Determining how animals respond to resource availability across spatial and temporal extents is crucial to understand ecological processes underpinning habitat selection.Here,we used a multi-scale approach to study th...Determining how animals respond to resource availability across spatial and temporal extents is crucial to understand ecological processes underpinning habitat selection.Here,we used a multi-scale approach to study the year-round habitat selection of the Crested Tit(Lophophanes cristatus)in a semi-natural lowland woodland of northern Italy,analysing different habitat features at each scale.We performed Crested Tit censuses at three different spatial scales.At the macrohabitat scale,we used geolocalized observations of individuals to compute Manly's habitat selection index,based on a detailed land-use map of the study area.At the microhabitat scale,the trees features were compared between presence and absence locations.At the foraging habitat scale,individual foraging birds and their specific position on trees were recorded using focal animal sampling.Censuses were performed during both the breeding(March to May)and wintering(December to January)seasons.At the macrohabitat scale,the Crested Tits significantly selected pure and mixed pine forests and avoided woods of alien plant species,farmlands and urban areas.At the microhabitat scale,old pine woods with dense cover were selected,with no significant difference in the features of tree selection between the two phenological phases.At the foraging habitat scale,the species was observed spending more time foraging in the canopies than in the understorey,using mostly the portion of Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris)canopies closer to the trunk in winter,while during the breeding period,the whole canopy was visited.Overall,breeding and wintering habitats largely overlapped in the Crested Tit.Based on our findings,lowland Crested Tits can be well defined as true habitat specialists:they are strictly related to some specific coniferous woodland features.Noteworthily,compared to other tit species,which normally show generalist habits during winter,the Crested Tit behaves as a habitat specialist also out of the breeding season.Our study stressed the importance of considering multi-scale(both spatial and phenological)habitat selection in birds.展开更多
Originally identified as allelochemicals involved in plant-parasite interactions, more recently, Strigolactones (SLs) have been shown to play multiple key roles in the rhizosphere communication between plants and my...Originally identified as allelochemicals involved in plant-parasite interactions, more recently, Strigolactones (SLs) have been shown to play multiple key roles in the rhizosphere communication between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Even more recent is the hormonal role ascribed to SLs which broadens the biological impact of these relatively simple molecules. In spite of the crucial and multifaceted biological role of SLs, there are no data on the receptor(s) which bind(s) such active molecules, neither in the producing plants nor in parasitic weeds or AM fungi. Information about the putative receptor of SLs can be gathered by means of structural, molecular, and genetic approaches. Our contribution on this topic is the design and synthesis of fluorescent labeled SL analogs to be used as probes for the detection in vivo of the receptor(s). Knowledge of the putative receptor structure will boost the research on analogs of the natural substrates as required for agricultural applications.展开更多
Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs ...Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.展开更多
A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 an...A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 and rpb2 data,support significantly a shared monophyletic origin of the genera Pseudoclitocybe,Musumecia and Pogonoloma,and the species Clitocybe alexandri and C.harperi.The new family Pseudoclitocybaceae is here proposed to name this clade,characterized by the presence of loop-like clamp connections in most species,absence of cystidia,and parallel hymenophoral trama with broad,cylindrical hyphae with intracellular granulations.The new genera Clitopaxillus and Harmajaea are proposed to accommodate the type species C.alexandri and H.harperi,as well as the combination H.wellsiae.In addition,two new species are described:C.fibulatus has a differential distribution of clamp connections in the basidiome,while H.guldeniae is,by now,an exclusively European taxon with brownish pileus,somewhat decurrent gills,ovoid spores and basidia longer than those of H.harperi.Finally,the species concept within Pseudoclitocybe and Pogonoloma is discussed and descriptions of the most representative species are provided.展开更多
Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems.Among fungi,Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species.We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups wi...Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems.Among fungi,Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species.We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats:saprobic in grass/forest litter,wood-decaying,yeast-like,ectomycorrhizal,and plant parasitic.Case studies of Agaricus,Cantharellus,Ganoderma,Gyroporus,Russula,Tricholoma,and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi,rust fungi,and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity.In each case study,the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery.Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera.The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades,and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade.The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years,and remained constant in the past 50 years.We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa.We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030,and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota glob-ally.These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.展开更多
Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we re...Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces.Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and subsection.We present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one stat.nov.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two stat.nov.)and 14 subsections(two new,two stat.nov.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems.We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations.Consequently,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic support.We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking.The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula.展开更多
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and trans...Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.展开更多
The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera t...The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.展开更多
This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi.In this study we introduce a new family Fuscostagonosporaceae in Dothideomyc...This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi.In this study we introduce a new family Fuscostagonosporaceae in Dothideomycetes.We also introduce the new ascomycete genera Acericola,Castellaniomyces,Dictyosporina and Longitudinalis and new species Acericola italica,Alternariaster trigonosporus,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Angustimassarina coryli,Astrocystis bambusicola,Castellaniomyces rosae,Chaetothyrina artocarpi,Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis,Colletotrichum lauri,Collodiscula chiangraiensis,Curvularia palmicola,Cytospora mali-sylvestris,Dictyocheirospora cheirospora,Dictyosporina ferruginea,Dothiora coronillae,Dothiora spartii,Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis,Epicoccum cedri,Epicoccum pruni,Fasciatispora calami,Fuscostagonospora cytisi,Grandibotrys hyalinus,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hongkongmyces thailandica,Hysterium rhizophorae,Jahnula guttulaspora,Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata,Koorchalomella salmonispora,Longitudinalis nabanheensis,Lophium zalerioides,Magnibotryascoma mali,Meliola clerodendri-infortunati,Microthyrium chinense,Neodidymelliopsis moricola,Neophaeocryptopus spartii,Nigrograna thymi,Ophiocordyceps cossidarum,Ophiocordyceps issidarum,Ophiosimulans plantaginis,Otidea pruinosa,Otidea stipitata,Paucispora kunmingense,Phaeoisaria microspora,Pleurothecium floriforme,Poaceascoma halophila,Periconia aquatica,Periconia submersa,Phaeosphaeria acaciae,Phaeopoacea muriformis,Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis,Ramgea ozimecii,Sardiniella celtidis,Seimatosporium italicum,Setoseptoria scirpi,Torula gaodangensis and Vamsapriya breviconidiophora.We also provide an amended account of Rhytidhysteron to include apothecial ascomata and a J?hymenium.The type species of Ascotrichella hawksworthii(Xylariales genera incertae sedis),Biciliopsis leptogiicola(Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis),Brooksia tropicalis(Micropeltidaceae),Bryochiton monascus(Teratosphaeriaceae),Bryomyces scapaniae(Pseudoperisporiaceae),Buelliella minimula(Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis),Carinispora nypae(Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae),Cocciscia hammeri(Verrucariaceae),Endoxylina astroidea(Diatrypaceae),Exserohilum turcicum(Pleosporaceae),Immotthia hypoxylon(Roussoellaceae),Licopolia franciscana(Vizellaceae),Murispora rubicunda(Amniculicolaceae)and Doratospora guianensis(synonymized under Rizalia guianensis,Trichosphaeriaceae)were reexamined and descriptions,illustrations and discussion on their familial placement are given based on phylogeny and morphological data.New host records or new country reports are provided for Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis,Colletotrichum fioriniae,Diaporthe subclavata,Diatrypella vulgaris,Immersidiscosia eucalypti,Leptoxyphium glochidion,Stemphylium vesicarium,Tetraploa yakushimensis and Xepicula leucotricha.Diaporthe baccae is synonymized under Diaporthe rhusicola.A reference specimen is provided for Periconia minutissima.Updated phylogenetic trees are provided for most families and genera.We introduce the new basidiomycete species Agaricus purpurlesquameus,Agaricus rufusfibrillosus,Lactifluus holophyllus,Lactifluus luteolamellatus,Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides,Russula benwooii,Russula hypofragilis,Russula obscurozelleri,Russula parapallens,Russula phoenicea,Russula pseudopelargonia,Russula pseudotsugarum,Russula rhodocephala,Russula salishensis,Steccherinum amapaense,Tephrocybella constrictospora,Tyromyces amazonicus and Tyromyces angulatus and provide updated trees to the genera.We also introduce Mortierella formicae in Mortierellales,Mucoromycota and provide an updated phylogenetic tree.展开更多
The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved i...The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.展开更多
Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original a...Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.展开更多
