Laboratory biosafety for handling emerging viruses

Emerging viruses are viruses whose occurrence has risen within the past twenty years,or whose presence is likely to increase in the near future.Diseases caused by emerging viruses are a major threat to global public health.In spite of greater awareness of safety and containment procedures,the handling of pathogenic viruses remains a likely source of infection,and mortality,among laboratory workers.There is a steady increase in both the number of laboratories and scientist handling emerging viruses for diagnostics and research.The potential for harm associated to work with these infectious agents can be minimized through the application of sound biosafety concepts and practices.The main factors to the prevention of laboratory-acquired infection are well-trained personnel who are knowledgable and biohazard aware,who are perceptive of the various ways of transmission,and who are professional in safe laboratory practice management.In addition,we should emphasize that appropriate facilities,practices and procedures are to be used by the laboratory workers for the handling of emerging viruses in a safe and secure manner.This review is aimed at providing researchers and laboratory personnel with basic biosafety principles to protect themselves from exposure to emerging viruses while working in the laboratory.This paper focuses on what emerging viruses are,why emerging viruses can cause laboratory-acquired infection,how to assess the risk of working with emerging viruses,and how laboratory-acquired infection can be prevented.Control measures used in the laboratory designed as such that they protect workers from emerging viruses and safeguard the public through the safe disposal of infectious wastes are also addressed.

Biosafety chemistry and biosafety materials:A new perspective to solve biosafety problems

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID‐19)has rapidly swept around the globe since its emergence near 2020.However,people have failed to fully understand its origin or mutation.Defined as an international biosafety incident,COVID‐19 has again encouraged worldwide attention to reconsider the importance of biosafety due to the adverse impact on personal well‐being and social stability.Most countries have already taken measures to advocate progress in biosafety‐relevant research,aiming to prevent and solve biosafety problems with more advanced techniques and products.Herein,we propose a new concept of biosafety chemistry and reiterate the notion of biosafety materials,which refer to the interdisciplinary integration of biosafety and chemistry or materials.We attempt to illustrate the exquisite association that chemistry and materials science possess with biosafety‐science,and we hope to provide a pragmatic perspective on approaches to utilize the knowledge of these two subjects to handle specific biosafety issues,such as detection and disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms,personal protective equipment,vaccine adjuvants and specific drugs,etc..In addition,we hope to promote multidisciplinary cooperation to strengthen biosafety research and facilitate the development of biosafety products to defend national security in the future.

Networking for training Level 3/4 biosafety laboratory staff

Worldwide,public health systems are continually challenged by emerging and re-emerging viruses.It is therefore important that high-containment labs coordinate and communicate globally to share their experiences and lessons to improve their capacity to respond to threats.The National Biosafety(Level 4)Laboratory in Wuhan,CAS,which is the first Level 4 biosafety laboratory(BSL-4)in China,has been certified recently and it is expected to play an important role in the prevention and control of highly infectious agents in future.Trained and experienced staff in such organizations is the most important factor contributing to safety and security.Therefore,it is imperative to develop a standard training program.Accordingly,in the present study,we developed an improved training program and assessment system based on policies and practices developed by BSL-3/4s in other countries.It included the following three components:(1)A flexible modularized theoretical training:This training comprised 14 modularized theoretical topics such that staffs with different backgrounds could take this theoretical training with different topic combinations according to their knowledge and skill levels;(2)A standardized practical training assessment:This comprehensive assessment,which could be used with biosafety laboratory staff before,during,and after training,included standard operation procedures to meet the special requirements of trainees with different scores;and(3)An applicable documentation system:A certification system was established to evaluate the ability of all staff working inside or outside the laboratory,implemented by a special committee.This certification was approved and authorized by the director of the laboratory and was classified into three grades with corresponding minimal requirements.Further,the present study examined the importance of and need for networking for training BSL-3/4 staff.The establishment of rigorous standards for training BSL-3/4 staff will instill confidence in the public,policy makers,and security officials.Additionally,the expanded international network of BSL-3/4s will continue to be operated safely and will pose no risk to scientific staff,local communities,surrounding environment,and host nations.The clarification and coordination of training standards will help develop a highly-qualified biocontainment workforce and will result in a series of programs that will enable scientists to develop measures to deal with existing threat agents and new diseases that emerge.

