随着低碳烯烃需求量的增加,甲醇制烯烃(MTO)成为由非石油资源制取低碳烯烃的关键技术,其中沸石由于具有可调节的酸度、有序的微孔结构和较好的择型性能而被广泛用作MTO反应催化剂.ITQ-13沸石(ITH拓扑结构)由于其独特的九元环结构在MTO...随着低碳烯烃需求量的增加,甲醇制烯烃(MTO)成为由非石油资源制取低碳烯烃的关键技术,其中沸石由于具有可调节的酸度、有序的微孔结构和较好的择型性能而被广泛用作MTO反应催化剂.ITQ-13沸石(ITH拓扑结构)由于其独特的九元环结构在MTO反应中表现出较好的丙烯选择性和反应寿命,引起了广泛关注.研究表明,分子筛的酸中心分布与MTO反应性能密切相关,因此,研究ITQ-13沸石中铝分布与MTO反应性能的关系,对进一步提升其MTO催化性能具有重要意义.本文分别以与ITH具有共同基本结构单元(双四元环,D4Rs)的LTA沸石(LTA-ITH)和薄水铝石(C-ITH)为铝源,合成了两类铝硅酸盐ITH沸石.X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及氮气吸脱附表征结果表明,这两类分子筛具有相似的片状形貌和微孔性质.氨气程序升温脱附结果表明,具有相近硅铝比的两类ITH沸石具有相近的酸量.进一步采用27Al魔角旋转核磁共振(MAS NMR)、密度泛函理论计算和1-己烯裂解反应对两类ITH分子筛的铝分布进行研究.结果表明,两类分子筛具有不同的铝分布,LTA-ITH中有更多的铝进入ITH的正弦孔道与直孔道,而C-ITH中有更多的铝分布在交叉孔道.当前,研究者普遍认为MTO反应过程遵循双循环烃池机理,ITH交叉孔道由于具有较大的空间,相比于正弦孔道和直孔道,更有利于芳烃循环中间体的产生,从而有利于形成芳烃循环产物(乙烯),而正弦孔道和直孔道却更有利于烯烃循环过程,导致产生更多的丙烯.对两类ITH进行了MTO催化性能测试,结果表明,LTA-ITH比C-ITH表现出更高的丙烯选择性,并且表现出更高的丙烯与乙烯的比率,表明其烯烃循环过程得到加强,这与^(27)Al MAS NMR以及1-己烯裂解反应得到的结论一致,进一步证明ITH分子筛的铝分布得到有效调控.综上,本文阐明了ITH沸石中铝分布与其反应性能的关系,为调整沸石骨架中的Al位点提供一种新策略,为未来制备高效的MTO沸石基催化剂提供参考.展开更多
Oxide-Zeolite(OX-ZEO) bifunctional catalyst design concept has been exemplified in several processes to direct conversion syngas to value-added chemicals and fuels such as mixed light olefins, ethylene, aromatics and ...Oxide-Zeolite(OX-ZEO) bifunctional catalyst design concept has been exemplified in several processes to direct conversion syngas to value-added chemicals and fuels such as mixed light olefins, ethylene, aromatics and gasoline.Herein we demonstrate that the product can be steered toward liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) with a selectivity up to 89% in hydrocarbons especially propane selectivity reaching 80% at CO conversion of 63% using ZnCrOx-H-SSZ-39 catalyst.Interestingly, the quantity of the acid sites of SSZ-39 does not influence obviously the hydrocarbon distribution but the strength is crucial for selective formation of propane.This finding provides an alternative route of LPG synthesis from a variety of carbon resources via syngas.展开更多
Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy...Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy consumption and fouling propensity for broad sustainable applications.In addition,different membranes face various challenges in their specific applications during long-term operations.In this short review,we will summarize the recent progresses in emerging membrane technologies and system integration to advance and sustain water reuse and desalination with discussion on their challenges and perspectives.展开更多
BASF presents a new high viscosity ester base stock technology.Viscosity profiles of these new candidates are comparable to market-known high viscosity PAO types such as PAO 40 and PAO 100.Due to the more polar nature...BASF presents a new high viscosity ester base stock technology.Viscosity profiles of these new candidates are comparable to market-known high viscosity PAO types such as PAO 40 and PAO 100.Due to the more polar nature of the new ester base stocks additional benefits can be achieved in terms of friction reduction,energy efficiency or facilitated additive solubilisation against high viscosity PAOs.The superior performance of the new high viscosity ester base stock technology is demonstrated in direct comparison against high viscosity PAO counterparts in industrial gear applications.The basic advantages found herein in industrial gear applications are also of relevance for other lubricant applications such as automotive driveline oil or engine oil applications.As one exemplary area industrial gear applications play a dominant role in modern wind turbines.The latest generation of lubricants used in these turbine gear boxes are required to provide a greater performance in terms of wear protection,durability,foam resistance,shear stability,and oxidation resistance.Common formulations are based on a PAO base stock thickened with high molecular weight PAO polymers to achieve a viscosity of ISO 320 combined with additives to provide wear protection,foam resistance etc.A recent plant outage coupled with high demand for high molecular weight PAO polymers has led to the market becoming aware of potential availability issues.In response to this important challenge BASF has developed a new formulation strategy-based on the new high viscosity ester technology and upon a widely available low molecular weight PAO base stock employing a new concept in a thickening system that avoids the use of high molecular weight PAO polymers.The novel ester base stock can be manufactured at multiple locations and is based on sustainable raw materials that can be sourced from a wide supplier base.展开更多
The structural changes around a crack tip in a high density polyethylene were investigated by means of scanning synchrotron microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The scattering data confirm the process of...The structural changes around a crack tip in a high density polyethylene were investigated by means of scanning synchrotron microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The scattering data confirm the process of craze structure development near a crack tip based on the evolution of voids. In addition, it was found that the main stress in the plastic zone near a crack tip exhibited a gradient distribution with respect to its strength and direction. The whole damaged area showed a strain distribution indicating a flow behavior toward the crack tip.展开更多
