Comparison of experimental and theoretical radiation shielding parameters of several environmentally friendly materials

In this study, the gamma radiation shielding features of several environmentally friendly materials were investigated. For this purpose, several attenuation parameters, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (l=q), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were determined experimentally and compared with numerical data obtained using WinXCom software. In the measurements, the emitted gamma photons were counted by a gamma spectrometer equipped with an HPGe detector using 22Na, 54Mn, 57Co, 60Co, 133Ba, and 137Cs radioactive point sources in the energy region of 81–1333 keV. The obtained results indicate that the l=q and RPE values of the samples decrease with an increase in photon energy. The experimental values are in good agreement with those obtained using WinXCom software. The RPE and Zeff results show that among the studied materials, the NaY0.77Yb0.20Er0.03F4 sample has the best gamma radiation shielding effectiveness.

Spatial and seasonal distribution of macroinvertebrates in high altitude reservoir (Beyler Reservoir, Turkey)

A highland reservoir in the West Black Sea region of Turkey which belongs to the Mediterranean climatic zone was examined.Both littoral and profundal zones were sampled from October 2009 to September 2010,to determine taxonomic composition,biodiversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates as well as the seasonal variation of these measures.A total of 35 taxa were identified,of which 12 belong to Chironomidae and 10 to Oligochaeta groups.The highest diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates were found at the littoral stations.Macroinvertebrates showed significant positive correlations with water temperature and NO_2 and NO_3 concentrations,and negative correlation with dissolved oxygen.

Temperature and Thickness Effects on Electrical Properties of InP Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis

InP film samples are prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using aqueous solutions of InCl3 and Na2HPO4, which are atomized with compressed air as carrier gas onto glass substrates at 500° C with different thicknesses of the films. The structural properties of the samples are determined by x-ray diffraction （XRD）. It is found that the crystal structure of the InP films is polycrystalline hexagonal. The orientations of all the obtained films are along the c-axis perpendicular to the substrate. The electrical measurements of the samples are obtained by dc four-probe technique on rectangular-shape samples. The effects of temperature on the electrical properties of the InP films are studied in detail.

Space-Time Geometry of Quark and Strange Quark Matter

We study quark and strange quark matter in the context of general relativity. For this purpose, we solve Einstein＇s field equations for quark and strange quark matter in spherical symmetric space-times. We analyze strange quark matter for the different equations of state （EOS） in the spherical symmetric space-times, thus we are able to obtain the space-time geometries of quark and strange quark matter. Also, we discuss the features of the obtained solutions. The obtained solutions are consistent with the results of Brookhaven Laboratory, i.e. the quark-gluon plasma has a vanishing shear （i.e. quark-gluon plasma is perfect）.

Using Sieve of Eratosthenes for the Factor Analysis of Neutrosophic Form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire as an Alternative Confirmatory Factor Analysis

In this study,the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire which was adapted from the short form of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire was evaluated and this scale into neutrosophic form was converted and the results of the scale were compared for proposing new type confirmatory analysis procedure as well as developing neutrosophic scales.The exploratory factor analysis was used in the analysis of the data.Besides,test results were analyzed for Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett values,common factor variance values,scree plot graphs,and the principal component analysis results.The sample of the study consists of 194 students in mathematics departments at Bitlis Eren University and Igdır University in Turkey by convenience sampling method.A convenience sampling is a kind˘of non-probability sampling procedure in which the sample is obtained from a group of individuals easily accessible or reachable.The convenience sampling method was chosen in this study because the study aims to examine the structure of the measurement tool rather than the psychological characteristics of a particular population.First of all,it is observed that if any classical scale can be converted into a neutrosophic one.It is observed that the sub-dimensions of a neutrosophic scale as agree,disagree,and undecided might not have a similar factor structure to the classical one.Interestingly,in the factor analysis of the neutrosophic scale,both classical and the agreement part of the neutrosophic scales have the same factors,implying that the one-dimensional classical scale measures the agreement degree of the participants.When the factor analysis was conducted to disagreement and vagueness dimensions,it seemed that some factors were eliminated and even some new factors emerged,indicating that in human cognition those three dimensions can be taken as independent of each other,just as assumed by neutrosophic logic.The another important implication of the factor analysis is that the neutrosophic forms of any questionnaire can be used for the validity of the classical ones.Loads of items or their accumulation into factors are compared to the classical scale and the three-dimensional neutrosophic scale in the factor,so that the corresponding ones in the same factors and the items or factors that do not correspond to each other are eliminated.It is very similar to the Sieve of Eratosthenes,which is an ancient algorithm for finding prime numbers up to any given limit where each prime is taken as an independent base or dimension and multiples of the selected primes in a given interval are eliminated until there are only prime numbers left.Finally,the reliability of three independent dimensions of the neutrosophic forms of any questionnaire can also be used to check whether the measurement This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.954 CMES,2021,vol.129,no.2 tool is reliable.Low-reliability results in any dimensions may imply that the scale has some problems in terms of meaning,language,or other factors.

