Living biobank-based cancer organoids: prospects and challenges in cancer research

Biobanks bridge the gap between basic and translational research.Traditional cancer biobanks typically contain normal and tumor tissues,and matched blood.However,biospecimens in traditional biobanks are usually nonrenewable.In recent years,increased interest has focused on establishing living biobanks,including organoid biobanks,for the collection and storage of viable and functional tissues for long periods of time.The organoid model is based on a 3D in vitro cell culture system,is highly similar to primary tissues and organs in vivo,and can recapitulate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of target organs.Publications on cancer organoids have recently increased,and many types of cancer organoids have been used for modeling cancer processes,as well as for drug discovery and screening.On the basis of the current research status,more exploration of cancer organoids through technical advancements is required to improve reproducibility and scalability.Moreover,given the natural characteristics of organoids,greater attention must be paid to ethical considerations.Here,we summarize recent advances in cancer organoid biobanking research,encompassing rectal,gastric,pancreatic,breast,and glioblastoma cancers.Living cancer biobanks that contain cancerous tissues and matched organoids with different genetic backgrounds,subtypes,and individualized characteristics will eventually contribute to the understanding of cancer and ultimately facilitate the development of innovative treatments.

Biobanking in the digital pathology era

Digital Pathology is becoming more and more important to achieve the goal of precision medicine.Advances in whole-slide imaging,software integration,and the accessibility of storage solutions have changed the pathologists’clinical practice,not only in terms of laboratory workflow but also for diagnosis and biomarkers analysis.In parallel with the pathology setting advancement,translational medicine is approaching the unprecedented opportunities unrevealed by artificial intelligence(AI).Indeed,the increased usage of biobanks’datasets in research provided new challenges for AI applications,such as advanced algorithms,and computer-aided techniques.In this scenario,machine learning-based approaches are being propose in order to improve biobanks from biospecimens collection repositories to computational datasets.To date,evidence on how to implement digital biobanks in translational medicine is still lacking.This viewpoint article summarizes the currently available literature that supports the biobanks’role in the digital pathology era,and to provide possible practical applications of digital biobanks.

Harmonizing the COVID-19 sample biobanks: Barriers and opportunities for standards, best practices and networks

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has highlighted the practice of infectious diseases biobanking,as well as existing challenges and opportunities.Thus,the future of infectious diseases biobanking in the post-pandemic era,shall not be an“entry-level version”of its counterpart in non-communicable diseases and large population cohorts,but incorporate the lessons learned.Biobanks constitute a critical research infrastructure supported by harmonized practices through the implementation of international standards,and perceived within the broader scope of healthcare's intersection with research.This perspective paper considers the barriers in biobanking and standardization of practices,as well as the emerging opportunities in the field.

纤维蛋白原对2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展的影响

[目的]探讨纤维蛋白原(FIB)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展的关系。[方法]纳入2015年1月—2020年12月在西安交通大学第一附属医院行两次及以上冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)检查的T2DM住院患者,根据FIB中位数将受试者分为高FIB组和低FIB组。比较高、低FIB两组间冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展及其他临床特征的差异,采用Spearman相关性分析和Logistic回归分析FIB水平与冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展的关系。[结果]共纳入患者145例,高FIB组73例,低FIB组72例,两次CCTA中位随访时间为25(18,40)个月。高FIB组年龄、女性比例及斑块狭窄率进展高于低FIB组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。FIB水平与斑块狭窄率变化呈正相关(r^(2)=0.308,P<0.001)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,在校正年龄、性别及其他多种临床指标后,FIB水平为T2DM患者冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展的危险因素(OR=5.25,95%CI:1.97~14.02,P<0.001)。[结论]基线高FIB水平是T2DM患者冠状动脉斑块狭窄率进展的独立危险因素,监测FIB水平有利于T2DM患者的心血管危险分层。

The evolution of cancer genomic medicine in Japan and the role of the National Cancer Center Japan