Apart from long-known and applied nanostructures like carbon black for tyres or pigments for coatings nanotechnology has created highly sophisticated structures used for nano/molecular electronics,diagnostics,drug del...Apart from long-known and applied nanostructures like carbon black for tyres or pigments for coatings nanotechnology has created highly sophisticated structures used for nano/molecular electronics,diagnostics,drug delivery, UV-absorbers etc.Often the main question to be solved analytically is the local determination of tiny amounts of chemicals resulting in an ever increasing need for highly sensitive as well as locally resolved techniques.Applications of techniques like mass spectroscopy,transmission elect...展开更多
了解与关键催化性能参数(如选择性和稳定性)相关的催化剂特性对于合理设计催化剂是非常重要的.本文重点考察了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)过程中MFI、MEL及其共生沸石分子筛的催化行为和构效关系.表征结果表明,丙烯和丁烯的高产率和MeOH的高转化率...了解与关键催化性能参数(如选择性和稳定性)相关的催化剂特性对于合理设计催化剂是非常重要的.本文重点考察了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)过程中MFI、MEL及其共生沸石分子筛的催化行为和构效关系.表征结果表明,丙烯和丁烯的高产率和MeOH的高转化率均与Pentasil分子筛结构中晶格Al位的富集相关,这也被27Al MAS NMR结果和3-甲基戊烷裂解结果证实.催化剂对MTO反应的催化性能与其晶体尺寸、外部B酸中心和铝配对等性质之间缺乏相关性,表明它们对提高丙烯选择性的作用不大.本文分析表明,催化剂失活非常复杂,受交叉点处晶格铝富集、总铝含量和晶体尺寸影响较大,且MFI和MEL相共生加速了催化剂失活.展开更多
Global plastics production is expected to exceed 400 million tons and reach 600 million tons by 2060.Their synthesis currently accounts for approximately 3%of global greenhouse gas emissions.Approximately 60%of all po...Global plastics production is expected to exceed 400 million tons and reach 600 million tons by 2060.Their synthesis currently accounts for approximately 3%of global greenhouse gas emissions.Approximately 60%of all polymers are produced for single-use.Examples include shopping bags,packaging materials,mulch films,and soluble polymers for cosmetics and other purposes.Currently,only a portion of single-use plastic is recycled or disposed of in incinerators or landfills.An estimated 20%is not disposed of properly and pollutes the global environment,especially the oceans.In response to these challenges,the United Nations,European Union,and many nation-states are developing regulatory frameworks that encourage the chemical industry to produce plastics with a smaller environmental footprint and often support this through research funding.Possible solutions include:(1)the use of green energy,green hydrogen,bio-based feedstocks,or CO_(2) in synthesis;(2)the reuse or recycling of plastics through conversion or pyrolysis;and(3)the production of biodegradable polymers.The German chemical industry contributes approximately one-third of polymer production in the EU.It is embedded in the EU regulatory and research landscape and anchored in the European Green Deal,which aims for carbon neutrality by 2050.In this paper,we describe how BASF and Evonik,two leading German chemical companies with strong but different polymer portfolios,respond to the call for greener polymers and how technologies are being developed to make polyurethanes,a particularly important and difficult-to-recycle family of elastomers and duromers,renewable and circular.Reducing the environmental footprint of plastics requires not only innovative materials but also proper governance,regulatory and collection systems,and public willingness to cooperate.In an international comparison of these competencies,expressed by the"polymer management index"(PMI),Germany achieved a top position.展开更多
Segregation of granular materials is a complex phenomenon, difficult to measure quantitatively and to predict. Discrete element method (DEM) can be a useful tool to predict segregation effects and to support the ind...Segregation of granular materials is a complex phenomenon, difficult to measure quantitatively and to predict. Discrete element method (DEM) can be a useful tool to predict segregation effects and to support the industrial design. In this context, a very challenging idea is the characterization of the granular solids to provide the key parameters needed for a successful DEM simulation of segregation processes. Rolling friction, sliding friction and the coefficient of restitution are the critical parameters to be studied. These microscopic simulation parameters are calibrated by comparing the macroscopic behavior of granular matter in standard bulk experiments, which have the advantage of being highly repeatable and reliable. An experimental method is presented to characterize free surface segregation. The effects of different particle properties, particularly, shape and size, on segregation of cohesionless materials were investi- gated. From the experiments, particle size demonstrated a stronger effect on segregation than particle shape. Finally, the corresponding DEM simulations of the segregation experiments were presented. The parameters obtained by calibration were validated by the comparison of the modeled segregation behav- ior with the experimental results. Thus, calibrated DEM simulations are capable of predicting segregation effects.展开更多
