Robustness Study and Superior Method Development and Validation for Analytical Assay Method of Atropine Sulfate in Pharmaceutical Ophthalmic Solution

Background: The robustness is a measurement of an analytical chemical method and its ability to contain unaffected by little with deliberate variation of analytical chemical method parameters. The analytical chemical method variation parameters are based on pH variability of buffer solution of mobile phase, organic ratio composition changes, stationary phase (column) manufacture, brand name and lot number variation;flow rate variation and temperature variation of chromatographic system. The analytical chemical method for assay of Atropine Sulfate conducted for robustness evaluation. The typical variation considered for mobile phase organic ratio change, change of pH, change of temperature, change of flow rate, change of column etc. Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a cost effective, short run time and robust analytical chemical method for the assay quantification of Atropine in Pharmaceutical Ophthalmic Solution. This will help to make analytical decisions quickly for research and development scientists as well as will help with quality control product release for patient consumption. This analytical method will help to meet the market demand through quick quality control test of Atropine Ophthalmic Solution and it is very easy for maintaining (GDP) good documentation practices within the shortest period of time. Method: HPLC method has been selected for developing superior method to Compendial method. Both the compendial HPLC method and developed HPLC method was run into the same HPLC system to prove the superiority of developed method. Sensitivity, precision, reproducibility, accuracy parameters were considered for superiority of method. Mobile phase ratio change, pH of buffer solution, change of stationary phase temperature, change of flow rate and change of column were taken into consideration for robustness study of the developed method. Results: The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of developed method was much low than the compendial method. The % RSD for the six sample assay of developed method was 0.4% where the % RSD of the compendial method was 1.2%. The reproducibility between two analysts was 100.4% for developed method on the contrary the compendial method was 98.4%.

Rural Resilience: A Comprehensive Study on Water Supply, Sanitation, Disease Patterns, and Hygiene Practices in Munshiganj, Bangladesh

This research project investigates the current status of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene practices in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Data collection involved a structured questionnaire and a reconnaissance survey. Findings reveal that 30% of individuals rely on surface water (hand-tube wells, rivers, and ponds), prioritized as canal > river > pond, while 70% depend on groundwater (subterranean electric motor, deep tube-well). Drinking water is generally sufficient, with 95% reporting adequacy throughout the year. About 45% use hand tube-well water, 28% use deep tube-well water, and 11% use supply tap water for various purposes. Bathing trends include underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river, while for cooking, the order is underground water through electric motor > pond > hand tube-well water > river. Toilet water supply ranks as supply tap water > hand tube-well water > deep tube-well water. Although sanitation awareness is high, some lack knowledge of good hygiene practices. After defecating, handwashing methods include soap, ash, soil, or water. Children’s waste disposal varies, with some discarding it in open areas. Approximately 40% suffer from diseases like Diarrhoea due to unsafe water, primarily affecting children and elders. Training exists, but a significant portion lacks sanitation education. Dry skin or exposure to cold water may cause temporary irritation. Local government involvement in sanitation efforts is less active compared to non-governmental organizations. Results emphasize the need to enhance community awareness of safe water supplies and sanitation practices. .

Quantifying River Bank Erosion and Accretion Patterns along the Gorai River in Kushtia, Bangladesh: A Geospatial Analysis Utilizing GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

River bank erosion is a natural process that occurs when the water flow of a river exceeds the bank’s ability to withstand it. It is a common phenomenon that causes extensive land damage, displacement of people, loss of crops, and infrastructure damage. The Gorai River, situated on the right bank of the Ganges, is a significant branch of the river that flows into the Bay of Bengal via the Mathumati and Baleswar rivers. The erosion of the banks of the Gorai River in Kushtia district is not a recent occurrence. Local residents have been dealing with this issue for the past hundred years, and according to the elderly members of the community, the erosion has become more severe activities. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to quantify river bank erosion and accretion and bankline shifting from 2003 to 2022 using multi-temporal Landsat images data with GIS and remote sensing technique. Bank-line migration occurs as a result of the interplay and interconnectedness of various factors such as the degree of river-related processes such as erosion, transportation, and deposition, the amount of water in the river during the high season, the geological and soil makeup, and human intervention in the river. The results show that the highest eroded area was 4.6 square kilometers during the period of 2016 to 2019, while the highest accreted area was 7.12 square kilometers during the period of 2013 to 2016. However, the erosion and accretion values fluctuated from year to year.