The journey to implement cancer genomic medicine(CGM)in oncology practice began in the 1980s,which is considered the dawn of genetic and genomic cancer research.At the time,a variety of activating oncogenic alterations and their functional significance were unveiled in cancer cells,which led to the development of molecular targeted therapies in the 2000s and beyond.Although CGM is still a relatively new discipline and it is difficult to predict to what extent CGM will benefit the diverse pool of cancer patients,the National Cancer Center(NCC)of Japan has already contributed considerably to CGM advancement for the conquest of cancer.Looking back at these past achievements of the NCC,we predict that the future of CGM will involve the following:1)A biobank of paired cancerous and non-cancerous tissues and cells from various cancer types and stages will be developed.The quantity and quality of these samples will be compatible with omics analyses.All biobank samples will be linked to longitudinal clinical information.2)New technologies,such as whole-genome sequencing and artificial intelligence,will be introduced and new bioresources for functional and pharmacologic analyses(e.g.,a patient-derived xenograft library)will be systematically deployed.3)Fast and bidirectional translational research(bench-to-bedside and bedside-to-bench)performed by basic researchers and clinical investigators,preferably working alongside each other at the same institution,will be implemented;4)Close collaborations between academia,industry,regulatory bodies,and funding agencies will be established.5)There will be an investment in the other branch of CGM,personalized preventive medicine,based on the individual's genetic predisposition to cancer.

以神经系统损伤为首发症状的2例原发性干燥综合征报道

目的·总结以神经系统损伤为首发症状的2例原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren's syndrome,pSS)患者的临床特点并复习相关文献。方法·对以神经系统受累为首发症状的2例pSS患者的临床表现、实验室检查结果、影像学检查结果、唇腺活检结果、治疗效果等进行总结和分析。结果·病例1,女性,自50岁起出现进行性行走不稳伴下肢远端感觉障碍,表现为痉挛步态、感觉性共济失调、传导束性感觉障碍和二便障碍;58岁起无法独立行走。实验室检查提示抗核抗体阳性(1∶1000着丝点型),抗干燥综合征抗原A(SSA)/Ro-52抗体、抗SSA/Ro-60抗体、抗着丝点抗体阳性;唇腺活检可见唾液腺组织、导管间及小叶内淋巴细胞浸润灶2个/4 mm^(2)(淋巴细胞>50个)。头颅磁共振成像可见“蛇眼征”;肌电图显示右侧腓神经运动纤维轴索损伤。在院期间予以大剂量糖皮质激素冲击、联合免疫抑制剂治疗后明显好转。3个月后可推助行器行走,日常生活基本自理。病例2,女性,自81岁起出现颈部不自主右斜,既往有轻度口干、眼干、伴膝关节疼痛1年。实验室检查提示抗SSA/Ro-52抗体、抗SSA/Ro-60抗体阳性,血红蛋白86 g/L;唇腺活检可见小唾液腺组织部分腺泡萎缩,间质内见淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润灶2个/4 mm^(2)(淋巴细胞>50个)。周围神经电生理检查结果提示右侧正中神经传导速度减慢。经免疫抑制剂、解痉、肌松药物治疗后症状较前好转。结论·以复杂型痉挛性截瘫样表现、颈部肌张力障碍为首发症状的病例拓展了pSS的临床表型谱;临床上应注意鉴别继发于pSS的神经系统损伤与其他原发神经系统疾病;对于具有无明显原因的神经系统损伤症状的患者,应当筛查相关自身免疫抗体。

川党参的化学成分及其与磷酸二酯酶4D2的分子对接研究

采用硅胶柱色谱、葡聚糖凝胶以及反相高效液相色谱法等对川党参的乙酸乙酯和石油醚部位进行分离纯化,并通过^(1)H NMR和^(13)C NMR等波谱技术进行结构鉴定.利用Sybyl X 2.1.1软件,以Total score值为评价标准,评价川党参化学成分与磷酸二酯酶4D2(PDE4D2)的结合作用.利用Pymol和Discovery Studio 2017 R2 Client软件分析PDE4D2与化合物之间的相互作用力.结果从乙酸乙酯和石油醚部位分离出12个化合物,分别鉴定为mangnostellin D(1)、(7S,8S)-3-methoxy-3',7-epoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-4,9,9,'-triol(2)、isolariciresinol(3)、curcasinlignan B(4)、(4E,12Z)-threo-tetradeca-4,12-diene-8,10-diyne-1,6,7,14-tetraol(5)、(-)-(7R,8S,7'E)-3',4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-8,4'-oxyneoligna-7'-ene-7,9,9'-triol(6)、tetradeca-4E,8E,12E-triene-10-yne-1,6,7-triol(7)、lobetyol(8)、1-α-linoleoylglycerol(9)、glycerol 1-(9,12,15-octadecatrienoate)(10)、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯丙酮(11)、syringic acid ethyl ester(12);其中化合物1、4、10、11和12为首次从该植物中分离得到;分子对接结果表明化合物1、2、5和化合物6与PDE4D2有较好的结合活性.