The present study characterised the types and amounts of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)remaining undigested along the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of broiler chickens offered a typical wheat-or maizebased diet.One-day ...The present study characterised the types and amounts of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)remaining undigested along the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of broiler chickens offered a typical wheat-or maizebased diet.One-day old Cobb 500 mixed-sex chicks were assigned to 24 pens,with 10 birds/pen and 12 pens/treatment.Birds were offered the experimental diets in 3 phases(starter,day 0 to 10;grower,day 11 to 24 and finisher,day 25 to 35).Excreta and digesta samples from the crop,gizzard,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and caeca were collected at 12 and 35 days of age,and analysed for the NSP flow.The wheat-based diet contained higher levels of soluble NSP than the maize-based diet,whereas insoluble NSP levels were similar between the 2 diets.Detailed analysis of NSP constituents revealed that arabinoxylans were the primary NSP in the wheat-based diet,mostly in insoluble form.Pectins were the predominant NSP in the maize-based diet,followed by arabinoxylans.Overall,birds offered the wheatbased diet presented higher levels of soluble NSP remaining in all gut sections compared to birds offered the maize-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.050).Accumulation of insoluble NSP in the gizzard was noted in birds fed both diets,but was more pronounced in birds offered the maize-based diet compared to the wheat-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.001).The present study highlights marked differences in the amounts and types of NSP delivered to the different gut sections when feeding wheat-compared to maize-based diets,particularly in the gizzard and the lower GIT of birds.展开更多
It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose....It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose. We have conducted 1H NMR spectroscopy of ethanol in a large number of ionic liquids, and found an excellent correlation of the data obtained with the hydrogen acceptor properties (β-values). With this tool in hand, it is possible to distinguish between cellulose-dissolving and non-dissolving ionic liquids. A modulating effect of both, the anion of the non-dissolving ionic liquid and its cation was found in solubility studies with binary ionic liquid mixtures. The study was extended to other non-dissolving liquids, namely water and dimethylsulfoxide, and the effect of the cation was also investigated.展开更多
This study was to characterise the undigested nutrients present along the gastrointestinal tract of birds offered common wheat-or maize-based diets,with the goal of optimising utilisation of enzymes to enhance digesti...This study was to characterise the undigested nutrients present along the gastrointestinal tract of birds offered common wheat-or maize-based diets,with the goal of optimising utilisation of enzymes to enhance digestive efficiency.Wheat-and maize-based diets were offered to 240 mixed-sex broilers(10 birds/pen;n=12)from 1 to 35 d postehatch.Digestibility of dry matter,starch,crude protein and nonstarch polysaccharides(NSP)were measured in the crop,gizzard,duodenum,jejunum,ileum,caeca and excreta at d 12 and 35 postehatch.Analysis of nutrient levels in the excreta presented that more than 30%of nutrients provided in the feed was wasted,irrespective of wheat or maize diet type.On average,92 g/kg crude protein,92 g/kg insoluble NSP and 14 g/kg oligosaccharides were not utilised by birds at d 12 postehatch.The quantity of water-insoluble NSP in the small intestine at d 12 was lower in birds offered the wheat-based diet compared to those fed the maize-based diet(P<0.05),with the reverse being true for water-soluble NSP(P<0.001).On average,84 g/kg crude protein,79 g/kg insoluble NSP and 9 g/kg oligosaccharides remained in the excreta at 35 d of age.At this time period,accumulation of feed in the gizzard was noted for birds offered both diets,but was more pronounced in those offered the maize-based diet(P<0.001).Birds offered the maize-based diet demonstrated improved utilisation of oligosaccharides compared to those fed the wheat-based diet at both d 12 and 35(P=0.087 and P=0.047,respectively).Protein utilisation in the jejunum and ileum was greater in birds offered the wheat-based diet compared to those fed the maize-based diet(P=0.004 and P<0.001,respectively).Thus,while both diets supported standard growth performance of birds,the degree and flow of nutrient disappearance along the gastrointestinal tract was influenced by cereal type and bird age.展开更多
The present study investigated whether supplementing fibre-degrading enzymes can ameliorate the severity of subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets.A total of 1,544 mix...The present study investigated whether supplementing fibre-degrading enzymes can ameliorate the severity of subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets.A total of 1,544 mixed-sex broiler chickens were assigned to 16 experimental treatments as a 2×2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments.The factors were the following:NE challenge,yes or no;diet type,wheat-or maize-based;and enzyme supplementation,control(no enzyme),family 10 xylanase(XYN10),family 11 xylanase(XYN11)or b-mannanase(MAN).Each treatment was replicated 6 times,with 16 birds per replicate pen.A three-way challenge×diet type×enzyme interaction occurred for body weight at 21 d of age(P=0.025)and overall feed conversion ratio(P=0.001).In the non-challenged birds fed the wheat-based diet,supplementing MAN increased d 21 body weight compared to the control.In challenged birds fed the maize-based diet,supplemental XYN11 impeded body weight and overall FCR compared to the control.Birds offered the maize-based diet presented heavier relative gizzard weights at both 16 and 21 d of age(P<0.001)and reduced liveability(P=0.046)compared to those fed the wheatbased diet.Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal and jejunal digesta viscosity at 16 d of age only in birds fed the wheat-based diet(P<0.001).XYN11 increased ileal digesta viscosity in birds fed the maizebased diet,and MAN reduced it in birds fed the wheat-based diet at 21 d of age(P=0.030).Supplementing XYN11 improved ileal soluble non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)digestibility in birds fed the wheat-based diet compared to non-supplemented birds(P<0.001).Birds fed the wheat-based diet displayed a higher abundance of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae and butyric acid in the caeca at 16 d of age compared to birds fed the maize-based diet(P<0.05).In conclusion,supplemental XYN11 exacerbated the negative impact of NE on growth performance in birds fed the maizebased diet.Supplementing wheat-based diets with fibre-degrading enzymes ameliorates production losses induced by NE.展开更多
The present study evaluated the impacts of fibre-degrading enzymes on the profiles of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)and oligosaccharides(OS)in the ileum of broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets under su...The present study evaluated the impacts of fibre-degrading enzymes on the profiles of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)and oligosaccharides(OS)in the ileum of broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets under subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.A 224 factorial arrangement of treatments was used.Factors were the following:NE challenge,no or yes;diet type,wheat-or maizebased;and supplemental enzymes,control(no enzyme),family 10 xylanase(XYN10),family 11 xylanase(XYN11)or b-mannanase(MAN).Birds in the challenged group were inoculated with Eimeria on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14 and 15.A 3-way interaction(P=0.047)occurred on overall(d 0 to 16)weight gain.When NE was present,all the supplemental enzymes increased weight gain in birds fed the wheat-based diet;whereas in those fed the maize-based diet supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 decreased weight gain.When NE was absent,birds fed the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN10 or MAN presented increased weight gain compared to non-supplemented birds,but no improvements with enzyme addition were observed in birds fed the maize-based diet.A 3-way interaction(P=0.002)was observed on insoluble NSP level in the ileum.When NE was absent,all the supplemental enzymes reduced the ileal level of insoluble NSP,regardless of diet type.In the challenged birds,supplementing XYN10 and MAN reduced insoluble NSP level in the ileum,but only in birds fed the wheat-based diet.Ileal soluble NSP level was reduced by supplemental XYN11 and MAN,but only in birds fed the wheatbased diet,resulting in a 2-way diet typeenzyme interaction(P<0.001).Ileal OS arabinose(P=0.030)level was highest in birds offered the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN11.Collectively,supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes to the wheat-based diet enhanced bird performance regardless of NE challenge,with XYN11 significantly increasing oligosaccharide release.However,enzyme addition did not improve growth performance in birds fed maize-based diet,with supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 impeding weight gain when NE was present.展开更多
Performing accurate and automated semantic segmentation of vegetation is a first algorithmic step towards more complex models that can extract accurate biological information on crop health,weed presence and phenologi...Performing accurate and automated semantic segmentation of vegetation is a first algorithmic step towards more complex models that can extract accurate biological information on crop health,weed presence and phenological state,among others.Traditionally,models based on normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),near infrared channel(NIR)or RGB have been a good indicator of vegetation presence.However,these methods are not suitable for accurately segmenting vegetation showing damage,which precludes their use for downstream phenotyping algorithms.In this paper,we propose a comprehensive method for robust vegetation segmentation in RGB images that can cope with damaged vegetation.The method consists of a first regression convolutional neural network to estimate a virtual NIR channel from an RGB image.Second,we compute two newly proposed vegetation indices from this estimated virtual NIR:the infrared-dark channel subtraction(IDCS)and infrared-dark channel ratio(IDCR)indices.Finally,both the RGB image and the estimated indices are fed into a semantic segmentation deep convolutional neural network to train a model to segment vegetation regardless of damage or condition.The model was tested on 84 plots containing thirteen vegetation species showing different degrees of damage and acquired over 28 days.The results show that the best segmentation is obtained when the input image is augmented with the proposed virtual NIR channel(F1=0:94)and with the proposed IDCR and IDCS vegetation indices(F1=0:95)derived from the estimated NIR channel,while the use of only the image or RGB indices lead to inferior performance(RGB(F1=0:90)NIR(F1=0:82)or NDVI(F1=0:89)channel).The proposed method provides an end-to-end land cover map segmentation method directly from simple RGB images and has been successfully validated in real field conditions.展开更多