文摘Determining how animals respond to resource availability across spatial and temporal extents is crucial to understand ecological processes underpinning habitat selection.Here,we used a multi-scale approach to study the year-round habitat selection of the Crested Tit(Lophophanes cristatus)in a semi-natural lowland woodland of northern Italy,analysing different habitat features at each scale.We performed Crested Tit censuses at three different spatial scales.At the macrohabitat scale,we used geolocalized observations of individuals to compute Manly's habitat selection index,based on a detailed land-use map of the study area.At the microhabitat scale,the trees features were compared between presence and absence locations.At the foraging habitat scale,individual foraging birds and their specific position on trees were recorded using focal animal sampling.Censuses were performed during both the breeding(March to May)and wintering(December to January)seasons.At the macrohabitat scale,the Crested Tits significantly selected pure and mixed pine forests and avoided woods of alien plant species,farmlands and urban areas.At the microhabitat scale,old pine woods with dense cover were selected,with no significant difference in the features of tree selection between the two phenological phases.At the foraging habitat scale,the species was observed spending more time foraging in the canopies than in the understorey,using mostly the portion of Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris)canopies closer to the trunk in winter,while during the breeding period,the whole canopy was visited.Overall,breeding and wintering habitats largely overlapped in the Crested Tit.Based on our findings,lowland Crested Tits can be well defined as true habitat specialists:they are strictly related to some specific coniferous woodland features.Noteworthily,compared to other tit species,which normally show generalist habits during winter,the Crested Tit behaves as a habitat specialist also out of the breeding season.Our study stressed the importance of considering multi-scale(both spatial and phenological)habitat selection in birds.
文摘Originally identified as allelochemicals involved in plant-parasite interactions, more recently, Strigolactones (SLs) have been shown to play multiple key roles in the rhizosphere communication between plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Even more recent is the hormonal role ascribed to SLs which broadens the biological impact of these relatively simple molecules. In spite of the crucial and multifaceted biological role of SLs, there are no data on the receptor(s) which bind(s) such active molecules, neither in the producing plants nor in parasitic weeds or AM fungi. Information about the putative receptor of SLs can be gathered by means of structural, molecular, and genetic approaches. Our contribution on this topic is the design and synthesis of fluorescent labeled SL analogs to be used as probes for the detection in vivo of the receptor(s). Knowledge of the putative receptor structure will boost the research on analogs of the natural substrates as required for agricultural applications.
文摘Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals' rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspri ng. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupa ncy and in tergroup spaci ng. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals' contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual con tribution using the in ter-on set intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri's songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have sigrdficantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males whe n the nu mber of singers in creases. These results suggest that cross-species investigatio ns will be crucial to un derstanding the evoluti on ary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.
文摘A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 and rpb2 data,support significantly a shared monophyletic origin of the genera Pseudoclitocybe,Musumecia and Pogonoloma,and the species Clitocybe alexandri and C.harperi.The new family Pseudoclitocybaceae is here proposed to name this clade,characterized by the presence of loop-like clamp connections in most species,absence of cystidia,and parallel hymenophoral trama with broad,cylindrical hyphae with intracellular granulations.The new genera Clitopaxillus and Harmajaea are proposed to accommodate the type species C.alexandri and H.harperi,as well as the combination H.wellsiae.In addition,two new species are described:C.fibulatus has a differential distribution of clamp connections in the basidiome,while H.guldeniae is,by now,an exclusively European taxon with brownish pileus,somewhat decurrent gills,ovoid spores and basidia longer than those of H.harperi.Finally,the species concept within Pseudoclitocybe and Pogonoloma is discussed and descriptions of the most representative species are provided.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31961143010,31970010,31470152)CAS Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture(Project ID:KFJ-PTXM-016)+2 种基金Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Project ID:BAIC05-2021)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Project ID:2021M693361)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:32100011)。
文摘Fungi are eukaryotes that play essential roles in ecosystems.Among fungi,Basidiomycota is one of the major phyla with more than 40,000 described species.We review species diversity of Basidiomycota from five groups with different lifestyles or habitats:saprobic in grass/forest litter,wood-decaying,yeast-like,ectomycorrhizal,and plant parasitic.Case studies of Agaricus,Cantharellus,Ganoderma,Gyroporus,Russula,Tricholoma,and groups of lichenicolous yeast-like fungi,rust fungi,and smut fungi are used to determine trends in discovery of biodiversity.In each case study,the number of new species published during 2009–2020 is analysed to determine the rate of discovery.Publication rates differ between taxa and reflect different states of progress for species discovery in different genera.The results showed that lichenicolous yeast-like taxa had the highest publication rate for new species in the past two decades,and it is likely this trend will continue in the next decade.The species discovery rate of plant parasitic basidiomycetes was low in the past ten years,and remained constant in the past 50 years.We also found that the establishment of comprehensive and robust taxonomic systems based on a joint global initiative by mycologists could promote and standardize the recognition of taxa.We estimated that more than 54,000 species of Basidiomycota will be discovered by 2030,and estimate a total of 1.4–4.2 million species of Basidiomycota glob-ally.These numbers illustrate a huge gap between the described and yet unknown diversity in Basidiomycota.