Inhibition of protein degradation increases the Bt protein concentration in Bt cotton

Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cotton production is challenged by two main problems,i.e.,the low concentration of Bt protein at the boll setting stage and the lowest insect resistance in bolls among all the cotton plant’s organs.Therefore,increasing the Bt protein concentration at the boll stage,especially in bolls,has become the main goal for increasing insect resistance in cotton.In this study,two protein degradation inhibitors(ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid(EDTA)and leupeptin)were sprayed on the bolls,subtending leaves,and whole cotton plants at the peak flowering stage of two Bt cultivars(medium maturation Sikang 1(SK1))and early maturation Zhongmian 425(ZM425)in 2019 and 2020.The Bt protein content and protein degradation metabolism were assessed.The results showed that the Bt protein concentrations were enhanced by 21.3 to 38.8%and 25.0 to 38.6%in the treated bolls of SK1 and ZM425 respectively,while they were decreased in the subtending leaves of these treated bolls.In the treated leaves,the Bt protein concentrations increased by 7.6 to 23.5%and 11.2 to 14.9%in SK1 and ZM425,respectively.The combined application of EDTA and leupeptin to the whole cotton plant increased the Bt protein concentrations in both bolls and subtending leaves.The Bt protein concentrations in bolls were higher,increasing by 22.5 to 31.0%and 19.6 to 32.5%for SK1 and ZM425,respectively.The organs treated with EDTA or/and leupeptin showed reduced free amino acid contents,protease and peptidase activities and significant enhancements in soluble protein contents.These results indicated that inhibiting protein degradation could improve the protein content,thus increasing the Bt protein concentrations in the bolls or/and leaves of cotton plants.Therefore,the increase in the Bt protein concentration without yield reduction suggested that these two protein degradation inhibitors may be applicable for improving insect resistance in cotton production.

Public awareness,participation and attitude toward the national biosafety framework and genetically modified organisms in Ghana

Public engagement in the development,promotion,and utilization of innovation is an important part of any biosafety decision-making process.Under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety,the public is expected to be involved in the development and handling of genetically modified organisms(GMOs)and the implementation of a national biosafety framework(NBF),which governs and regulates the operations of modern biotechnology and GMOs.In this study,we explore the state of public knowledge and awareness regarding GMOs and attitudes toward the NBF in Ghana using a survey conducted in three elite communities in Accra,the capital of Ghana.We interviewed 130 people and found that while most of the respondents obtained information on GMOs through the media,academic papers,and agriculture awareness workshops,access to information on the technology and the NBF was often limited.Our results showed that despite the existence of GMOs and an NBF in Ghana for many years,awareness,understanding,and knowledge of GMOs and the NBF remain inadequate.We found that young,better-educated males are more likely to accept GMOs and be aware of the NBF.This suggests the need for more widespread public education,engagement,and awareness development regarding GMOs,the NBF,and governing institutions as a way of resolving the problems created by misinformation,distrust,and fear,and increasing public confidence in GMOs.

Characterization of Domeless receptors and the role of Bd Domeless3 in anti-symbiont-like virus defense in Bactrocera dorsalis

The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription(JAK/STAT)signaling pathway play a pivotal role in innate immunity.Among invertebrates,Domeless receptors serve as the key upstream regulators of this pathway.In our study on Bactrocera dorsalis,we identified three cytokine receptors:BdDomeless1,BdDomeless2,and BdDomeless3.Each receptor encompasses five fibronectin-type-III-like(FN III)extracellular domains and a transmembrane domain.Furthermore,these receptors exhibit the increased responsiveness to diverse pathogenic challenges.Notably,only BdDomeless3 is upregulated during symbiont-like viral infections.Moreover,silencing BdDomeless3 enhanced the infectivity of Bactrocera dorsalis cripavirus(BdCV)and B.dorsalis picorna-like virus(BdPLV),underscoring BdDomeless3’s crucial role in antiviral defense of B.dorsalis.Following the suppression of Domeless3 expression,six antimicrobial peptide genes displayed decreased expression,potentially correlating with the rise in viral infectivity.To our knowledge,this is the first study identifying cytokine receptors associated with the JAK/STAT pathway in tephritid flies,shedding light on the immune mechanisms of B.dorsalis.