文摘随着低碳烯烃需求量的增加,甲醇制烯烃(MTO)成为由非石油资源制取低碳烯烃的关键技术,其中沸石由于具有可调节的酸度、有序的微孔结构和较好的择型性能而被广泛用作MTO反应催化剂.ITQ-13沸石(ITH拓扑结构)由于其独特的九元环结构在MTO反应中表现出较好的丙烯选择性和反应寿命,引起了广泛关注.研究表明,分子筛的酸中心分布与MTO反应性能密切相关,因此,研究ITQ-13沸石中铝分布与MTO反应性能的关系,对进一步提升其MTO催化性能具有重要意义.本文分别以与ITH具有共同基本结构单元(双四元环,D4Rs)的LTA沸石(LTA-ITH)和薄水铝石(C-ITH)为铝源,合成了两类铝硅酸盐ITH沸石.X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及氮气吸脱附表征结果表明,这两类分子筛具有相似的片状形貌和微孔性质.氨气程序升温脱附结果表明,具有相近硅铝比的两类ITH沸石具有相近的酸量.进一步采用27Al魔角旋转核磁共振(MAS NMR)、密度泛函理论计算和1-己烯裂解反应对两类ITH分子筛的铝分布进行研究.结果表明,两类分子筛具有不同的铝分布,LTA-ITH中有更多的铝进入ITH的正弦孔道与直孔道,而C-ITH中有更多的铝分布在交叉孔道.当前,研究者普遍认为MTO反应过程遵循双循环烃池机理,ITH交叉孔道由于具有较大的空间,相比于正弦孔道和直孔道,更有利于芳烃循环中间体的产生,从而有利于形成芳烃循环产物(乙烯),而正弦孔道和直孔道却更有利于烯烃循环过程,导致产生更多的丙烯.对两类ITH进行了MTO催化性能测试,结果表明,LTA-ITH比C-ITH表现出更高的丙烯选择性,并且表现出更高的丙烯与乙烯的比率,表明其烯烃循环过程得到加强,这与^(27)Al MAS NMR以及1-己烯裂解反应得到的结论一致,进一步证明ITH分子筛的铝分布得到有效调控.综上,本文阐明了ITH沸石中铝分布与其反应性能的关系,为调整沸石骨架中的Al位点提供一种新策略,为未来制备高效的MTO沸石基催化剂提供参考.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2017YFB0602201)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA21020400)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos.91645204, 21425312 and 21621063)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019184)the INCOE (International Network of Centers of Excellence) project coordinated by BASF SE
文摘Oxide-Zeolite(OX-ZEO) bifunctional catalyst design concept has been exemplified in several processes to direct conversion syngas to value-added chemicals and fuels such as mixed light olefins, ethylene, aromatics and gasoline.Herein we demonstrate that the product can be steered toward liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) with a selectivity up to 89% in hydrocarbons especially propane selectivity reaching 80% at CO conversion of 63% using ZnCrOx-H-SSZ-39 catalyst.Interestingly, the quantity of the acid sites of SSZ-39 does not influence obviously the hydrocarbon distribution but the strength is crucial for selective formation of propane.This finding provides an alternative route of LPG synthesis from a variety of carbon resources via syngas.
基金supported by PUB, Singapore’s National Water Agency under the project ‘‘Development of 8 inch Novel High Efficiency Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) Membrane Modules towards Potential Pilot Testing and Field Validation” with NUS grant No. R-279-000-555-592Singapore National Research Foundation for supporting the project entitled, ‘‘Using Cold Energy from Regasification of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for Novel Hybrid Seawater Desalination Technologies” (Grant number: R-279-000-456-279)BASF SE, Germany for partially funding this project with a grant number of R-279-000-363-597
文摘Sustainable production of clean water is a global challenge.While we firmly believe that membrane technologies are one of the most promising solutions to tackle the global water challenges,one must reduce their energy consumption and fouling propensity for broad sustainable applications.In addition,different membranes face various challenges in their specific applications during long-term operations.In this short review,we will summarize the recent progresses in emerging membrane technologies and system integration to advance and sustain water reuse and desalination with discussion on their challenges and perspectives.
文摘BASF presents a new high viscosity ester base stock technology.Viscosity profiles of these new candidates are comparable to market-known high viscosity PAO types such as PAO 40 and PAO 100.Due to the more polar nature of the new ester base stocks additional benefits can be achieved in terms of friction reduction,energy efficiency or facilitated additive solubilisation against high viscosity PAOs.The superior performance of the new high viscosity ester base stock technology is demonstrated in direct comparison against high viscosity PAO counterparts in industrial gear applications.The basic advantages found herein in industrial gear applications are also of relevance for other lubricant applications such as automotive driveline oil or engine oil applications.As one exemplary area industrial gear applications play a dominant role in modern wind turbines.The latest generation of lubricants used in these turbine gear boxes are required to provide a greater performance in terms of wear protection,durability,foam resistance,shear stability,and oxidation resistance.Common formulations are based on a PAO base stock thickened with high molecular weight PAO polymers to achieve a viscosity of ISO 320 combined with additives to provide wear protection,foam resistance etc.A recent plant outage coupled with high demand for high molecular weight PAO polymers has led to the market becoming aware of potential availability issues.In response to this important challenge BASF has developed a new formulation strategy-based on the new high viscosity ester technology and upon a widely available low molecular weight PAO base stock employing a new concept in a thickening system that avoids the use of high molecular weight PAO polymers.The novel ester base stock can be manufactured at multiple locations and is based on sustainable raw materials that can be sourced from a wide supplier base.
