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Low-Level Antibiotic Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Pathogens from Infected Skin and Soft Tissues in Rural Kenya
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作者 Justin Nyasinga Zubair Munshi +3 位作者 Lillian Musila Ephantus Mbugua Geoffrey Omuse Gunturu Revathi 《Open Journal of Medical Microbiology》 2024年第1期23-38,共16页
Introduction: Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a cause of frequent inpatient and outpatient care visits whose causative agents are associated with a high antimicrobial resistance burden. For insig... Introduction: Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a cause of frequent inpatient and outpatient care visits whose causative agents are associated with a high antimicrobial resistance burden. For insights on antimicrobial susceptibilities in a rural setting, we examined specimens from suspected SSTIs from two public health facilities in Kenya. We additionally assessed antibiotic use, appropriateness of empiric therapy and risk factors for SSTI. Methodology: Between 2021 and 2023, 265 patients at Kisii and Nyamira County Referral hospitals were enrolled. Wound swabs/aspirates were collected and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using the VITEK 2 Compact platform. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were analyzed with R Statistical software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 16.2% (43/265) of patients with a methicillin resistance (MRSA) proportion of 14% (6/43). While 13/15 drugs elicited susceptibilities ranging from 84% - 100%, penicillin (16%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SXT] (23%) yielded the lowest susceptibilities. Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8), and Citrobacter species (n = 4) were the most commonly isolated gram-negative species. Gram-negative strains showed high susceptibilities to most of the tested drugs (71% - 100%) with the exception of ampicillin (18%), TMP-SXT (33%), and first and second generation cephalosporins. Conclusions: The low MRSA prevalence and generally high antibiotic susceptibilities for S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria present opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in the study setting. Diminished susceptibilities against penicillin/ampicillin and TMP-SXT accord with prevailing local data and add a layer of evidence for their cautious empiric use. 展开更多
关键词 S. aureus MRSA Gram-Negative Bacteria Antimicrobial Resistance SSTIs Kenya
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Zoonotic Pathogens in Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kenya
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作者 Mishael Oswe Rose Odhiambo +3 位作者 Beth Mutai Nancy Nyakoe George Awinda John N. Waitumbi 《Open Journal of Preventive Medicine》 2018年第8期248-259,共12页
Ticks are reservoirs of a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. We used PCR to detect pathogens of public health importance in ticks collected from diverse regions of Kenya. 503 tick pools wer... Ticks are reservoirs of a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses and protozoa. We used PCR to detect pathogens of public health importance in ticks collected from diverse regions of Kenya. 503 tick pools were collected from 982 cattle, 300 sheep and 379 goats that were presented for slaughter at major abattoirs in Nairobi and Mombasa. Tick DNA was screened by qPCR optimized for single-plex detection of Babesia microti, two-plex Coxiella burnetii/Ehrlichia chaffeensis or Bartonella henselae/Borrelia recurrentis or three-plex for the non-human Babesia spp/Anaplasma phagocytophylum/Borrelia burgdorferi. Pathogen prevalence was calculated against tick type and the geographical origin. Computational analysis was performed with Graphpad prism 5. Out of 503 tick analyzed, 21% (106) were positive for at least one pathogen. C. burnetii was the most abundant at 70% (74/106), followed by non-human Babesia at 17% (18/106), 5% (5/106) for B. burgdorferi, 7% (7/106) for other Borrelia species and <1% (1/106) for E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophylum. B. henselae and the human infective B. microti were not detected. Rh. pulchellus was the most promiscuous one in carrying pathogens: C. burnetti, Babesia, B. burgdorferi, E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophylum. Non-human infective Babesia were detected in all ticks except Amblyomma. Four counties had 70% of the infected ticks: Marsabit 25% (n = 26/106), Kajiado 17% (18/106), Wajir 16% (17/106) and Narok 11% (12/106). This study identified a number of tick-borne pathogens that cause febrile infections often confused with malaria. Follow-up research will be needed to determine prevalence in humans. 展开更多
关键词 ZOONOSIS BORRELIA BABESIA ANAPLASMA COXIELLA
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Zika Virus Screening in the Kenyan Olympic Team Attending the 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil
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作者 John N. Waitumbi Neha Buddhdev +5 位作者 George Awinda Lucy Kanyara Zephania Irura Victor Ofula Limbaso Konongoi Rosemary Sang 《Open Journal of Preventive Medicine》 2018年第6期183-187,共5页
The 2016 Olympic Games happened at the time of heightened fears of Zika virus (ZIKV) that was causing microcephaly in newborns in Brazil. To avert or track introduction of ZIKV in Kenya, the Ministry of Health develop... The 2016 Olympic Games happened at the time of heightened fears of Zika virus (ZIKV) that was causing microcephaly in newborns in Brazil. To avert or track introduction of ZIKV in Kenya, the Ministry of Health developed a public health response that involved screening of the Kenyan contingent before and after traveling to Brazil. Of the 92 team members that were screened, all but one tested negative for ZIKV IgM and IgG. The sero-positive individual had high IgM serum titers before and after travel to Brazil. When tested for potential antibody cross-reactivity to other flaviviruses that have been reported in Kenya, the sample showed high IgM cross-reactivity to West Nile, Tick-Borne Encephalitis and Yellow Fever Virus. Our data support the low risk predictions of acquiring ZIKV that were made before the Games and will help inform risk assessments for personnel traveling to endemic regions under similar circumstances in the future. 展开更多