组蛋白乳酸化修饰在结直肠癌发展中作用的研究进展

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是一种常见的肠道恶性肿瘤,据统计,每年约有180万例新发病例和90万人死亡[1-2]。CRC的发病率和死亡率在全部恶性肿瘤中分别位于第二位和第四位,是全世界第三大高发癌症。尽管CRC在早期局部阶段可以治愈,但仍有25%的患者转化为转移性CRC,其5年生存率仅约为14%[3]。

冷缺血时间对不同疾病类型肝组织质量的影响

目的 高质量的肝脏组织样本对肝脏疾病的研究至关重要,冷缺血时间(CIT)是影响组织样本质量的关键因素,探讨冷缺血时间与不同疾病类型肝组织样本质量的相关性,为获得高质量肝组织样本提供标准。方法 选取天津市第一中心医院进行手术治疗的肝癌(HCC)和胆道闭锁(BA)患者各30例,手术切除肝组织后,室温放置0、0.25、0.5、1、2、3、5和6 h后,分别从基因水平、蛋白水平及形态学水平对组织质量进行检测,提取总RNA及基因组DNA,分别检测浓度、纯度及完整性(RIN/DIN值),荧光定量PCR检测组织样本冷缺血0、6 h后ALB基因表达水平;免疫组化方法检测组织样本冷缺血0、6 h后Hep Par1、CK19、CD34、Vimentin蛋白表达情况,Westernblot检测组织样本冷缺血0、6h后ALB蛋白表达水平;HE染色观察组织样本冷缺血0、6 h后组织及细胞形态学变化。结果 DNA产量、RNA纯度和RNARIN随时间变化,时间效应具有统计学意义。组间效应不显著,表明肝癌和胆道闭锁组间没有差异。DNA产量和RNA RIN的交互效应有统计学意义,说明时间的影响随着组别不同而有所不同。与冷缺血0 h相比,肝癌、胆道闭锁组织样本冷缺血6 h后ALB基因表达水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05);免疫组化方法检测组织样本冷缺血0、6h后Hep Par1、CK19、CD34、Vimentin蛋白表达情况均无变化,Western blot检测显示组织样本冷缺血0、6 h后ALB蛋白表达水平无显著变化;石蜡切片HE染色显示样本冷缺血0、6 h后组织及细胞形态学无变化。结论 冷缺血时间对肝组织样本中核酸质量具有显著影响,缩短冷缺血时间可获得高质量肝组织样本。

CD4^(+)和CD8^(+)T细胞在结核病免疫应答中的作用

结核分枝杆菌是世界范围内单一感染源致死亡的主要原因,并且已有大量人群被感染后处于长期潜伏感染状态。机体清除结核分枝杆菌主要依赖于特异性免疫应答,其中T淋巴细胞作为参与机体细胞免疫的主要细胞,其增殖和活化在机体特异性免疫应答中发挥着至关重要的作用。笔者分析了结核分枝杆菌感染机体后,T淋巴细胞亚群中的CD4^(+)T和CD8^(+)T细胞在结核分枝杆菌感染免疫应答中的作用,并且对机体抗结核分枝杆菌感染免疫应答的机制进行总结,为进一步深入探索适应性免疫的抗结核感染网络、结核病的诊断及临床研制新型疫苗提供借鉴。

微粒体谷胱甘肽S-转移酶1在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

微粒体谷胱甘肽S-转移酶1(microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1,MGST1)是谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)超家族和花生四烯酸与谷胱甘肽代谢中的膜相关蛋白(membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism,MAPEG)超家族的共同成员,它通过催化外源性物质的II相解毒过程,从而保护细胞膜免受氧化应激的损伤。众多研究发现MGST1与恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,有望成为癌症治疗的新型分子靶点。本文就MGST1在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展予以综述。

