A solid-phase extraction approach for the identification of pharmaceutical–sludge adsorption mechanisms

It is important to understand the adsorption mechanism of chemicals and active pharmaceu-tical ingredients （API） on sewage sludge since wastewater treatment plants are the last barrier before the release of these compounds to the environment. Adsorption models were developed considering mostly hydrophobic API-sludge interaction. They have poor predictive ability, especially with ionisable compounds. This work proposes a solid-phase extraction （SPE） approach to estimate rapidly the API-sludge interaction. Sludge-filled SPE cartridges could not be percolated with API spiked mobile phases so different powders were tested as SPE sludge supports. Polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） was selected and tested at different PTFE/sludge ratios under eight different adsorption conditions with three API ionisable compounds. The PTFE/sludge mixtures with 50% or less sludge could be used in SPE mode for API sorption studies with methanol/water liquid phases. The results gave insights into API-sludge interactions. It was found that π-π, hydrogen-bonding and charge-charge interactions were as important as hydrophobicity in the adsorption mechanism of charged APIs on sludge.

减少向环境中释放抗生素和抗生素耐药基因的管理措施

[背景]全球越来越关注污染土壤、水环境对抗生素耐药性产生和蔓延的作用。[目的]本研究的目的是确定那些可以减少抗生素和抗生素耐药性经环境途径传播影响因素的管理措施,以最终达到延长抗生素使用寿命的目标。此外还研究了实施这些措施的激励和阻碍因素。[方法]着重研究有关农业源头限制,生活、医院和工业废水处理,以及水产养殖三方面的管理措施。[讨论]我们确定了若干措施,如养份管理、径流控制和基础设施升级。凡适当处,可提供世界不同地区的典型实例。研究还强调了监测和验证管理策略有效性的重要性。最后,介绍了一则瑞典的案例研究,展示了通过沟通来发动利益相关方参与和促进行动的重要作用。[结论]在许多情况下,可以花费很少或根本不花费成本来减少抗生素和抗生素耐药性细菌的环境释放。一些管理措施与现有的政策和目标协同作用。预期的效益是延长现有和未来的抗生素使用寿命。虽然往往难以量化所降低的风险,但是全球抗生素耐药性相关发病率和死亡率加速增长,这一情况的严重程度强烈表明采取行动的必要性。