Understanding the Challenges of Implementing Green Roofs in Multi-Family Apartment Buildings:A Case Study in Khulna

Green roofs are widely recognized for their multifaceted benefits to the environment,economy,and society,constituting the fundamental pillars of sustainability.These roofs contribute to the enhancement of bio-physical diversity,provision of food resources,regulation of temperature and rainfall-runoff patterns,creation of wildlife habitats,and augmentation of aesthetic and recreational value.While Bangladesh,with its favourable climatic conditions and rapid urbanization,possesses immense potential for harnessing the advantages of green roofs,their adoption remains limited in both research and practical applications within the country.Addressing this research gap,the present study aims to investigate the barriers impeding the implementation of green roofs in existing or new multi-family apartment buildings,focusing specifically on the city of Khulna.Through a combination of case studies and a comprehensive questionnaire survey administered to diverse stakeholders including apartment dwellers/owners,architects,developers,and government officials with varying levels of expertise,this research sheds light on the obstacles hindering Green Roof Implementation(GRI).The identified barriers encompass a lack of governmental policies,inadequate technological advancements,inaccurate estimation of economic benefits,and individual resistance.In light of the perspectives of various GRI stakeholders,strategic proposals encompassing policy,technical,economic,and social dimensions are presented to surmount these barriers.The outcomes of this study contribute to the dissemination of knowledge pertaining to the impediments to GRI implementation,thereby inspiring further research endeavours and enabling decision-makers to formulate robust policies facilitating the widespread adoption of green roofs.

Comparative investigation of the free radical scavenging potential and anticancer property of Diospyros blancoi(Ebenaceae)

Objective: To investigate the comparative effects of Diospyros blancoi(Ebenaceae)leaves(DBL), root bark(DBRB) and stem bark(DBSB) on free radicals and cancer.Methods: The polyphenol contents, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activities were performed on brine shrimp nauplii and Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells, respectively.Results: Among the extracts, DBSB showed the highest total antioxidant capacity and reducing capacity on ferrous ion. Based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, DBSB showed(95.760 ± 0.343)% and(67.460 ± 2.641)%scavenging with IC50of(3.10 ± 0.17) and(50.00 ± 3.11) mg/m L, respectively. The IC50 values of standard butylated hydroxytoluene and catechin(CA) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radicals were(8.50 ± 0.25) and(75.00 ± 0.14) mg/m L,respectively suggesting that DBSB had a significant(P < 0.05) radical scavenging activity than standards. In lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, the inhibitory activity of the extracts and the standard was in the following order: DBSB > DBRB > CA > DBL.Also, the phenolic [(139.91 ± 3.924) mg gallic acid equivalent/g] and flavonoid contents[(412.00 ± 16.70) mg catechin equivalent/g)] of DBSB were higher than that of other extracts. In addition, the DBSB showed the moderate cytotoxic and anticancer properties.Conclusions: Our results indicate that Diospyros blancoi stem bark had the significant highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties as well as moderate anticancer activity.Hence, we assume that the anticancer activity of this plant can be, at least in part, attributed to its content in phenolic compounds as well as its significant free radical scavenging properties.

Nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bangladesh: an augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach

The relationship between foreign direct investment(FDI)inflows and economic growth in host countries is a heavily debated issue.Although some studies have found evidence of the positive impact of FDI on economic growth,others have revealed the opposite result.Studies that examined the causality between FDI and gross domestic product(GDP)also have found evidence of unidirectional causality and,in some cases,a bidirectional causality.This study investigated the causal nexus between FDI and GDP in Bangladesh by employing standard time-series econometric tools,namely,augmented Dickey-Fuller,augmented Dickey-Fuller generalized least square,Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin,and Lee-Strazicich unit root tests to check stationarity,augmented autoregressive distributed lag(augmented ARDL)bounds testing approach to check cointegration,and Granger causality to explore the direction of causality.The augmented ARDL model found a long-run relationship between FDI and GDP.In addition,the error correction model and Granger causality results indicated the presence of a unidirectional causality running from GDP to FDI.

Modelling the Effect of Self-Immunity and the Impacts of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Individuals on COVID-19 Outbreak

COVID-19 is one of themost highly infectious diseases ever emerged and caused by newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).It has already led the entire world to health and economic crisis.It has invaded the whole universe all most every way.The present study demonstrates with a nine mutually exclusive compartmental model on transmission dynamics of this pandemic disease(COVID-19),with special focus on the transmissibility of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection from susceptible individuals.Herein,the compartmental model has been investigated with mathematical analysis and computer simulations in order to understand the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission.Initially,mathematical analysis of the model has been carried out in broadly by illustrating some well-known methods including exactness,equilibrium and stability analysis in terms of basic reproduction number.We investigate the sensitivity of the model with respect to the variation of the parameters’values.Furthermore,computer simulations are performed to illustrate the results.Our analysis reveals that the death rate from coronavirus disease increases as the infection rate increases,whereas infection rate extensively decreases with the increase of quarantined individuals.The quarantined individuals also lead to increase the concentration of recovered individuals.However,the infection rate of COVID-19 increases more surprisingly as the rate of asymptomatic individuals increases than that of the symptomatic individuals.Moreover,the infection rate decreases significantly due to increase of self-immunity rate.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and diabetes:Pathophysiological mechanism of multi-system organ failure

Since the discovery of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak,a vast majority of studies have been carried out that confirmed the worst outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection in people with preexisting health conditions,including diabetes,obesity,hypertension,cancer,and cardiovascular diseases.Likewise,diabetes itself is one of the leading causes of global public health concerns that impose a heavy global burden on public health as well as socio-economic development.Both diabetes and SARS-CoV-2 infection have their independent ability to induce the pathogenesis and severity of multi-system organ failure,while the co-existence of these two culprits can accelerate the rate of disease progression and magnify the severity of the disease.However,the exact pathophysiology of multi-system organ failure in diabetic patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still obscure.This review summarized the organ-specific possible molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and diabetesinduced pathophysiology of several diseases of multiple organs,including the lungs,heart,kidneys,brain,eyes,gastrointestinal system,and bones,and subsequent manifestation of multi-system organ failure.

Combined Effects of Centrifugal and Coriolis Instability of the Flow through a Rotating Curved Duct with Rectangular Cross Section

Combined effects of centrifugal and coriolis instability of the flow through a rotating curved duct with rectangular cross section have been studied numerically by using a spectral method, and covering a wide range of the Taylor number ?for a constant Dean number. The rotation of the duct about the center of curvature is imposed in the positive direction, and the effects of rotation (Coriolis force) on the flow characteristics are investigated. As a result, multiple branches of asymmetric steady solutions with two-, three-and multi-vortex solutions are obtained. To investigate the non-linear behavior of the unsteady solutions, time evolution calculations as well as power spectrum of the unsteady solutions are performed, and it is found that the unsteady flow undergoes through various flow instabilities in the scenario “chaotic?→ multi-periodic?→ periodic?→ steady-state”, if Tr is increased in the positive direction. The present results show the characteristics of both the secondary flow and axial flow distribution in the flow.

