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Global Climate Change and National Security: Institutional Culture and Leadership Within Three Federal Departments
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作者 John Ackerman Jean Gabriel (Gabe) Jolivet 《International Relations and Diplomacy》 2017年第7期389-411,共23页
National security implications (The White House, 2015; CNA, 2014) of global climate change currently radiate throughout the U.S. government. These implications are critically acute for three federal departments most... National security implications (The White House, 2015; CNA, 2014) of global climate change currently radiate throughout the U.S. government. These implications are critically acute for three federal departments most responsible for U.S. national security: the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of State (DOS), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). However, the effect on these federal departments is understudied and poorly specified. This research intends to rectify the dearth of academic studies. Comparative analysis (Collier, 1993) of the institutional cultures and leadership of the DoD, DoS, and DHS was conducted determining how these agencies are responding to multiple vulnerabilities created by climate change (The White House, 2013a). Research revealed significant differences in how the DoD, DoS, and DHS are responding. The analysis discovered the DoD has institutionalized, or "mainstreamed" (Leggett, 2015, p. 16) planning for climate change and planning is driven mainly through hierarchical cultural organizations. The DoD bureaucratic leadership is multi-faceted with some transactional, transformational, and charismatic leadership elements. The DoS has also mainstreamed adaptation planning to a lesser extent and planning is driven primarily by an ad-hoc culture with a top-down/bottom-up, charismatic/transformational leadership emphasis. In contrast, the DHS has been unable to mainstream planning into their organizational culture due to the presence of several internal clans. The DHS bureaucratic leadership is somewhat chaotic with little top-down, transformational, or entrepreneurial direction. Overall, the knowledge gained from this comparative analysis provides valuable insights into how governmental institutions adapt to a multi-faceted national security threat. 展开更多
关键词 climate change CULTURE LEADERSHIP national security
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DURATION MODIFICATION OF CONTRASTIVE FOCUS PRECEDED BY FOCUS ADVERBS IN STANDARD CHINESE
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作者 BAO Mingzhen WAYLAND Ratree P. LI Bin 《中国语音学报》 2013年第1期163-176,共14页
This paper examines the duration modification of contrastive focus among lexical tones in Standard Chinese where focus co-occurs with focus adverbs.Focus is assigned to the first syllable of monomorphemic disyllabic w... This paper examines the duration modification of contrastive focus among lexical tones in Standard Chinese where focus co-occurs with focus adverbs.Focus is assigned to the first syllable of monomorphemic disyllabic word stimuli in utterance medial and final positions.Results show that(a)duration of focused syllables is invariably longer than unfocused syllable,(b)focused and unfocused syllable duration differ significantly across tones with tone 2,the longest,followed by tones 4,3and tone 1,the shortest,(c)focused and unfocused syllable duration vary significantly as a function of sentence frame to which it is embedded.Interestingly,no significant duration difference is observed between sentence-medial and sentence-final positions.The results indicate that duration increases across tones,word positions and sentence frames to realize contrastive focus in addition to the semantic device of focus adverbs. 展开更多
关键词 CONTRASTIVE FOCUS DURATION FOCUS ADVERB STANDARD CHINESE
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