基金This work was not directly supported by grants,but the following grants were essential in obtaining collections and some sequences used in this work:US NSF Biodiversity Surveys and Inventories Program grants to the Research Foundation of the State University of New York,College at Cortland(DEB-9525902 and DEB-0103621),in collaboration with the USDA-Forest Service,Center for Forest Mycology Research,Forest Products Laboratory in Madison supported collecting in Belize,the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico.US NSF grant DBI 6338699 to K.W.Hughes and R.H.Peterson at the University of Tennessee,Knoxville supported collecting by E.Lickey,D.J.Lodge,K.W.Hughes,R.Kerrigan,A.Methven,V.P.Hustedt,P.B.Matheny and R.H.Petersen in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park,and sequencing by K.W.Hughes and Lickey.A National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration grant to T.J.Baroni(SUNY Cortland)supported the 2007 expedition to Doyle’s Delight in Belize by M.C.Aime,T.J.Baroni and D.J.Lodge.An Explorer’s Club,Washington Group Exploration and Field Research Grant to M.C.Aime and a National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration grant to T.Henkel supported collecting in Guyana.
文摘Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces.Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and subsection.We present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one stat.nov.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two stat.nov.)and 14 subsections(two new,two stat.nov.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems.We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations.Consequently,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic support.We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking.The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula.
基金This project was performed with financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0400200)the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(Grant No.2019HJ2096001006)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31961143010,31970010)the Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(no.BAIC05-2021)the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture(Grant No.KFJ-PTXM-016).D.Haelewaters and N.Schoutteten are supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders(Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship No.1206620N to D.H.,Fundamental Research Fellowship No.11E0420N to N.S.).M.Thines is supported by the LOEWE initiative of the government of Hessen,in the framework of the Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics(TBG).
文摘Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(Project No.2018YFD0400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project IDs:31470152,31360014 and 31970010)+20 种基金Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(Project ID:BAIC05-2019)the Thailand Research funds for grant RDG6130001 entitled"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"Thailand Science Research and Innovation fund for the grant DBG6280009 entitled Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and surrounding areasCroatian Science Foundation for support under the project For FungiDNA(IP-2018-01-1736)the support provided by the Moravian Museum by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic as part of its long-term conceptual development programme for research institutions[Grant Number DKRVO,Ref.MK000094862]National Natural Science Foundation of China(31270072)the Special Funds for the Young Scholars of Taxonomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(ZSBR-001)National Key Basic Research Special Foundation of China(2013FY110400)support from the Department of Science&Technology(DST),New Delhi,Indiain the form of a DST-Inspire Faculty Fellowship(DST/INSPIRE/04/2018/001906,dated 24 July,2018)State task of the V.L.Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences(AAAA-A19-119080990059-1 and RFBR,project 19-04-00024)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30770013,31500013)the National Project on Scientific Ground work for Basic Science of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Nos.2012FY1116002014FY210400)the Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsCNPq for providing‘Produtividade em Pesquisa’(Proc.307922/2014-6 and Proc.307947/2017-3)grantCONACYT(Project 252934)COFAAIPN(Project SIP-20195222)the financial support provided for his researchesthe Coordenacao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior(CAPES-Brazil)for the PhD scholarshipsthe following sources of funding for his All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory work at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area(Massachusetts,USA):National Park Service,Boston Harbor Now and New England Botanical Club(2017 Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Award)the support from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology Grant No.1012196004partly supported by the ELTE Institutional Excellence Program(1783-3/2018/FEKUTSRAT)of the Hungarian Ministry of Human Capacities.