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 laboratory biosafety practices and current molecular diagnostic tools

The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has crippled several countries across the globe posing a serious global public health challenge.Despite the massive rollout of vaccines,molecular diagnosis remains the most important method for timely isolation,diagnosis,and control of COVID-19.Several molecular diagnostic tools have been developed since the beginning of the pandemic with some even gaining emergency use authorization from the United States(US)Food and Drug Administration for in vitro diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.Herein,we discuss the working principles of some commonly used molecular diagnostic tools for SARS-CoV-2 including nucleic acid amplification tests,isothermal amplification tests,and rapid diagnostic tests.To ensure successful detection while minimizing the risk of cross-infection and misdiagnosis when using these diagnostic tools,laboratories should adhere to proper biosafety practices.Hence,we also present the common biosafety practices that may ensure the successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 from specimens while protecting laboratory workers and non-suspecting individuals from being infected.From this review article,it is clear that the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to an increase in molecular diagnostic tools and the formation of new biosafety protocols that may be important for future and ongoing outbreaks.

Current status and future challenges of high-level biosafety laboratories in China

High-level biosafety laboratories are safe and secure platforms which integrate reliable containment,well-trained personnel,and specific biosafety manuals and practices to protect researchers from being infected while manipulating microbial pathogens and prevent pathogens from being released into the outside environment.During the past decades,laboratories with different protection levels have been constructed and operated,the legal framework and a laboratory biosafety management system have been established,and these operational laboratories have played an essential role in combatting emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in China.Here,we have summarized the significant achievements of high-level laboratory planning,construction,and operation in China,as well as the challenges that we face in the future.Additionally,we have briefly discussed the national plan for construction of highlevel biosafety laboratories from 2016-2025 and‘‘biosafety-motivated”management system.This review might be informative for further understanding the present situation and future function of high-level biosafety laboratories in China.

A rapid and visual detection method for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by targeting S gene

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever(CCHF)is a zoonotic disease caused by the CCHF virus(CCHFV),which is primarily transmitted by ticks(Lorenzo Juanes et al.2023).It is an emerging disease that occurs sporadically in Africa,Asia,and Europe,with a high morbidity and mortality rate,as high as 30%in humans(Ceylan et al.2013).CCHFV,belonging to genus Nairovirus,family Bunyaviridae,was first identified in the Congo in the 1960s.

Licorice-saponin A3 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor for COVID-19 by targeting viral spike and anti-inflammation

Currently,human health due to corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has been seriously threatened.The coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)spike(S)protein plays a crucial role in virus transmission and several S-based therapeutic approaches have been approved for the treatment of COVID-19.However,the efficacy is compromised by the SARS-CoV-2 evolvement and mutation.Here we report the SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor-binding domain(RBD)inhibitor licorice-saponin A3(A3)could widely inhibit RBD of SARS-CoV-2 variants,including Beta,Delta,and Omicron BA.1,XBB and BQ1.1.Furthermore,A3 could potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus in Vero E6 cells,with EC50 of 1.016μM.The mechanism was related to binding with Y453 of RBD determined by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS)analysis combined with quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics(QM/MM)simulations.Interestingly,phosphoproteomics analysis and multi fluorescent immunohistochemistry(mIHC)respectively indicated that A3 also inhibits host inflammation by directly modulating the JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathways and rebalancing the corresponding immune dysregulation.This work supports A3 as a promising broad-spectrum small molecule drug candidate for COVID-19.

