Objective.Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.Optical endoscopy,ultrasound,and X-ray offer minimally invasive imaging assessments but have limited sensitivity for characterizing disease and t...Objective.Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.Optical endoscopy,ultrasound,and X-ray offer minimally invasive imaging assessments but have limited sensitivity for characterizing disease and therapeutic response.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)endoscopy is a newer idea employing tiny catheter-mounted detectors connected to the MRI scanner.It can see through vessel walls and provide soft-tissue sensitivity,but its slow imaging speed limits practical applications.Our goal is highresolution MRI endoscopy with real-time imaging speeds comparable to existing modalities.Methods.Intravascular(3 mm)transmit-receive MRI endoscopes were fabricated for highly undersampled radial-projection MRI in a clinical 3-tesla MRI scanner.Iterative nonlinear reconstruction was accelerated using graphics processor units connected via a single ethernet cable to achieve true real-time endoscopy visualization at the scanner.MRI endoscopy was performed at 6-10 frames/sec and 200-300μm resolution in human arterial specimens and porcine vessels ex vivo and in vivo and compared with fully sampled 0.3 frames/sec and three-dimensional reference scans using mutual information(MI)and structural similarity(3-SSIM)indices.Results.High-speed MRI endoscopy at 6-10 frames/sec was consistent with fully sampled MRI endoscopy and histology,with feasibility demonstrated in vivo in a large animal model.A 20-30-fold speed-up vs.0.3 frames/sec reference scans came at a cost of~7%in MI and~45%in 3-SSIM,with reduced motion sensitivity.Conclusion.High-resolution MRI endoscopy can now be performed at frame rates comparable to those of X-ray and optical endoscopy and could provide an alternative to existing modalities,with MRI’s advantages of soft-tissue sensitivity and lack of ionizing radiation.展开更多
基金supported by grants R01 EB007829 from the National Institutes of Health,Siemens Medical SystemsRussell H Morgan Professorship in Radiology。
文摘Objective.Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity.Optical endoscopy,ultrasound,and X-ray offer minimally invasive imaging assessments but have limited sensitivity for characterizing disease and therapeutic response.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)endoscopy is a newer idea employing tiny catheter-mounted detectors connected to the MRI scanner.It can see through vessel walls and provide soft-tissue sensitivity,but its slow imaging speed limits practical applications.Our goal is highresolution MRI endoscopy with real-time imaging speeds comparable to existing modalities.Methods.Intravascular(3 mm)transmit-receive MRI endoscopes were fabricated for highly undersampled radial-projection MRI in a clinical 3-tesla MRI scanner.Iterative nonlinear reconstruction was accelerated using graphics processor units connected via a single ethernet cable to achieve true real-time endoscopy visualization at the scanner.MRI endoscopy was performed at 6-10 frames/sec and 200-300μm resolution in human arterial specimens and porcine vessels ex vivo and in vivo and compared with fully sampled 0.3 frames/sec and three-dimensional reference scans using mutual information(MI)and structural similarity(3-SSIM)indices.Results.High-speed MRI endoscopy at 6-10 frames/sec was consistent with fully sampled MRI endoscopy and histology,with feasibility demonstrated in vivo in a large animal model.A 20-30-fold speed-up vs.0.3 frames/sec reference scans came at a cost of~7%in MI and~45%in 3-SSIM,with reduced motion sensitivity.Conclusion.High-resolution MRI endoscopy can now be performed at frame rates comparable to those of X-ray and optical endoscopy and could provide an alternative to existing modalities,with MRI’s advantages of soft-tissue sensitivity and lack of ionizing radiation.
