An Optimal Lempel Ziv Markov Based Microarray Image Compression Algorithm

In the recent years,microarray technology gained attention for concurrent monitoring of numerous microarray images.It remains a major challenge to process,store and transmit such huge volumes of microarray images.So,image compression techniques are used in the reduction of number of bits so that it can be stored and the images can be shared easily.Various techniques have been proposed in the past with applications in different domains.The current research paper presents a novel image compression technique i.e.,optimized Linde–Buzo–Gray(OLBG)with Lempel Ziv Markov Algorithm(LZMA)coding technique called OLBG-LZMA for compressing microarray images without any loss of quality.LBG model is generally used in designing a local optimal codebook for image compression.Codebook construction is treated as an optimizationissue and can be resolved with the help of Grey Wolf Optimization(GWO)algorithm.Once the codebook is constructed by LBGGWO algorithm,LZMA is employed for the compression of index table and raise its compression efficiency additionally.Experiments were performed on high resolution Tissue Microarray(TMA)image dataset of 50 prostate tissue samples collected from prostate cancer patients.The compression performance of the proposed coding esd compared with recently proposed techniques.The simulation results infer that OLBG-LZMA coding achieved a significant compression performance compared to other techniques.

The Status Quo and Development Trend of Low-carbon Vehicle Technologies in China

Three types of low-carbon vehicle technologies in China are reviewed. Potential effects are listed for those integrated energy-saving technologies for conventional vehicles. Low carbon transitions, including alternative vehicle power train systems and fuels, are discussed on their development status and trends, including life cycle primary fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of each pathway. To further support the low-carbon vehicle technologies development, integrated policies should seek to： （1） employ those integrated energy-saving technologies, （2） apply hybrid electric technology, （3） commercialize electric vehicles through battery technology innovation, （4） support fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen technology R＆D for future potential applications, （5） boost the R＆D of second generation biofuel technology, and （6） conduct further research on applying low-carbon technologies including CO2 capture and storage technology to coal-based transportation solutions.

Energy Conservation in China’s Road Transport: Policy Analysis

Energy consumption for transport purposes has increased rapidly in China over the past decade. China’s transport industry has undergone remarkable developments in energy conservation through structural, technological and managerial measures. The paper analyzes energy-conservation policies and measures related to road transport in China. The paper also identifies constraints for these policies and measures. The transport management authorities face a series of difficulties associated with methods, costs, public awareness, and management systems. Suggestions for improvement are also offered, including promotion of energy-efficient private vehicles, advances in business vehicle energy conservation, exploiting the energy potential of urban traffic and infrastructure development for energy-efficient clean vehicles.

Analysis of Technical Energy Conservation Potential of China’s Energy Consumption Sectors

It is necessary for China to refocus its energy conservation effort from the industrial sector (field) to all three sectors simultaneously, i.e. industry, construction and transport. In addition, it should also make significant effort for conserving energy on general technical equipment that are used in large quantities and for a variety of applications. Therefore, there is a need to integrate industrial, construction and transport sectors, i.e. the integration between key technologies and widely used technologies, between hard and soft management, between energy-saving technologies and comprehensive resource utilization technologies. According to estimates, if China’s energy consuming sectors adopted appropriate energy-saving technologies, total energy-savings (using 2010 as the baseline) would be 200 million, 450 million, 650 million and 800 million tons of standard coal in 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030, respectively.

Vehicle survival patterns in China

The vehicle survival pattern describes the process that the survival ratio of vehicles decreases with the growth of vehicle age. Vehicle average life span and vehicle scrappage intensity are the key features of vehicle survival patterns and are important for the projection of China's vehicle scrappage and ownership. In this study, we modeled the vehicle survival patterns of nine classifications of vehicles in China by employing the Weibull distribution, and obtained the vehicle survival ratio functions. It is estimated that the average life spans of private passenger vehicles, government and business vehicles, non-operating buses, heavy duty, medium duty and light duty trucks are 14.5, 13.1, 11.5, 12.8, 10.1, and 8 years, respectively. The scrappage intensities of these vehicles are similar. Average life spans of taxis, transit buses and non-transit operating buses are 5, 9, and 5.5 years with the pattern of mandatory scrappage. Vehicle scrappages in China are mainly regulated by the upper limits of vehicle distances traveled specified by the compulsory scrappage standards.

Future penetration and impacts of electric vehicles on transport energy consumption and CO_2 emissions in different Chinese tiered cities

This study focuses on the penetration of electric vehicles(EVs) within the private passenger vehicle market in selected Chinese cities categorized into different tiers. It presents an analysis of factors driving the market diffusion of EVs and the reasons for varying results across the investigated cities and provides estimates of related EV impacts on local energy consumption and CO_2 emissions. A nested multinomial model incorporating technological attributes of vehicles, energy prices, charging conditions,and incentive policies was developed for conducting a scenario analyses covering six cities. The results indicated that in a stagnation scenario in which policy support was absent, the market share of electric vehicles would be less than 7% in all six cities under investigation by 2030. In medium growth and rapid growth scenarios, the market share of EVs across the six cities was projected to be within the ranges of 29%–68% and 49%–80%, respectively. The impacts of EVs on gasoline demand depended not just on their cumulative sales but also on the share of electrified vehicle distance, and the CO_2 emission reduction effect was influenced by local EV stocks and the mix of local electricity sources. Battery costs, charging conditions, and energy prices were primary driving factors. Charging conditions and energy prices were key reasons for differences in the penetration curves among cities. These driving factors were further affected by differences in local income levels, housing and parking conditions, and availability of land resources. Subsidies were found to be effective in the short term, whereas in the medium term,tax breaks could serve as the main monetary incentive. In the long term, national policy should focus on technology-related R&D, whereas local policies should focus on the operational phase and be tailored to specific local situations.

