemic within the local bird population when surrounding environments are close to Subantarctica of South Georgia. There are food webs in sequence of aquatic virus, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, krill, fish and squid while penguins feed on the fish or squid infected by mutant virus to generate LPAI after an incubation period. When migratory birds move to the Continents, HPAI can spread in the Continents due to low UV-B radiation, enough feed of rice, wheat, corn, wetland, and mineral-enriched desert dust. The clean room is equipped with air washers to remove aeolian dusts and migratory birds feces from working personnel and equipments, heaters to keep the pasteurisation of ultra-high temperature at 135°C for 1 - 2 seconds to inactivate AIV, humidifier to keep wet state above 65% relative humidity for weak virus activity, and the UV-C lamps (254 nm) to finally inactivate AIV. Since AIV doesn’t like the high salinity and high relative humidity, seawater is blanketed as sprayer to maintain high salinity (>20 ppt) and high relative humidity (>65%) from the top to the bottom of the poultry farmhouses for suppression of AIV transmission from infected aeolian dust coming from outside.

Characterization of tick viromes collected from dogs in China

In this study,we explored the viral diversity and community structures of the ticks collected from dogs and detected possible tick-borne viruses(TBVs)using metagenomic analysis.Additionally,full-length sequences and the structural,phylogenetic andmolecular features of the possible TBVs were characterized using bioinformatics tools.The sequence run produced 12,254,268 reads and 6,667,259 unique reads from the tick pools.Further analysis of the viral reads revealed that 92.73%were similar to ssRNA viruses,and 90.5%of the total viral sequences belonged to Non-classified viral families.Of the 29 classified viral families,most virome sequenceswere homologouswith vertebrate viruses from Circoviridae,plant viruses from Virgaviridae,phages fromMicroviridae,insect viruses from Baculoviridae,and giant viruses from Mimiviridae.In the process of assembly of reads,large contigs representing four virus families were identified,including Phenuiviridae,Chuviridae,Parvoviridae and Non-classified families.Some sequences of Non-classified family shared a highly divergent amino acid sequence identities from existing virus sequences.The importance of these newly identified virus contigs to public and veterinary health needs additional researches.Because of the lack of the acquired viral reads from these families,we only demonstrated the complete sequences of Circoviridae in detail.The complete canine circovirus(CaCV)-NC21 genome detected from police dogs was 2,063 bp long with a GC content of 53.6%.Our results suggested that tick viromes collected fromdogs contained diverse sequences with a broad range of animal,insect,plant,and phage viruses,which may reflect the ecological characteristics of the dogs and their ticks.Furthermore,our study revealed the existence of the partial contigs belonging to the four virus families in ticks.More researches are needed to verify their importance to public and veterinary health.As well,our detection of CaCv-NC21 demonstrated that ticks can harbor and potentially transmit canine circoviruses.