Spatial Memory Deficits and Their Correlations with Clusters of Shrunken Neuronal Soma in the Cortices and Limbic System Following a “Mild’’ Mechanical Impact to the Dorsal Skull in Female Rats

Background: Previous results showed that quantitative changes in behavioural accuracies by rats that sustained a “mild” closed head injury were moderately correlated with the total areas (numbers) of anomalous neuronal soma within regions below the impact. Method: Water maze behavioural measures within one day or two months after a single impact of mechanical force over the right dorsal skull, with or without stunning and with or without subsequent pregnancy, were measured and compared to proportions of anomalous neurons under the impact site. Results: The consequences of the impact accommodated about 20% of the variance in the rats’ scores for less proficient spatial learning and memory. There were significantly more anomalous cells within right hemisphere below the impact site that were correlated with poorer initial maze learning. Maternal experience reduced the numbers of anomalous cells in the right limbic area only. Conclusion: These results suggest weak mechanical impacts produce changes in histomorphology within some neurons that are still evident two months later and that the presence of these anomalous clusters, corresponding to less than 1% of the cross-sectional area and below the resolution of contemporary MRI in human cases, are strongly correlated with specific behavioural impairments.

Small scale adeno-associated virusvector production for preclinical gene delivery based on chloroform precipitation

Gene therapy aims to introduce genetic information into a cell-type of interest to replace,correct,silence,or modify defective genes.Gene therapy in its broadest sense can theoretically prevent,halt,or cure any condition that affects mankind.In addition to that,the introduction and/or manipulation of genes is one of the major research areas in biological sciences,aimed to deepen our knowledge on how biological systems work.Scientific advances have made it possible to induce changes ranging from manipulations of large stretches of the genome to the change of single nucleotides.The gold-standard vehicles to bring this genetic information into the target cells are viral vectors.

Local Electromagnetic Fields Exhibit Temporally Non-Linear, East-West Oriented 1 - 5 nT Diminishments within a Toroid: Empirical Measurement and Quantitative Solutions Indicating a Potential Mechanism for Excess Correlation

States of excess correlation have previously been achieved at macroscopic levels by simultaneously exposing two non-local spaces to weak electromagnetic field patterns, generated by toroids, presented in a sequence such that the angular velocity of the field is modulated by changes in frequency over time. Here we systematically investigated effects upon the local space at the center of a single toroid generating the excess correlation sequence. The results indicated that a 1 - 5 nT diminishment in field intensity on the Y- or east-west axis was characteristic of the excess correlation sequence which was not indicated for control conditions. Statistically significant shifts in field intensity approximately 40 to 60 s before the onset of the first field associated with the excess correlation sequence indicated a temporally non-linear effect which converged upon the ratio of g and the rotational velocity of the Earth for the local space where Coriolis-like forces were inferred. Intensity shifts associated with the excess correlation sequence but not controls were quantitatively convergent upon parameters of the hydrogen line (1.42 GHz). Implications for these findings were discussed in relation to Mach’s principle and, in particular, to the electron as a physical unit which was found to relate classical and quantum systems.

Cerebral Networks of Interfacial Water: Analogues of the Neural Correlates of Consciousness in a Synthetic Three-Shell Realistic Head Model

The physical properties of water, particularly the nature of interfacial water and pH shifts associated with dynamics of the hydronium ion near any surface, may be a primary source of the complex electromagnetic patterns frequently correlated with consciousness. Effectively all of the major correlates of consciousness, including the 40 Hz and 8 Hz coupling between the cerebral cortices and hippocampal formation, can be accommodated by the properties of water within a specific-shaped volume exposed to a magnetic field. In the present study, quantitative electroencephalographic activity was measured from an experimental simulation of the human head constructed using conductive dough whose pH could be changed systematically. Spectral analyses of electrical potentials generated over the regions equivalent to the left and right temporal lobes in humans exhibited patterns characteristic of Schumann Resonance. This fundamental and its harmonics are generated within the earth-ionospheric cavity with intensities similar to the volumetric intracerebral magnetic (~2 pT) and electric field (~6 × 10-1 V·m-1) strengths. The power densities for specific pH values were moderately correlated with those obtained from normal human brains for the fundamental (first) and second harmonic for the level simulating the cerebral cortices. Calculations indicated that the effective pH would be similar to that encountered within a single layer of protons near the plasma membrane surface. These results reiterate recent measurements in a large population of human brains showing the superimposition of Schumann power densities in QEEG data and indicate that intrinsic features of proton densities within cerebral water may be a fundamental basis to consciousness that can be simulated experimentally.