文摘The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota.The present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document.An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four subphyla.We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence information.Furthermore,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,respectively.Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 genera.Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous studies.In this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,Pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 Mya.Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
基金The authors extend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089.Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank the Molecular Biology Experimental Center for the help on molecular work,the Mushroom Research Foundation(MRF),Chiang Rai,Thailand,the Thailand Research Fund grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,Phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project Number 2013T2S0030for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany and Mae Fah Luang University for a grants“Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes of Pandanaceae”(Grant number:592010200112)+11 种基金“Diseases of mangrove trees and maintenance of good forestry practice”(Grant number:60201000201 for supporting this study.K.D.Hyde is an Adjunct Professor at Chiang Mai University.Financial support by the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)and the Thai Royal Golden Ph.D.Jubilee-Industry program(RGJ)for a joint TRF-DAAD PPP(2012-2014)academic exchange grant to Kevin D.Hyde and Marc Stadler,and the RGJ for a personal grant to Benjarong Thongbai(No.Ph.D/0138/2553 in 4.S.MF/53/A.3)is gratefully acknowledged.Satinee Suetrong thanks to Apilux Loilong for collecting samples.This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC program for Biodiversity Research and Training Grant BRT R_352112,R_249001,R_251006.For their continued interest and support we also thank BIOTEC,Prof.Morakot Tanticharoen,Dr.Kanyawim Kirtikara and Dr.Lily Eurwilaichitr.Rungtiwa Phookamsak expresses appreciation to The CAS President’s International Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers,project number 2017PB0072the Research Fund from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.Y71B283261)and Chiang Mai University for financial supportWe would like to thank DrsRobert Lucking,AndreAptroot and Cecile Gueidan for available suggestion.Saranyaphat Boonmee would like to thank the National Research Council of Thailand(no.2560A30702021)the Thailand Research Fund(Project No.TRG5880152)Chayanard Phukhamsakda would like to thank Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program under Thailand Research Fund,for the award of a scholarship no.PHD/0020/2557.Ausana Mapook is grateful to Research and Researchers for Industries(RRI)PHD57I0012.Ting-Chi Wen and Yuan-Pin Xiao are grateful to The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31460012 and 3161113034)Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks Yunnan Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security funded postdoctoral project(Number 179122)for supporting his postdoctoral research study.Ivana Kusan and Zdenko Tkalcec have been partially supported by Croatian Science Foundation under the project HRZZIP-11-2013-2202(ACCTA)We would also like to thank Roman Ozimec and Najla Bakovicfor collecting the samples and partially Oikon Ltd.for financing the fieldwork.We would like to thank Dr.Shaun Pennycook for checking most of the Latin names.Qing Tian and Putarak Chomnunti extend their sincere thanks to the National Research Council of Thailand(grant for Dothideomycetes No.2560A30702014)Putarak Chomnunti would like to thanks for Thailand Research Fund grant no.MRG6080089Dr.Rajesh Jeewon is grateful to University of Mauritius and Mae Fah Luang University for research support.Olinto L.Pereira thank the CAPES,CNPq and FAPEMIG for financial support and ICMBio/FLONA-Paraopeba for providing facilities and permits for the exploration surveys of the mycodiversity in their protected areas.Young Woon Lim and Hyun Lee are grateful to the National Institute of Biological Resources(NIBR 20171104)Republic of Korea.The study was partially supported by the National Science Centre,Poland under grant No.2015/17/D/NZ8/00778 to Julia Pawłowska and UMO-2016/23/B/NZ8/00897 to Marta Wrzosek.Anna Bazzicalupo,Bart Buyck,Daniel Miller and Mary L.Berbee thank WTU and the Burke Museum for scanned images of Benjamin Woo’s datasheets and photographs of Russula specimens and for the loan of Woo’s specimens.Mary L.Berbee acknowledges support by Discovery Grant RGPIN-2016-03746National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada.Anna Bazzicalupo acknowledges the student grants for field work and study abroad from the NSERC CREATE Training Program in Biodiversity Research,Sonoma County Mycological Association Student Grant,and Daniel E.Stuntz Memorial Foundation Individual Grant.The Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number QYZDY-SSW-SMC014)is also thanked for support.