Quality Assessment of Surface and Drinking Water of Nakla Paurosova, Sherpur, Bangladesh

Water is one of the most vital elements of ecosystem and human being, but unfortunately nowadays, the pollution of surface and drinking water is an alarming problem. The present work deals with the assessment of physicochemical and bacteriological profile of several pond, jar and tube-well water samples to ensure its suitability for using and drinking. Total 30 samples were randomly selected and collected from Nakla Paurosova of Sherpur district by following the standard procedure. Bacteriological analysis was carried out by following the standard bacteriological methods. Most of the surface water sampling points were polluted by dumping of waste, cattle wash and were not suitable for drinking or other domestic purposes. Among three heavy metals, only Iron was detected in six tube-well water samples, one was also positive to arsenic, rest of the water bodies were negative to all of these metals. In case of most of the water bodies, different physicochemical properties were below standard limit. In pond water, the Total Viable Count (TVC) ranged from 2.7 × 107 cfu/100ml to 4.4 × 1015 cfu/100ml and Total Coliform Count (TCC) were 3.4 × 105 cfu/100ml to 4.8 × 1013 cfu/100ml, where the mean concentration of Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) was 2.4 × 105 cfu/100ml and 1.8 × 105 cfu/100ml in jar and tube-well water respectively. On the other hand, the Total Coliform Count of supply water was 33 cfu/100ml and tube-well water was 14 cfu/100ml. Fecal coliform was detected in all of the pond water samples, four jar and three tube-well water too. E. coli was present in all pond water samples, and also detected in 80% supply and 50% tube-well water also. Shigella spp. was found in two pond water and in one supply water, where tube-well water was free from it. Salmonella spp. was also detected in 30% of pond and 20% of supply water, whereas absent in tube-well water. 50% of pond, 40% of supply and 30% of tube-well water were contaminated with Vibrio spp. The total counts of these pathogenic bacteria exceeded the acceptable limit both surface and drinking water and also showed resistance against a broad range of commercially available antibiotics. Survey-based result revealed that, peoples of the study area who were using or drinking these water, were suffering from various water borne diseases. These kinds of water sources pose a major threat to public health. So, public awareness, proper treatment and precise management are needed prior to use and drink of these water.

A New Regression Type Estimator and Its Application in Survey Sampling

In the present time, a large number of modified estimators have been proposed by authors to obtain efficiency. In this study, we suggested an alternative regression type estimator for estimating finite population means when there is either a positive or negative correlation between study variables and auxiliary variables. We obtained bias and mean square error equation of the proposed estimator ignoring the first-order approximation and found the theoretical conditions that make proposed estimator more efficient than simple random sampling mean estimator, product estimator and ratio estimator. In addition, these conditions are supported by a numerical example and it has been concluded that the proposed estimator performed better comparing with the usual simple random sampling mean estimator, ratio estimator and product estimator.

Assessing the Ecological Consequences: Biodiversity Decline in Gopalganj, Bangladesh, under Climate Change

This research critically examines the alarming case of biodiversity loss in Gopalganj, Bangladesh, focusing on identifying the causes of this decline and assessing its long-term impact on ecosystems and communities. The main reason is anthropogenic activities, including land conversion, and infrastructure using a comprehensive approach. This research employs a combination of primary and secondary data analysis techniques, encompassing surveys, focus group discussions, interviews, and field surveys. Findings: A staggering biological decline in ethnic diversity seems predictions point in the direction of it is an alarming trend that will take place by 2054. At the same time, the study reveals a worrying decline in vegetation and a dramatic expansion of built-up areas. In light of these findings, this paper strongly emphasizes the urgent need for immediate and coordinated conservation efforts. The proposed measures include conservation and restoration of critical areas, strong measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, proactive climate adaptation planning, promotion of sustainable agricultural and forestry practices, and strong public awareness campaigns to emphasize the critical importance of biodiversity conservation. Collectively, these actions are pivotal in safeguarding Gopalganj’s rich biodiversity and ensuring a sustainable future for the region and the planet at large.