关键词 Zika VIRUS SCREENING
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Bacteriome in Ticks Collected from Domestic Livestock in Kenya
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作者 Beth Mutai Kariuki Njaanake +2 位作者 Kimita Gathii Benson B. Estambale John N. Waitumbi 《Advances in Microbiology》 2022年第2期67-82,共16页
Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, tho... Background: Metagenomics approaches are increasingly being utilized as “dipstick” for microbial carriage. In this study, 16S rRNA metagenomics was used to probe for microbial community that resides in the ticks, those they pick from the environment, wildlife and livestock and to identify potential tick borne zoonoses. Methods: Tick DNA from 463 tick pools collected from domestic animals between 2007 and 2008 were amplified with primers that target the 16S rRNA V3-V4 domain and then sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform using 300 cycles version 3 kits. Ticks were pooled according to species and animal from which they were collected. A non-target control was used to track laboratory contaminants. Sequence data were analyzed using Mothur v1.3 pipeline and R v3.3.1 software and taxonomy determined using SILVA rRNA database. Shannon diversity index was used to compute bacterial diversity in each tick species before computing the means. Results: A total of 645 bacteria genera grouped into 27 phyla were identified. Four phyla contributed 97.4% of the 36,973,934 total sequences. Proteobacteria contributed 61.2% of these sequences that tarried to 33.8% genera, compared to 15.9% (23.4% genera) for Firmicutes, 15.6% (20% genera) for Actinobacteria and 4.7% (11.6% genera) for Bacteroidetes. The remaining 23 phyla only contributed 2.6% of the sequence reads (11.2% genera). Amongst the 645 genera, three groups were discernible, with the biggest group comprised commensals/symbionts that contributed 93.6% of the genera, but their individual sequence contribution was very low. Group two comprised genera that are known to contain pathogenic species, with Coxiella contributing 15,445,204 (41.8%) sequences, Corynebacterium (13.6%), Acinetobacter (4.3%), Staphylococcus (3.9%), Bacillus (2.7%) and Porphyromonas (1.6%), Ralstonia (1.5%), Streptococcus (1.3%), Moraxella (1.3%), amongst others. Group three comprised genera known to contain tick borne zoonotic pathogens (TBZ): Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Francisella, Ehrlichia, Bartonella and Borrelia. Individually the TBZ contributed Amblyomma variegatum carried the least diverse bacteria (mean Shannon diversity index of 2.69 ± 0.92) compared to 3.79 ± 1.10 for A. gemma, 3.71 ± 1.32 for A. hebraeum, 4.15 ± 1.08 for other Amblyomma spp, 3.79 ± 1.37 for Hyalomma truncatum, 3.67 ± 1.38 for other Hyalomma spp, 3.86 ± 1.27 for Rhipicephalus annulatus, 3.56 ± 1.21 for Rh. appendiculatus, and 3.65 ± 1.30 for Rh. Pulchellus, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.443). Conclusion: This study illustrates the utility of 16S rRNA metagenomics in revealing the complexity of bacteria communities that reside and/or transit through the tick having been picked from the environment, livestock and/or wild animals, some with potential to cause zoonoses. 展开更多
关键词 LIVESTOCK TICKS Bacteriome Tick-Borne Zoonoses 16S rRNA Next Generation Sequencing
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Shock effects on the upper limit of the collision weld process window
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作者 Blake Barnett Anupam Vivek Glenn Daehn 《Advances in Manufacturing》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第2期365-378,共14页
The maximum flyer impact velocity based on a dynamic solidification cracking mechanism is proposed to describe the upper limit of collision welding process windows.Thus,the upper limit of the weld window is governed b... The maximum flyer impact velocity based on a dynamic solidification cracking mechanism is proposed to describe the upper limit of collision welding process windows.Thus,the upper limit of the weld window is governed by the evolution of dynamic stresses and temperatures at the weld interface.Current formulations for the upper limit of the collision weld window assume that both the flyer and target are made of the same material and approximate stress propagation velocities using the acoustic velocity or the shear wave velocity of the weld material.However,collision welding fundamentally depends on the impacts that generate shockwaves in weld members,which can dominate the stress propagation velocities in thin weld sections.Therefore,this study proposes an alternative weld window upper limit that approximates stress propagation using shock velocities calculated from modified 1-D Rankine-Hugoniot relations.The shock upper limit is validated against the experimental and simulation data in the collision welding literature,and offers a design tool to rapidly predict more accurate optimal collision weld process limits for similar and dissimilar weld couples compared to existing models without the cost or complexity of high-fidelity simulations. 展开更多
关键词 Collision welding Solid-state welding Shock impact Weld process modelling Explosive bonding Laser impulse welding(LIW)
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