Comparison of immune responses and intestinal flora in epicutaneously sensitized BALB/c or C57BL/6 mouse models of food allergy

Cutaneous exposure to food allergens through a disrupted skin barrier is recognized as an important cause of food allergy,and the cutaneous sensitized mouse model has been established to investigate relevant allergic disorders.However,the role of different genetic backgrounds of mice on immune responses to food allergens upon epicutaneous sensitization is largely unknown.In this study,two strains of mice,i.e.,the BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice,were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin on atopic dermatitis(AD)-like skin lesions,followed by intragastric challenge to induce IgE-mediated food allergy.Allergic outcomes were measured as clinical signs,specific antibodies and cytokines,and immune cell subpopulations,as well as changes in intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota.Results showed that both strains of mice exhibited typical food-allergic symptoms with a Th2-skewed response.The C57BL/6 mice,rather than the BALB/c mice,were fitter for establishing an epicutaneously sensitized model of food allergy since a stronger Th2-biased response and severer disruptions in the intestinal barrier and gut homeostasis were observed.This study provides knowledge for selecting an appropriate mouse model to study food-allergic responses associated with AD-like skin lesions and highlights the role of genetic variations in the immune mechanism underlying pathogenesis of food allergy.

EjGASA6 promotes flowering and root elongation by enhancing gibberellin biosynthesis

The Gibberellic Acid-stimulated Arabidopsis(GASA)gene family is involved in the regulation of gene expression and plant growth,development,and stress responses.To investigate the function of loquat GASA genes in the growth and developmental regulation of plants,a loquat EjGASA6 gene homologous to Arabidopsis AtGASA6 was cloned.EjGASA6 expression was induced by gibberellin,and ectopic transgenic plants containing this gene exhibited earlier bloom and longer primary roots since these phenotypic characteristics are related to higher gibberellin content.Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of GA3ox1 and GA20ox1,which encode key enzymes in gibberellin biosynthesis,were significantly increased.Furthermore,we confirmed that EjGASA6 could promote the expression of GA20ox1 via the luciferase reporter system.Overall,our results suggest that EjGASA6 promotes blooming and main-root elongation by positively regulating gibberellin biosynthesis.These findings broaden our understanding of the role of GASAs in plant development and growth,and lay the groundwork for future research into the functions of EjGASA6 in regulating loquat growth and development.

Synthetic biology:Recent progress,biosafety and biosecurity concerns,and possible solutions

Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary research area that uses engineering principles as guidelines for biological investigation.With research goals to modify existing biological systems or to create new ones,the recent applications of synthetic biology have expanded approaches and tools for conventional biological research.In this article,we first briefly review the development and progress of synthetic biology over the past decade.Although the contributions of synthetic biology to basic life science research,human health,environmental protection,and even economic growth have been widely observed,potential biosafety,biosecurity,and ethical risks related to synthetic biology have also emerged in recent years as technology becomes less expensive,more mature,and more accessible.We provide a brief assessment of the risks associated with the possible misuse or abuse of this technology in various areas and discuss concerns from three points of view:biosafety,biosecurity risks,and ethics.Finally,to address challenges arising from the rapid progress of synthetic biology,technical,ethical,and regulatory measures were developed or discussed in recent years,including laboratory level precautionary measures for biosafety and biosecurity related to synthetic biology(such as genetic safeguards and firewalls),ethical codes of conduct for biological scientists,and regulations or oversight rules from personal,national,and international perspectives.A brief summary of these efforts is provided.

A chromosome-level genome assembly for Chinese plum‘Wushancuili'reveals the molecular basis of its fruit color and susceptibility to rain-cracking

Chinese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)originates from China and makes a large contribution to the global production of plums.The P.salicina‘Wushancuili'has a green coloration and high fruit quality and is economically important in eliminating poverty and protecting ecology in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Reservoir.However,rain-induced cracking(rain-cracking,literally skin cracking caused by rain)is a limitation to‘Wushancuili'fruit production and causes severe losses.This study reported a high-quality‘Wushancuili'genome assembly consisting of a 302.17-Mb sequence with eight pseudo-chromosomes and a contig N50 of 23.59 Mb through the combination of Illumina sequencing,Pacific Biosciences HiFiⅢsequencing,and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture technology.A total of 25109 protein-coding genes are predicted and 54.17%of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences.‘Wushancuili'underwent a remarkable orthoselection during evolution.Gene identification revealed that loss-of-function in four core MYB10 genes results in the anthocyanin deficiency and absence of red color,revealing the green coloration due to the residual high chlorophyll in fruit skin.Besides,the occurrence of cracking is assumed to be closely associated with cell wall modification and frequently rain-induced pathogen enrichment through transcriptomic analysis.The loss of MYB10 genes might render fruit more susceptible to pathogen-mediated cracking by weakening the epidermal strength and reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging.Our findings provided fundamental knowledge regarding fruit coloration and rain-cracking and will facilitate genetic improvement and cultivation management in Chinese plums.