Application of Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry for Jets from Round Laval Nozzles Followed by Cylindrical Ducts

The jet from a round Laval nozzle followed by a cylindrical duct with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm is investigated experimentally. The Laval nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.5. Quantitative flow visualization of the jet issued from the duct exit is performed over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 2.0 to 4.5 using the rainbow schlieren deflectometry combined with the computed tomography to investigate the jet three-dimensional structure. The flow features of the near-field shock systems in the jets are displayed with the density contour plot at the cross-section including the jet centerline. Effects of the nozzle pressure ratio on the density profile along the jet centerline are clarified quantitatively. In addition, a comparison between the present experiment and the previous one with a conventional Laval nozzle for jet centerline density profiles is carried out to examine the effect of the cylindrical duct. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structures of overexpanded and underexpanded jets are demonstrated with the isopycnic surfaces to visualize the internal flow features.

Unsteady Electromagnetic Free Convection Micropolar Fluid Flow through a Porous Medium along a Vertical Porous Plate

Unsteady electromagnetic free convection flows of two-dimensional micropolar fluid through in a porous medium parallel to a vertical porous plate have been investigated numerically. Similarity analysis has been used to transform the governing equations into its non-dimensional form by using the explicit finite difference method to obtain numerical solutions. Estimated results have been gained for various values of Prandtl number, Grashof number, material parameters, micropolar parameter, electric conductivity, electric permeability, thermal relaxation time and the permeability of the porous medium. The effects of pertinent parameters on the velocity, electric induction, magnetic induction, microrotation and temperature distributions have been investigated briefly and illustrated graphically.

New exact solutions for the time fractional coupled Boussinesq-Burger equation and approximate long water wave equation in shallow water

The aim of the article is to construct exact solutions for the time fractional coupled Boussinesq-Burger and approximate long water wave equations by using the generalized Kudryashov method.The fractional differential equation is converted into ordinary differential equations with the help of fractional complex transform and the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative sense.Applying the generalized Kudryashov method through with symbolic computer maple package,numerous new exact solutions are successfully obtained.All calculations in this study have been established and verified back with the aid of the Maple package program.The executed method is powerful,effective and straightforward for solving nonlinear partial differential equations to obtain more and new solutions with the integer and fractional order.

Identification of Key Genes as Potential Drug Targets for Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common cancers and ranks the third in cancer mortality all over the world.The goal of this study was to identify potential hub-genes,highlighting their functions,signaling pathways,and candidate drugs for the treatment of GC patients.We used publicly available next generation sequencing(NGS)data to identify differentially expressed(DE)genes.The top DE genes were mapped to STRING database to construct the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network and top hub genes were selected for further analysis.We found a total of 1555 DE genes with 870 upregulated and 685 downregulated genes in GC.We selected the top 400(200 upregulated and 200 downregulated)genes to construct a PPI network and extracted the top 15 hub genes.The gene ontology(GO)term and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses of the 15 hub genes exposed some important functions and signaling pathways that were significantly associated with GC patients.The survival analysis of the hub genes disclosed that the lower expressions of the three hub genes CDH2,COL4A1,and COL5A2 were associated with better survival of GC patients.These three genes might be the candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of GC.Then,we considered 3 key proteins(genomic biomarkers)(COL4A1,CDH2,and CO5A2)as the drug target proteins(receptors),performed their docking analysis with the 102 meta-drug agents,and found Everolimus,Docetaxel,Lanreotide,Venetoclax,Temsirolimus,and Nilotinib as the top ranked 6 candidate drugs with respect to our proposed target proteins for the treatment against GC patients.Therefore,the proposed drugs might play vital role for the treatment against GC patients.