基金supported by the"Hundred Talents Project"of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB623800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50603024, 50621302) and HASYLAB projectⅡ-20052011
文摘The structural changes around a crack tip in a high density polyethylene were investigated by means of scanning synchrotron microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering technique. The scattering data confirm the process of craze structure development near a crack tip based on the evolution of voids. In addition, it was found that the main stress in the plastic zone near a crack tip exhibited a gradient distribution with respect to its strength and direction. The whole damaged area showed a strain distribution indicating a flow behavior toward the crack tip.
文摘Apart from long-known and applied nanostructures like carbon black for tyres or pigments for coatings nanotechnology has created highly sophisticated structures used for nano/molecular electronics,diagnostics,drug delivery, UV-absorbers etc.Often the main question to be solved analytically is the local determination of tiny amounts of chemicals resulting in an ever increasing need for highly sensitive as well as locally resolved techniques.Applications of techniques like mass spectroscopy,transmission elect...
基金supported by the BASF and the Advanced Research Center Chemical Building Blocks Consortium (ARC CBBC) for Funding under Project (2016.007.TUD)
文摘了解与关键催化性能参数(如选择性和稳定性)相关的催化剂特性对于合理设计催化剂是非常重要的.本文重点考察了甲醇制烯烃(MTO)过程中MFI、MEL及其共生沸石分子筛的催化行为和构效关系.表征结果表明,丙烯和丁烯的高产率和MeOH的高转化率均与Pentasil分子筛结构中晶格Al位的富集相关,这也被27Al MAS NMR结果和3-甲基戊烷裂解结果证实.催化剂对MTO反应的催化性能与其晶体尺寸、外部B酸中心和铝配对等性质之间缺乏相关性,表明它们对提高丙烯选择性的作用不大.本文分析表明,催化剂失活非常复杂,受交叉点处晶格铝富集、总铝含量和晶体尺寸影响较大,且MFI和MEL相共生加速了催化剂失活.
基金the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF)for funding part of the work within the Kopernikus Initiative(‘Power-to-X’)under contract number P^(2)X-^(03)SFK2J0.
文摘Global plastics production is expected to exceed 400 million tons and reach 600 million tons by 2060.Their synthesis currently accounts for approximately 3%of global greenhouse gas emissions.Approximately 60%of all polymers are produced for single-use.Examples include shopping bags,packaging materials,mulch films,and soluble polymers for cosmetics and other purposes.Currently,only a portion of single-use plastic is recycled or disposed of in incinerators or landfills.An estimated 20%is not disposed of properly and pollutes the global environment,especially the oceans.In response to these challenges,the United Nations,European Union,and many nation-states are developing regulatory frameworks that encourage the chemical industry to produce plastics with a smaller environmental footprint and often support this through research funding.Possible solutions include:(1)the use of green energy,green hydrogen,bio-based feedstocks,or CO_(2) in synthesis;(2)the reuse or recycling of plastics through conversion or pyrolysis;and(3)the production of biodegradable polymers.The German chemical industry contributes approximately one-third of polymer production in the EU.It is embedded in the EU regulatory and research landscape and anchored in the European Green Deal,which aims for carbon neutrality by 2050.In this paper,we describe how BASF and Evonik,two leading German chemical companies with strong but different polymer portfolios,respond to the call for greener polymers and how technologies are being developed to make polyurethanes,a particularly important and difficult-to-recycle family of elastomers and duromers,renewable and circular.Reducing the environmental footprint of plastics requires not only innovative materials but also proper governance,regulatory and collection systems,and public willingness to cooperate.In an international comparison of these competencies,expressed by the"polymer management index"(PMI),Germany achieved a top position.
基金support of the European Community under the Marie Curie Initial Training Network
文摘Segregation of granular materials is a complex phenomenon, difficult to measure quantitatively and to predict. Discrete element method (DEM) can be a useful tool to predict segregation effects and to support the industrial design. In this context, a very challenging idea is the characterization of the granular solids to provide the key parameters needed for a successful DEM simulation of segregation processes. Rolling friction, sliding friction and the coefficient of restitution are the critical parameters to be studied. These microscopic simulation parameters are calibrated by comparing the macroscopic behavior of granular matter in standard bulk experiments, which have the advantage of being highly repeatable and reliable. An experimental method is presented to characterize free surface segregation. The effects of different particle properties, particularly, shape and size, on segregation of cohesionless materials were investi- gated. From the experiments, particle size demonstrated a stronger effect on segregation than particle shape. Finally, the corresponding DEM simulations of the segregation experiments were presented. The parameters obtained by calibration were validated by the comparison of the modeled segregation behav- ior with the experimental results. Thus, calibrated DEM simulations are capable of predicting segregation effects.