Comparative Study on the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Different Post-exposure Intramuscular Rabies Vaccination Regimens in China

Objective This study aimed to compare the current Essen rabies post-exposure immunization schedule(0-3-7-14-28)in China and the simple 4-dose schedule(0-3-7-14)newly recommended by the World Health Organization in terms of their safety,efficacy,and protection.Methods Mice were vaccinated according to different immunization schedules,and blood was collected for detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies(RVNAs)on days 14,21,28,35,and 120after the first immunization.Additionally,different groups of mice were injected with lethal doses of the CVS-11 virus on day 0,subjected to different rabies immunization schedules,and assessed for morbidity and death status.In a clinical trial,185 rabies-exposed individuals were selected for post-exposure vaccination according to the Essen schedule,and blood was collected for RVNAs detection on days 28and 42 after the first immunization.Results A statistically significant difference in RVNAs between mice in the Essen and 0-3-7-14 schedule groups was observed on the 35th day(P<0.05).The groups 0-3-7-14,0-3-7-21,and 0-3-7-28 showed no statistically significant difference(P>0.05)in RVNAs levels at any time point.The post-exposure immune protective test showed that the survival rate of mice in the control group was 20%,whereas that in the immunization groups was 40%.In the clinical trial,the RVNAs positive conversion rates on days 28(14 days after 4 doses)and 42(14 days after 5 doses)were both 100%,and no significant difference in RVNAs levels was observed(P>0.05).Conclusion The simple 4-dose schedule can produce sufficient RVNAs levels,with no significant effect of a delayed fourth vaccine dose(14–28 d)on the immunization potential.

Establishment of a humanized ST6GAL1 mouse model for influenza research

Background:This study aimed to construct and characterize a humanized influenza mouse model expressing hST6GAL1.Methods:Humanized fragments,consisting of the endothelial cell-specific K18 promoter,human ST6GAL1-encoding gene,and luciferase gene,were microinjected into the fertilized eggs of mice.The manipulated embryos were transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant female mice.The offspring were identified using PCR.Mice exhibiting elevated expression of the hST6GAL1 gene were selectively bred for propagation,and in vivo analysis was performed for screening.Expression of the humanized gene was tested by performing immunohistochemical(IHC)analysis.Hematologic and biochemical analyses using the whole blood and serum of humanized hST6GAL1 mice were performed.Results:Successful integration of the human ST6GAL1 gene into the mouse genome led to the overexpression of human SiaT ST6GAL1.Seven mice were identified as carrying copies of the humanized gene,and the in vivo analysis indicated that hST6GAL1gene expression in positive mice mirrored influenza virus infection characteristics.The IHC results revealed that hST6GAL1 was expressed in the lungs of humanized mice.Moreover,the hematologic and biochemical parameters of the positive mice were within the normal range.Conclusion:A humanized influenza mouse model expressing the hST6GAL1 gene was successfully established and characterized.