An assessment of earthquake vulnerability by multi-criteria decision-making method

Background:Earthquake is one of the most destructive catastrophes in Bangladesh and the evaluation of vulnerability is a prerequisite for the earthquake risk estimation.As a result,determining vulnerability is essential for lowering the future fatalities.The fundamental challenge in estimating the seismic vulnerability is to have a systematic understanding of all potential earthquake related losses.With this objective,the current study deals with evaluating the seismic vulnerability of Sylhet district of Bangladesh.Method:A multi-criteria decision-making approach such as the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)has been used in this study to estimate the earthquake vulnerability.For the assessment of three scenarios namely social,structural,and physical distance vulnerabilities,several criteria have been chosen in order to fully identify the risk of earthquake.Findings:The study uncovers the vulnerable areas of Sylhet district.It is revealed that in terms of social vulnerability,9%area of Sylhet district is under very high,55%high,15%moderate,17%low,and 4%is under very low vulnerable zone.Structural vulnerability represents that 9%of the district area is under the very high vulnerability category,48%high,31%moderate,4%low,and 8%falls under the very low category zone,whereas physical distance vulnerability comes up with a result that 23%,38%,23%,7%,and 9%of the total area fall into very high,high,moderate,low,and very low categories,respectively.Interpretation:The current work on seismic vulnerability assessment might be useful in reducing the risk and minimizing the losses due to earthquake.

New Exact Traveling Wave Solutions of the Unstable Nonlinear Schrdinger Equations

The present paper studies the unstable nonlinear Schr¨odinger equations, describing the time evolution of disturbances in marginally stable or unstable media. More precisely, the unstable nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation and its modified form are analytically solved using two efficient distinct techniques, known as the modified Kudraysov method and the sine-Gordon expansion approach. As a result, a wide range of new exact traveling wave solutions for the unstable nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation and its modified form are formally obtained.

Proposal for dispersion compensating square-lattice photonic crystal fiber

A dispersion-compensating square-lattice photonic crystal fiber for broadband compensation which covers the S, C and L communication bands, i.e. wavelength ranging from 1 460 nm to 1 625 nm is proposed in this paper. Theoretically, it is shown a negative dispersion coefficient of about-595 ps/(nm·km) to-1 288 ps/(nm·km) over S to L bands and-975 ps/(nm·km) at the operating wavelength 1 550 nm. The relative dispersion slope is perfectly matched to that of conventional single-mode fiber of about 0.003 6 nm^(-1). Besides the proposed photonic crystal fiber shows the large nonlinear coefficient of 61.88 W/km at the operating wavelength of 1 550 nm. Moreover, the variation of structural parameters is also studied and discussed here.

In Silico Screening of Natural Products as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Using Molecular Docking Simulation

Objective:To explore potential natural products against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)via the study of structural and non-structural proteins of human coronaviruses.Methods:In this study,we performed an in-silico survey of 25 potential natural compounds acting against SARS-CoV-2.Molecular docking studies were carried out using compounds against 3-chymotrypsin-like protease(3 CL^(PHO)),papain-like protease(PL^(PRO)),RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp),non-structural protein(nsp),human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor(hACE2 R),sapike glycoprotein(S protein),abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1(ABL1),calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-cells(NFAT)and transmembrane protease serine 2.Results:Among the screened compounds,amentoflavone showed the best binding affinity with the 3 CL^(PRO),RdRp,nsp13,nsp15,hACE2 R,ABL1 and calcineurin-NFAT;berbamine with hACE2 R and ABL1;cepharanthine with nsp10,nsp14,nsp16,S protein and ABL1;glucogallin with nsp15;and papyriflavonol A with PL^(PRO)protein.Other good interacting compounds were juglanin,betulinic acid,betulonic acid,broussooflavan A,tomentin A,B and E,7-methoxycryptopleurine,aloe emodin,quercetin,tanshinone I,tylophorine and furruginol,which also showed excellent binding affinity towards a number of target proteins.Most of these compounds showed better binding affinities towards the target proteins than the standard drugs used in this study.Conclusion:Natural products or their derivatives may be one of the potential targets to fight against SARS-CoV-2.