文摘This is the sixth in a series of papers where we bring collaborating mycologists together to produce a set of notes of several taxa of fungi.In this study we introduce a new family Fuscostagonosporaceae in Dothideomycetes.We also introduce the new ascomycete genera Acericola,Castellaniomyces,Dictyosporina and Longitudinalis and new species Acericola italica,Alternariaster trigonosporus,Amarenomyces dactylidis,Angustimassarina coryli,Astrocystis bambusicola,Castellaniomyces rosae,Chaetothyrina artocarpi,Chlamydotubeufia krabiensis,Colletotrichum lauri,Collodiscula chiangraiensis,Curvularia palmicola,Cytospora mali-sylvestris,Dictyocheirospora cheirospora,Dictyosporina ferruginea,Dothiora coronillae,Dothiora spartii,Dyfrolomyces phetchaburiensis,Epicoccum cedri,Epicoccum pruni,Fasciatispora calami,Fuscostagonospora cytisi,Grandibotrys hyalinus,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hongkongmyces thailandica,Hysterium rhizophorae,Jahnula guttulaspora,Kirschsteiniothelia rostrata,Koorchalomella salmonispora,Longitudinalis nabanheensis,Lophium zalerioides,Magnibotryascoma mali,Meliola clerodendri-infortunati,Microthyrium chinense,Neodidymelliopsis moricola,Neophaeocryptopus spartii,Nigrograna thymi,Ophiocordyceps cossidarum,Ophiocordyceps issidarum,Ophiosimulans plantaginis,Otidea pruinosa,Otidea stipitata,Paucispora kunmingense,Phaeoisaria microspora,Pleurothecium floriforme,Poaceascoma halophila,Periconia aquatica,Periconia submersa,Phaeosphaeria acaciae,Phaeopoacea muriformis,Pseudopithomyces kunmingnensis,Ramgea ozimecii,Sardiniella celtidis,Seimatosporium italicum,Setoseptoria scirpi,Torula gaodangensis and Vamsapriya breviconidiophora.We also provide an amended account of Rhytidhysteron to include apothecial ascomata and a J?hymenium.The type species of Ascotrichella hawksworthii(Xylariales genera incertae sedis),Biciliopsis leptogiicola(Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis),Brooksia tropicalis(Micropeltidaceae),Bryochiton monascus(Teratosphaeriaceae),Bryomyces scapaniae(Pseudoperisporiaceae),Buelliella minimula(Dothideomycetes genera incertae sedis),Carinispora nypae(Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae),Cocciscia hammeri(Verrucariaceae),Endoxylina astroidea(Diatrypaceae),Exserohilum turcicum(Pleosporaceae),Immotthia hypoxylon(Roussoellaceae),Licopolia franciscana(Vizellaceae),Murispora rubicunda(Amniculicolaceae)and Doratospora guianensis(synonymized under Rizalia guianensis,Trichosphaeriaceae)were reexamined and descriptions,illustrations and discussion on their familial placement are given based on phylogeny and morphological data.New host records or new country reports are provided for Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis,Colletotrichum fioriniae,Diaporthe subclavata,Diatrypella vulgaris,Immersidiscosia eucalypti,Leptoxyphium glochidion,Stemphylium vesicarium,Tetraploa yakushimensis and Xepicula leucotricha.Diaporthe baccae is synonymized under Diaporthe rhusicola.A reference specimen is provided for Periconia minutissima.Updated phylogenetic trees are provided for most families and genera.We introduce the new basidiomycete species Agaricus purpurlesquameus,Agaricus rufusfibrillosus,Lactifluus holophyllus,Lactifluus luteolamellatus,Lactifluus pseudohygrophoroides,Russula benwooii,Russula hypofragilis,Russula obscurozelleri,Russula parapallens,Russula phoenicea,Russula pseudopelargonia,Russula pseudotsugarum,Russula rhodocephala,Russula salishensis,Steccherinum amapaense,Tephrocybella constrictospora,Tyromyces amazonicus and Tyromyces angulatus and provide updated trees to the genera.We also introduce Mortierella formicae in Mortierellales,Mucoromycota and provide an updated phylogenetic tree.
基金Estonian Science Foundation grants PSG136,PRG632,PUT1170the University of Tartu(PLTOM20903)the European Regional Development Fund(Centre of Excellence EcolChange).
文摘The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental studies.Over the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and habitats.Yet,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains challenging.In order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis levels.Combining the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,respectively.This resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental stud-ies.In order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS sequences.On the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.
文摘Correction to:Fungal Diversity(2020)105:116 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-020-00466-2 There were errors in the name of author LászlóG.Nagy and in affiliation no.31 in the original publication.The original article has been corrected.