Maresin 2对小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血早期的神经保护作用研究

目的:探讨Maresin 2(Mar2)注射对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)小鼠早期的神经保护作用及机制。方法:将134只雄性C57BL/6小鼠按照随机数字表法分为Sham组(12只)、Vehicle组(22只)、Mar2组(57只)、牛磺熊去氧胆酸钠(Tau)组(29只)和Tau+Mar2组(14只),其中Mar2组又分为低(Low;2μg/kg/d;14只)、中(Middle;10μg/kg/d;29只)、高(High;50μg/kg/d;14只)剂量3个亚组。采用改良血管内穿刺法制备SAH模型,在SAH造模后6 h腹腔注射Mar2;Tau组,按照0.5 g/kg/d的剂量腹腔注射Tau,连续注射3 d;Tau+Mar2组,腹腔注射Tau后2 h,再腹腔注射中剂量的Mar2。完成注射后对各组小鼠进行神经功能评分、脑出血评分和脑组织含水量测定,FJB染色评估神经元变性数量,免疫荧光染色观察星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的数量变化,Western blotting检测神经元中内质网应激蛋白C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)和caspase-3的表达,荧光实时定量PCR(qPCR)检测脑组织白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6炎症因子的变化。体外培养Neuro2a神经元,根据实验采用血红素(Hem)或Tau(CHOP特异性抑制剂)进行干预,并分为对照组、Hem组、Hem+Tau组、Hem+Tau+Mar2组。Western blotting检测各组神经元表达CHOP和caspase-3水平;酶联免疫法检测活性氧(ROS)的水平。结果:Mar2注射显著改善神经功能缺损、减轻脑水肿,抑制神经元凋亡,中剂量(10μg/kg/d)即可达到最佳治疗效果。Western blotting结果显示Mar2可以抑制皮质CHOP和caspase-3的表达;免疫荧光染色结果显示,Mar2可以抑制星形胶质细和小胶质细胞的活化增多;qPCR检测结果显示,Mar2注射可显著减少炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6的表达。体外实验显示,血红素可诱导神经元中CHOP和caspase-3的显著上调和ROS的合成增多;Mar2处理可以显著抑制神经元CHOP和caspase-3的表达。高剂量Tau处理可以显著抑制神经元中CHOP和caspase-3的表达,Tau+Mar2处理不能进一步降低CHOP和caspase-3的表达。结论:Mar2注射能抑制SAH小鼠神经元的凋亡、减轻脑水肿并改善神经功能缺损,具体机制可能与Mar2抑制神经元CHOP的活化,下调caspase-3的表达并减轻神经炎症有关。

坏死性凋亡与HIV-1感染的研究进展

由于人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)在细胞中形成潜伏感染,且HIV-1潜伏感染机制尚不明确,导致当前抗逆转录病毒治疗无法根除感染者体内的HIV-1。坏死性凋亡作为一种受调控的细胞死亡形式,可在HIV-1感染的多种免疫细胞中发生,同时HIV-1可通过抑制细胞内坏死相关信号通路逃避细胞死亡的宿命,有利于为病毒潜伏库的形成。此外,坏死性凋亡主要发生在HIV-1感染的细胞中,不会造成近旁未感染细胞的损伤,可能成为靶向清除HIV潜伏库的潜在靶点。本文围绕坏死性凋亡在HIV-1感染细胞中的发生情况和相关机制进行综述,以期为后续开展HIV-1潜伏感染相关机制研究提供参考。