文摘The present study characterised the types and amounts of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)remaining undigested along the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)of broiler chickens offered a typical wheat-or maizebased diet.One-day old Cobb 500 mixed-sex chicks were assigned to 24 pens,with 10 birds/pen and 12 pens/treatment.Birds were offered the experimental diets in 3 phases(starter,day 0 to 10;grower,day 11 to 24 and finisher,day 25 to 35).Excreta and digesta samples from the crop,gizzard,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and caeca were collected at 12 and 35 days of age,and analysed for the NSP flow.The wheat-based diet contained higher levels of soluble NSP than the maize-based diet,whereas insoluble NSP levels were similar between the 2 diets.Detailed analysis of NSP constituents revealed that arabinoxylans were the primary NSP in the wheat-based diet,mostly in insoluble form.Pectins were the predominant NSP in the maize-based diet,followed by arabinoxylans.Overall,birds offered the wheatbased diet presented higher levels of soluble NSP remaining in all gut sections compared to birds offered the maize-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.050).Accumulation of insoluble NSP in the gizzard was noted in birds fed both diets,but was more pronounced in birds offered the maize-based diet compared to the wheat-based diet,at both 12 and 35 days of age(P<0.001).The present study highlights marked differences in the amounts and types of NSP delivered to the different gut sections when feeding wheat-compared to maize-based diets,particularly in the gizzard and the lower GIT of birds.
基金supported by the BASF SE. A.S. is indebted to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding within the SPP 1191 Priority Programme Ionic Liquids (STA1027/2-1 to /2-3)
文摘It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose. We have conducted 1H NMR spectroscopy of ethanol in a large number of ionic liquids, and found an excellent correlation of the data obtained with the hydrogen acceptor properties (β-values). With this tool in hand, it is possible to distinguish between cellulose-dissolving and non-dissolving ionic liquids. A modulating effect of both, the anion of the non-dissolving ionic liquid and its cation was found in solubility studies with binary ionic liquid mixtures. The study was extended to other non-dissolving liquids, namely water and dimethylsulfoxide, and the effect of the cation was also investigated.
基金We would like to thank BASF SE for their financial and academic support throughout this study。
文摘This study was to characterise the undigested nutrients present along the gastrointestinal tract of birds offered common wheat-or maize-based diets,with the goal of optimising utilisation of enzymes to enhance digestive efficiency.Wheat-and maize-based diets were offered to 240 mixed-sex broilers(10 birds/pen;n=12)from 1 to 35 d postehatch.Digestibility of dry matter,starch,crude protein and nonstarch polysaccharides(NSP)were measured in the crop,gizzard,duodenum,jejunum,ileum,caeca and excreta at d 12 and 35 postehatch.Analysis of nutrient levels in the excreta presented that more than 30%of nutrients provided in the feed was wasted,irrespective of wheat or maize diet type.On average,92 g/kg crude protein,92 g/kg insoluble NSP and 14 g/kg oligosaccharides were not utilised by birds at d 12 postehatch.The quantity of water-insoluble NSP in the small intestine at d 12 was lower in birds offered the wheat-based diet compared to those fed the maize-based diet(P<0.05),with the reverse being true for water-soluble NSP(P<0.001).On average,84 g/kg crude protein,79 g/kg insoluble NSP and 9 g/kg oligosaccharides remained in the excreta at 35 d of age.At this time period,accumulation of feed in the gizzard was noted for birds offered both diets,but was more pronounced in those offered the maize-based diet(P<0.001).Birds offered the maize-based diet demonstrated improved utilisation of oligosaccharides compared to those fed the wheat-based diet at both d 12 and 35(P=0.087 and P=0.047,respectively).Protein utilisation in the jejunum and ileum was greater in birds offered the wheat-based diet compared to those fed the maize-based diet(P=0.004 and P<0.001,respectively).Thus,while both diets supported standard growth performance of birds,the degree and flow of nutrient disappearance along the gastrointestinal tract was influenced by cereal type and bird age.
基金The authors thank BASF SE for supporting this study,Eimeria Pty Ltd.for providing Eimeria,and Professor Robert Moore for providing Clostridium perfringens EHE-18 strain.
