BET inhibitors enhance the anti-cancer effect of etoposide by suppressing the MRN-ATM axis in the DNA damage response

Etoposide is widely used for cancer chemotherapy in the clinic.However,long-term etoposide treatment can lead to adverse effects or drug resistance.To improve the situation,we evaluated the therapeutic efficiency of etoposide combined with inhibitors of bromodomain and extraterminal(BET)family proteins,which have recently emerged as novel anti-cancer targets due to their critical roles in cancer development.Firstly,we showed BRD4,one of the main targets of BET inhibitors,was involved in DNA damage response(DDR)via the homologous recombination(HR)repair pathway.

HDAC6 inhibitor loaded bimetallene nanosheets with antagonizing thermoresistance for augmented mild photothermal therapy

Photothermal therapy(PTT)induces thermoresistance through cellular heat shock response,which impairs the therapeutic efficacy of the PTT.To resolve this problem,we developed a photothermal theranostics(denoted as PMH),which integrated the photothermal conversion agent of PdMo bimetallene with histone deacetylase 6(HDAC6)selected inhibitor(ACY-1215),showing the synergistic antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo.Mechanistically,under the photoacoustic imaging(PA)navigation,the released ACY-1215 triggered by NIR laser irradiation decrease the heat shock proteins(HSPs)expression and weaken the HDAC6-regulated HSP90 deacetylation,thus hindering the degradation of PTT-induced misfolded or unfold proteins through proteasome dependent pathway.Moreover,mild photothermal therapy(mPTT)treatment compromised the autophagy,which induced by HDAC6 inhibition,leading to mPTTinduced misfolded or unfold proteins further accumulation.Given that inhibition of HDAC6 plus m PTT contribute to tumor eradication.This study develops a promising combination strategy based on m PTT for future cancer treatment.

The function and clinical application of extracellular vesicles in innate immune regulation

The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the host defense against viral and microbial infection.Exosomes constitute a subset of extracellular vesicles(EVs)that can be released by almost all cell types.Owing to their capacity to shield the payload from degradation and to evade recognition and subsequent removal by the immune system,exosomes efficiently transport functional components to recipient cells.Accumulating evidence has recently shown that exosomes derived from tumor cells,host cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication between the invader and innate immune cells and thus play an irreplaceable function in the dissemination of pathogens and donor cell-derived molecules,modulating the innate immune responses of the host.In this review,we describe the current understanding of EVs(mainly focusing on exosomes)and summarize and discuss their crucial roles in determining innate immune responses.Additionally,we discuss the potential of using exosomes as biomarkers and cancer vaccines in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.