钙离子转运ATP酶B2杂合突变导致小鼠渐进性前庭功能障碍

目的·研究不同月龄钙离子转运ATP酶B2(ATPase plasma membrane Ca^(2+)transporting 2,ATP2B2)Oblivion杂合突变小鼠前庭毛细胞结构和前庭功能的变化。方法·选取2月龄及8月龄Atp2b2 Oblivion杂合突变雄性小鼠各10只,以同龄C57BL/6J野生型雄性小鼠作为对照。通过免疫荧光实验观察不同月龄2组小鼠前庭毛细胞ATP2B2表达情况,并对微纹区及纹外区毛细胞数量进行统计;通过扫描电子显微镜(电镜)观察小鼠前庭毛细胞纤毛形态;通过透射电镜观察小鼠前庭毛细胞带状突触和线粒体;采用前庭诱发电位(vestibular evoked potential,VsEP)、前庭肌源性诱发电位(vestibular evoked myogenic potential,VEMP),及转棒、平衡木实验检测小鼠的前庭功能。结果·2组小鼠ATP2B2均主要表达于前庭毛细胞纤毛,2月龄及8月龄Atp2b2 Oblivion杂合突变小鼠微纹区及纹外区毛细胞数量与野生型小鼠均无明显差异。扫描电镜下,2月龄及8月龄杂合突变小鼠椭圆囊毛细胞纤毛无明显结构异常。透射电镜下,2月龄杂合突变小鼠前庭毛细胞表皮板与神经连接部位附近的线粒体结构无异常,突触结构无异常;8月龄杂合突变小鼠前庭毛细胞表皮板附近线粒体出现空泡样变性,神经连接部位附近的线粒体及突触结构无异常。2月龄及8月龄杂合突变小鼠VsEP及VEMP阈值均较野生型小鼠显著上升,VsEP波形分析显示杂合突变小鼠P1潜伏期延长,P1N1波幅降低(均P<0.05)。2月龄杂合突变小鼠转棒、平衡木实验结果未见明显改变,但8月龄杂合突变小鼠完成转棒、平衡木能力较野生型小鼠显著下降(均P<0.05)。结论·Atp2b2 Oblivion杂合突变小鼠2月龄时前庭电生理功能下降,8月龄时出现前庭相关行为学异常,Atp2b2 Oblivion杂合突变小鼠呈渐进性前庭功能障碍。

结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤细胞突变类型分析

目的 探讨结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(NETs)的突变类型,更好地了解结直肠NETs的发病机制。方法 招募结直肠NETs手术患者,取结直肠NETs和对应的癌旁组织,并进行全基因组测序(WGS)和进一步深入分析。结果 通过WGS测序发现,结直肠NETs突变类型多样,包括单核苷酸突变、小片段序列的插入和缺失突变(InDel)、基因拷贝数变异(CNV),以及大的结构性变异(SV)如插入(INS)、缺失(DEL)、染色体内易位(ITX)、染色体间易位(CTX)和反转(INV)等。结论 在结直肠NETs发生时,体细胞发生了大量的突变,尤其以染色体CTX变异最为显著。

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

5-Fluorouracil dose escalation generated desensitized colorectal cancer cells with reduced expression of protein methyltransferases and no epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition potential

Background:Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers.In many cases,the poor prognosis of advanced CRC is associated with resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU).The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and dysregulation in protein methylation are two mechanisms associated with chemoresistance in many cancers.This study looked into the effect of 5-FU dose escalation on EMT and protein methylation in CRC.Materials and Methods:HCT-116,Caco-2,and DLD-1 CRC cell lines were exposed to dose escalation treatment of 5-FU.The motility and invasive potentials of the cells before and after treatment with 5-FU were investigated through wound healing and invasion assays.This was followed by aWestern blot which analyzed the protein expressions of the epithelial marker E-cadherin,mesenchymal marker vimentin,and the EMT transcription factor(EMTTF),the snail family transcriptional repressor 1(Snail)in the parental and desensitized cells.Western blotting was also conducted to study the protein expressions of the protein methyltransferases(PMTs),Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2(EHMT2/G9A),protein arginine methyltransferase(PRMT5),and SET domain containing 7/9(SETD7/9)along with the global lysine and arginine methylation profiles.Results:The dose escalation method generated 5-FU desensitized CRC cells with distinct morphological features and increased tolerance to high doses of 5-FU.The 5-FU desensitized cells experienced a decrease in migration and invasion when compared to the parental cells.This was reflected in the observed reduction in E-cadherin,vimentin,and Snail in the desensitized cell lines.Additionally,the protein expressions of EHMT2/G9A,PRMT5,and SETD7/9 also decreased in the desensitized cells and global protein lysine and arginine methylation became dysregulated with 5-FU treatment.Conclusion:This study showed that continuous,dose-escalation treatment of 5-FU in CRC cells generated 5-FU desensitized cancer cells that seemed to be less aggressive than parental cells.