Effect of Putrescine on Low-Temperature Acclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Putrescine is reported to be necessary for cold acclimation under low-temperature stress.In this study,the effect of low-temperature on some physiological and biochemical parameters has been investigated using the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.The lipid peroxidation rate,amount of Rubisco protein,activities of antioxidant enzymes and gene expression of polyamine biosynthesis(odc2,and spd1),heat shock proteins(hsp70c,hsp90a,and hsp90c),and PSII repair mechanisms(psba,rep27,and tba1)were determined to understand the low-temperature response.Exogenous putrescine application significantly increased Rubisco protein concentration and catalase enzyme activities under low-temperature stress.Moreover,real-time RT-PCR results and gene expression analysis showed that polyamine metabolism induced gene expression at low-temperatures in the first 24 h.In the same way,the gene expression of heat shock proteins(hsp70c,hsp90a,and hsp90c)decreased under low-temperature treatment for 72 h;however,application of putrescine enhanced the gene expression in the first 24 h.The results obtained indicated that molecular response in the first 24 h could be important for cold acclimation.The psba and tba1 expressions were reduced under low-temperatures depending on the exposure time.In contrast,the exogenous putrescine enhanced the expression level of the psba response to low-temperature at 24 and 72 h.The results obtained in this study indicate that putrescine could play a role in the PS II repair mechanisms under low-temperature stress.

Examining the Level of Service in the Context of Recreational Carrying Capacity in the Erzurum Urban Forest,Turkey

Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree;“distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac （DTL） accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center （TAC） project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance （ZTT）, transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance （ZTT） and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.

String cloud and domain walls with quark matter for a higher dimensional FRW universe in self creation cosmology

In this study, we research a higher dimensional flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker（FRW） universe in Barber＇s second theory when strange quark matter（SQM） and normal matter（NM） are attached to the string cloud and domain walls. We obtain zero string tension density for this model. We obtain dust quark matter solutions.This result agrees with Kiran and Reddy, Krori et al, Sahoo and Mishra and Reddy. In our solutions the quark matter transforms to other particles over time. We also obtain two different solutions for domain walls with quark and normal matters by using a deceleration parameter. Also, the features of the obtained solutions are discussed and some physical and kinematical quantities are generalized and discussed. Our results are consistent with Y？lmaz,Adcox et al and Back et al in four and five dimensions.

地方道教:北魏道佛碑的實踐社群（英文）

近年來,道教學者愈來愈瞭解經典所描述的道教,與地方社群所實踐的那個曾經存在的宗教之間的差距。當代的道教學者已經學會利用人類學的方法,試圖探討歷史語境中更爲複雜的宗教實踐。可以彌補這些具有規範性經典資料的方法就是借助於出土的石刻史料。一個特别有趣的例子是5世紀中葉至6世紀末,由陕西、關中的六十多方北魏道佛造像碑爲代表的地方道教社群。早期學者研究這些造像碑時,主要根據經典道教所做的分類判斷這些碑文的歸屬,諸如天師、正一、靈寶、樓觀等。在此,我想提出的是:一個更能瞭解這些造像碑的切入角度是重新檢驗它們來自一種對於道教與佛教保持着特殊觀點的地方道教社群的可能性。

Weak deflection angle of extended uncertainty principle black holes

We discuss the effects of quantum fluctuations spewed by a black hole on its deflection angle.The GaussBonnet theorem(GBT)is exploited with quantum corrections through the extended uncertainty principle(EUP),and the corresponding deflection angle is obtained.Moreover,we have attempted to broaden the scope of our work by subsuming the effects of plasma medium on the deflection angle.To demonstrate the degree of difference,the acquired results are compared with the prevailing findings.

Quasinormal modes of a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in an electromagnetic universe

We study the quasinormal modes （QNMs） of a Schwarzschild black hole immersed in an electromagnetic （EM） universe. The immersed Schwarzschild black hole （ISBH） originates from the metric of colliding EM waves with double polarization [Class. Quantum Grav. 12, 3013 （1995）]. The perturbation equations of the scalar fields for the ISBH geometry are written in the form of separable equations. We show that these equations can be transformed to the confluent Heun＇s equations, for which we are able to use known techniques to perform analytical quasinormal （QNM） analysis of the solutions. Furthermore, we employ numerical methods （Mashhoon and 6^th-order Wentzel- Kramers-Brillouin （WKB）） to derive the QNMs. The results obtained are discussed and depicted with the appropriate plots.