文摘The present study investigated whether supplementing fibre-degrading enzymes can ameliorate the severity of subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)in broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets.A total of 1,544 mixed-sex broiler chickens were assigned to 16 experimental treatments as a 2×2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments.The factors were the following:NE challenge,yes or no;diet type,wheat-or maize-based;and enzyme supplementation,control(no enzyme),family 10 xylanase(XYN10),family 11 xylanase(XYN11)or b-mannanase(MAN).Each treatment was replicated 6 times,with 16 birds per replicate pen.A three-way challenge×diet type×enzyme interaction occurred for body weight at 21 d of age(P=0.025)and overall feed conversion ratio(P=0.001).In the non-challenged birds fed the wheat-based diet,supplementing MAN increased d 21 body weight compared to the control.In challenged birds fed the maize-based diet,supplemental XYN11 impeded body weight and overall FCR compared to the control.Birds offered the maize-based diet presented heavier relative gizzard weights at both 16 and 21 d of age(P<0.001)and reduced liveability(P=0.046)compared to those fed the wheatbased diet.Enzyme supplementation reduced ileal and jejunal digesta viscosity at 16 d of age only in birds fed the wheat-based diet(P<0.001).XYN11 increased ileal digesta viscosity in birds fed the maizebased diet,and MAN reduced it in birds fed the wheat-based diet at 21 d of age(P=0.030).Supplementing XYN11 improved ileal soluble non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)digestibility in birds fed the wheat-based diet compared to non-supplemented birds(P<0.001).Birds fed the wheat-based diet displayed a higher abundance of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae and butyric acid in the caeca at 16 d of age compared to birds fed the maize-based diet(P<0.05).In conclusion,supplemental XYN11 exacerbated the negative impact of NE on growth performance in birds fed the maizebased diet.Supplementing wheat-based diets with fibre-degrading enzymes ameliorates production losses induced by NE.
基金Authors acknowledge and thank BASF SE for their academic and financial support,Eimeria Pty Ltd.for providing Eimeria and Prof.Robert Moore for providing C.perfringens EHE-18 strain.
文摘The present study evaluated the impacts of fibre-degrading enzymes on the profiles of non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)and oligosaccharides(OS)in the ileum of broiler chickens offered wheat-or maize-based diets under subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.A 224 factorial arrangement of treatments was used.Factors were the following:NE challenge,no or yes;diet type,wheat-or maizebased;and supplemental enzymes,control(no enzyme),family 10 xylanase(XYN10),family 11 xylanase(XYN11)or b-mannanase(MAN).Birds in the challenged group were inoculated with Eimeria on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14 and 15.A 3-way interaction(P=0.047)occurred on overall(d 0 to 16)weight gain.When NE was present,all the supplemental enzymes increased weight gain in birds fed the wheat-based diet;whereas in those fed the maize-based diet supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 decreased weight gain.When NE was absent,birds fed the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN10 or MAN presented increased weight gain compared to non-supplemented birds,but no improvements with enzyme addition were observed in birds fed the maize-based diet.A 3-way interaction(P=0.002)was observed on insoluble NSP level in the ileum.When NE was absent,all the supplemental enzymes reduced the ileal level of insoluble NSP,regardless of diet type.In the challenged birds,supplementing XYN10 and MAN reduced insoluble NSP level in the ileum,but only in birds fed the wheat-based diet.Ileal soluble NSP level was reduced by supplemental XYN11 and MAN,but only in birds fed the wheatbased diet,resulting in a 2-way diet typeenzyme interaction(P<0.001).Ileal OS arabinose(P=0.030)level was highest in birds offered the wheat-based diet supplemented with XYN11.Collectively,supplementation of NSP-degrading enzymes to the wheat-based diet enhanced bird performance regardless of NE challenge,with XYN11 significantly increasing oligosaccharide release.However,enzyme addition did not improve growth performance in birds fed maize-based diet,with supplemental XYN10 and XYN11 impeding weight gain when NE was present.
文摘Performing accurate and automated semantic segmentation of vegetation is a first algorithmic step towards more complex models that can extract accurate biological information on crop health,weed presence and phenological state,among others.Traditionally,models based on normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),near infrared channel(NIR)or RGB have been a good indicator of vegetation presence.However,these methods are not suitable for accurately segmenting vegetation showing damage,which precludes their use for downstream phenotyping algorithms.In this paper,we propose a comprehensive method for robust vegetation segmentation in RGB images that can cope with damaged vegetation.The method consists of a first regression convolutional neural network to estimate a virtual NIR channel from an RGB image.Second,we compute two newly proposed vegetation indices from this estimated virtual NIR:the infrared-dark channel subtraction(IDCS)and infrared-dark channel ratio(IDCR)indices.Finally,both the RGB image and the estimated indices are fed into a semantic segmentation deep convolutional neural network to train a model to segment vegetation regardless of damage or condition.The model was tested on 84 plots containing thirteen vegetation species showing different degrees of damage and acquired over 28 days.The results show that the best segmentation is obtained when the input image is augmented with the proposed virtual NIR channel(F1=0:94)and with the proposed IDCR and IDCS vegetation indices(F1=0:95)derived from the estimated NIR channel,while the use of only the image or RGB indices lead to inferior performance(RGB(F1=0:90)NIR(F1=0:82)or NDVI(F1=0:89)channel).The proposed method provides an end-to-end land cover map segmentation method directly from simple RGB images and has been successfully validated in real field conditions.