A comparison of the effect of alendronate and You-Gui-Wan on osteoporosis in female rats with kidney-yang deficiency

Background:In traditional Chinese medicine,You-Gui-Wan(YGW)is typically used to treat osteoporosis associated with kidney-yang deficiency.However,there have been few mechanistic studies on the effectiveness of kidney-yang deficiency-type osteoporosis with YGW.To further clarify the role of YGW in the effect of osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,the study analyzed the therapeutic advantages of YGW by comparing the therapeutic effects of YGW and alendronate(ALN)on osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency.Methods:SPF female SD rats were randomly divided into control,osteoporosis,osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency+YGW and osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency+ALN groups.Except for the control group,osteoporosis was induced by the removal of bilateral ovaries.After 12 weeks,rats with osteoporosis in the kidney-yang deficiency group had kidney-yang deficiency syndrome triggered by hydrocortisone for 14 days.Rats were treated with YGW or ALN for 12 weeks.The weights of rats were recorded.Hematoxylin-eosin staining staining was used to observe pathological changes in bone trabeculae,liver,spleen,and kidneys of rats.Depletion of the growth plate cartilage of rats in different groups was observed by safranine-O staining.The expression of osteoclast key indices(ACP)and osteoblast key indices(ALP)in the bone tissue of rats in the different groups was observed by immunohistochemical staining.The expression of bone resorption-related indicators(TRAP and NXT-1),bone formation-related indicators(BALP,BGP,and P1NP),and major indicators of kidney-yang deficiency(ACTH,T3,T4,cAMP,and cGMP)were observed using an ELISA detection kit.The expression levels of the main indices of liver function(ALT and AST)were detected in different groups.Results:The differences between the osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency group and osteoporosis group were that the weight of rats and the expression of ACTH,T3,T4,and cAMP decreased significantly,and the expression of cGMP increased in the osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency group.Moreover,both YGW and ALN effectively improved the symptoms of osteoporosis,including the injury of bone trabeculae and growth plates,as well as the expression of bone metabolism-related indicators.However,unlike ALN,YGW simultaneously ameliorated the expression of key indicators of kidney-yang deficiency and prevented weight loss in rats.In addition,YGW caused no obvious damage to the liver,spleen,or kidney,whereas ALN led to liver cirrhosis.Conclusion:The results reveal that YGW plays a crucial part in osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency,increases bone mineral density,and improves bone metabolism indicators,and is safe and efficient for the efficacy of osteoporosis with kidney-yang deficiency.YGW might have a better therapeutic effect on osteoporosis in patients with kidney-yang deficiency.Therefore,alendronate should be used cautiously in patients with osteoporosis and poor liver function.

大蒜素抑制口腔癌细胞系CAL27的增殖

目的探讨大蒜素对口腔舌鳞状细胞癌(OTSCC)细胞系CAL27增殖的影响。方法采用人OTSCC细胞系CAL27,于培养液中加入不同浓度大蒜素(5、10、20、40、60、100、200、400μmol/L)及对照DMSO处理后,进行CCK8法检测细胞增殖,RT-qPCR检测增殖相关标志物ki-67表达,以及转录本测序并进行通路富集分析。结果与对照组相比,较低浓度(20μmol/L)的大蒜素即有抑制CAL27细胞增殖的作用(P<0.01)。RT-qPCR结果显示,大蒜素能明显抑制CAL27细胞中ki-67表达,且在较低浓度(20μmol/L)就有明显抑制作用(P<0.01)。转录本测序结果显示,大蒜素能明显抑制肿瘤相关microRNA表达,尤其是miR-200a和miR-199a1的表达。结论较低浓度大蒜素即可明显抑制口腔癌细胞系CAL27的增殖,其可能通过抑制肿瘤相关microRNA来发挥作用。

Palliative care with adequate pain relief challenges the need for euthanasia legislation

Background:In today’s society the ongoing discussion about euthanasia triggers emotionally charged debates surrounding the delicate balance between valuing life and respecting an individual’s autonomy.With the persistence of this debate,there has been the emergence of the concept of the so-called alternative:palliative care.Positioned as a substitute for euthanasia,palliative care aims to alleviate suffering in terminally ill patients without engaging in the ethical dilemmas associated with euthanasia.Methods:This paper explores the facets of palliative care highlighting its core objectives such as providing adequate pain relief as a compassionate alternative to euthanasia.Results:By examining palliative care as a comprehensive approach to end of life support,this study challenges the perceived necessity of euthanasia and advocates,for compassionate and dignified end of life experiences.Conclusion:In conclusion,palliative care emerges as a viable and ethically sound alternative to euthanasia,emphasizing the importance of compassionate end-of-life care and pain management.