Circulating tumor DNA and its role in detection, prognosis and therapeutics of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is considered the fifth most prevalent cancer among all types of cancers and has the third most morbidity value. It has the most frequent duplication time and a high recurrence rate. Recently, the most unique technique used is liquid biopsies, which carry many markers;the most prominent is circulating tumor DNA(ctDNA). Varied methods are used to investigate ctDNA, including various forms of polymerase chain reaction(PCR) [emulsion PCR(ePCR), digital PCR(dPCR), and bead, emulsion, amplification, magnetic(BEAMing) PCR]. Hence ctDNA is being recognized as a potential biomarker that permits early cancer detection,treatment monitoring, and predictive data on tumor burden are subjective to therapy or surgery. Numerous ctDNA biomarkers have been investigated based on their alterations such as 1) single nucleotide variations(either insertion or deletion of a nucleotide) markers including TP53, KRAS, and CCND1;2) copy number variations which include markers such as CDK6, EFGR, MYC and BRAF;3) DNA methylation(RASSF1A, SEPT9, KMT2C and CCNA2);4) homozygous mutation includes ctDNA markers as CDKN2A, AXIN1;and 5) gain or loss of function of the genes, particularly for HCC. Various researchers have conducted many studies and gotten fruitful results.Still, there are some drawbacks to ctDNA namely low quantity, fragment heterogeneity, less stability, limited mutant copies and standards, and differential sensitivity. However, plenty of investigations demonstrate ctDNA's significance as a polyvalent biomarker for cancer and can be viewed as a future diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic agent. This article overviews many conditions in genetic changes linked to the onset and development of HCC, such as dysregulated signaling pathways, somatic mutations, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and genomic instability. Additionally, efforts are also made to develop treatments for HCC that are molecularly targeted and to unravel some of the genetic pathways that facilitate its early identification.

Identification of novel mammalian viruses in tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

The Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis),a member of the mammalian order Scandentia,exhibits considerable similarities with primates,including humans,in aspects of its nervous,immune,and metabolic systems.These similarities have established the tree shrew as a promising experimental model for biomedical research on cancer,infectious diseases,metabolic disorders,and mental health conditions.Herein,we used metatranscriptomic sequencing to analyze plasma,as well as oral and anal swab samples,from 105 healthy asymptomatic tree shrews to identify the presence of potential zoonotic viruses.In total,eight mammalian viruses with complete genomes were identified,belonging to six viral families,including Flaviviridae,Hepeviridae,Parvovirinae,Picornaviridae,Sedoreoviridae,and Spinareoviridae.Notably,the presence of rotavirus was recorded in tree shrews for the first time.Three viruses-hepacivirus 1,parvovirus,and picornavirus-exhibited low genetic similarity(<70%)with previously reported viruses at the whole-genome scale,indicating novelty.Conversely,three other viruses-hepacivirus 2,hepatovirus A and hepevirus-exhibited high similarity(>94%)to known viral strains.Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the rotavirus and mammalian orthoreovirus identified in this study may be novel reassortants.These findings provide insights into the diverse viral spectrum present in captive Chinese tree shrews,highlighting the necessity for further research into their potential for crossspecies transmission.

Biosafety and biosecurity in the era of synthetic biology:Meeting the challenges in China and the U.S.

On July 26,2019,the workshop “Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Era of Synthetic Biology:Meeting the Challenges in China and the U.S.”,co-hosted by Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security and Tianjin University Centre for Biosafety Research&Strategy,was held in Washington,D.C.of the United States.The goal of this workshop was to bring technical and policy experts from China and the U.S.,as well as experts from Europe,together to develop a mutual understanding of each country’s current governance structures and to begin a dialogue on what is required to promote global biosafety and biosecurity.

中国的生物安全观与治理体系研究

In the process of responding to governance crises and challenges due to various biosafety and biosecurity risk factors locally and abroad,China has gradually established and improved its biosafety/biosecurity concept and governance system.This article summarizes the formation and development of the biosafety/biosecurity concept with Chinese characteristics by analyzing the evolution of China's cognition of biosafety/biosecurity risks.Under the guidance of the Chinese biosafety/biosecurity concept,the country has formed a governance system guided by national strategy and coordinated by the rule of law,system,and management.The modernization level of the biosafety/biosecurity governance system and governance capabilities has been significantly improved.Compared with international practice,China's national biosafety/biosecurity concept and governance system pay increased attention to inclusive overall planning,preventive governance,diversified governance,and international cooperation.It provides Chinese wisdom and solutions for promoting global biosafety/biosecurity governance and building a community of shared future for human biosafety/biosecurity.