Energy Absorption Performance of Bio-inspired Honeycombs:Numerical and Theoretical Analysis

Energy absorption performance has been a long-pursued research topic in designing desired materials and structures subject to external dynamic loading.Inspired by natural bio-structures,herein,we develop both numerical and theoretical models to analyze the energy absorption behaviors of Weaire,Floret,and Kagome-shaped thin-walled structures.We demonstrate that these bio-inspired structures possess superior energy absorption capabilities compared to the traditional thin-walled structures,with the specific energy absorption about 44%higher than the traditional honeycomb.The developed mechanical model captures the fundamental characteristics of the bio-inspired honeycomb,and the mean crushing force in all three structures is accurately predicted.Results indicate that although the basic energy absorption and deformation mode remain the same,varied geometry design and the corresponding material distribution can further boost the energy absorption of the structure,providing a much broader design space for the next-generation impact energy absorption structures and systems.

Life-cycle analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of gas-to-liquid fuel pathway from steel mill off-gas in China by the LanzaTech process

The LanzaTech process can convert carbon monoxide-containing gases produced by industries, such as steel manufacturing, into valuable fuel products. The life-cycle analysis （LCA） of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from the LanzaTech process has been developed for a Chinese setting using the original Tsinghua China Automotive LCA model along with a customized module developed principally for the process. The LCA results demonstrate that LanzaTech gas-to-liquid （GTL） processing in China＇s steel manufacturing is favorable in terms of life-cycle fossil energy and can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 50% compared with the conventional petroleum gasoline. The LanzaTech process, therefore, shows advantages in both energy-savings and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when compared with most bio-ethanol production pathways in China.

A comprehensive review of renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Australia

Recently,renewable energy resources and their impacts have sparked a heated debate to resolve the Australian energy crisis.There are many projects launched throughout the country to improve network security and reliability.This paper aims to review the current status of different renewable energy resources along with their impacts on society and the environment.Besides,it provides for the first time the statistics of the documents published in the field of renewable energy in Australia.The statistics include information such as the rate of papers published,possible journals for finding relative paper,types of documents published,top authors,and the most prevalent keywords in the field of renewable energy in Australia.It will focus on solar,wind,biomass,geothermal and hydropower technologies and will investigate the social and environmental impacts of these technologies.

Peak C0_(2)emission in the region dominated by coal use and heavy chemical industries:a case study of Dezhou city in China

This paper studies the pathways of peakingCO_(2) emissions of Dezhou city in China, by employing abottom-up sector analysis model and considering futureeconomic growth, the adjustment of the industrialstructure, and the trend of energy intensity. Two scenarios(a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a CO_(2) mitigationscenario (CMS)) are set up. The results show that in theBAU scenario, the final energy consumption will peak at25.93 million tons of coal equivalent (Mtce) (16% growthversus 2014) in 2030. In the CMS scenario, the finalenergy will peak in 2020 at 23.47 Mtce (9% lower versuspeak in the BAU scenario). The total primary energyconsumption will increase by 12% (BAU scenario) anddecrease by 3% (CMS scenario) in 2030, respectively,compared to that in 2014. In the BAU scenario, CO_(2)emission will peak in 2025 at 70 million tons of carbondioxide (MtCO_(2)), and subsequently decrease gradually in2030. In the CMS scenario, the peak has occurred in 2014,and 60 MtCO_(2) will be emitted in 2030. Active policiesincluding restructuring the economy, improving energyefficiency, capping coal consumption, and using more low・carbon /carbon free fuel are recommended in Dezhou citypeaked CO_(2) emission as early as possible.

Comparative study of energy consumption and CO2 emissions between Beijing and London

From the view of geographic location, climate and population status, this paper makes a comparative study of the economy structure, transport system, energy supply and carbon emissions among a few cities, especially between Beijing and London, two mega-cities in the world. The developed tertiary industry, consummate transport system and low-carbon energy supply system in London can be referenced to assist Beijing in establishing a low-carbon development pathway. The difference in the statistical coverage of population between these two cities also brings about the divergence of energy consumption per capita and CO2 emissions per capita between them.

Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China

China's high-speed railway(HSR)is booming recently,the HSR's performance of energy conservation and carbon reduction has attractedmuch attention.This study developed a new life cycle model of energy consumption and greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions on China's HSR bylife cycle analysis(LCA),covering the stages of infrastructure,HSR train,and operation,based on the TLCAM(Tsinghua-LCA Model).A caseof the BeijingeShanghai HSR has been studied to show that the full life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportationare 0.4 MJ km1per capita and 0.04 kg CO2ekm1per capita,respectively,which are far less than aviation,gasoline vehicles,diesel vehicles,electric vehicles and public vehicles.With the cleaner power structure and the progress of HSR train technology,the energy consumption andcarbon emissions of HSR in 2020 could be reduced by 20%compared to 2015.This study indicates that electricity generation mix structure andfull load rate are important factors influencing the life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation.It is recommendedto improve the coverage of HSR network,accelerate train upgrades,improve the full load rate of HSR trains,and promote the low-carbondevelopment of electricity supply to strengthen and realize the low-carbon advantage of HSR transport mode in China.HSR transportationcan be used to achieve the low carbon transformation of China's transportation sector and improve oil supply safety situation.