Neurological consequences of human calmodulin mutations

When calcium ions enter the cytosol,it is a stimulatory signal for cellular events.The calcium sensor calmodulin picks up the change in calcium concentration and relays this information to its more than 300 downstream interaction partners.In this way,calmodulin affects cellular processes such as fertilization,muscle contraction,neuronal firing,and apoptosis.That is,calmodulin is involved in(nearly)everything!The significance of calmodulin is emphasized by the fact that we all carry three different genes(CALM1,2,3)on different chromosomes that encode the exact same calmodulin protein,and these are all expressed in all cell types.Moreover,throughout vertebrate evolution,the protein sequence has remained completely unchanged.

Phenolic Profile and Volatiles of in vitro Propagated Lavandula angustifolia Mill.Seedlings

An effective in vitro propagation protocol was designed for Lavandula angustifolia Miller,a medicinal aromatic plant that is a prominent source of volatile organic compounds(VOCs).Murashige and Skoog media were supplemented with various concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators(PGRs),and the growth parameters of the nodal segments were examined.Nodal explants formed callus when they were supplemented with 2 mg/L of 6-Benzylaminopurine(BAP).The superior hormonal concentration of Murashige and Skoog(MS)media for the proliferation of shoots from callus cultures(39.33%)was 5 mg/L of 2-Isopentenyl adenine(2iP),and the favorable media for the growth of L.angustifolia callus cultures was 1 and 2 mg/L of BAP,with a 98%for-mation rate in each case.The callus cultures and in vitro propagated L.angustifolia seedlings obtained from var-ious PGR concentrations of MS media were exposed to qualitative and quantitative analysis in terms of phenolic profiles,flavonoids,High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)analysis of phenolic acids,and headspace-SPME analysis for volatiles.Such analysis revealed that micropropagated seedlings grown in media containing 1 mg/L of 6-Furfurylaminopurine(KIN)accumulated the highest yield(11.95±0.01 mg GAE/g)of phenolic acids.In contrast,the lowest concentration(2.17±0.04 mg GAE/g)was detected in 0.5 mg/L of BAP+0.5 mg/L of Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)media.The plantlets grown in 0.5 mg/L of BAP+0.5 mg/L of NAA media showed the highestflavonoid yield(31.67±0.06μg/g QE/g).In contrast,callus samples exhibited the lowest yield(11.59±0.02μg/g QE/g)offlavonoids in MS media supplemented with a concentration of 0.5 mg/L of BAP.HPLC analysis revealed the variability of phenolic acid contents within the callus cultures as well as plantlets,with gallic acid,4-OH benzoic acid,chlorogenic acid,vanillic acid,caffeic acid,cinnamic acid,and rosmarinic acid being the prominent constituents.The presence of twenty-two chemicals was revealed by headspace-SPME analysis.Eucalyptol,nonanal,borneol,carvone,andβ-caryophyllene were the most abundant.This study demonstrated that micropropagation of L.angustifolia may be an effective method to produce large numbers of genetically identical plantlets for the production of high-value bio compounds.

Genetic Variability and Phenotypic Correlations Study among Grain Quality Traits and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Colored and Non-Colored Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Twenty-four rice genotypes were examined to assess genetic variability,heritability,and correlations for seven-grain quality traits,eight nutritional elements,and protein.ANOVA revealed significant differences for the quality traits studied.For every trait under study,the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the correspon-dence genotypic coefficient of variation.Heritability in a broad sense varied from 29.75%for grain length to 98.31%for the elongation trait.Hulling percentage recovery had a highly significant positive correlation with milling and head rice percentage.Consequently,milling percentage had a highly positive correlation with head rice percentage.In amylose percentage,all the genotypes belonged to low amylose except the Hassawi-1 variety,which had intermediate amylose content.Mineral nutrition contents of magnesium(Mg),sodium(Na),potas-sium(K),calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),or protein percentage gave different variations for 24 rice genotypes under all the nutritional elements.Among the 24 genotypes,ten rice genotypes–HighNutrient-1,HighNutrient-2,HighNutrient-9,HighNutrient-8,HighNutrient-3,Hassawi-2,HighNutrient-7,HighNutrient-6,Hassawi-1,and HighNutrient-4–had the highest heist value for all nutritional and protein con-tents,and could be used as a donor to improving new varieties.There was a positive and significant correlation between magnesium Mg,K,Zn and Fe.Consequently,K had a positive correlation with zinc Zn,Fe,and protein percentage.Clustering analysis was divided into two groups:thefirst group included all genotypes rich in nutri-ents,while the remaining genotypes with low nutritional content were included in the second group.

Generation of double knockout cattle via CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein(RNP)electroporation

Background Genome editing has been considered as powerful tool in agricultural fields.However,genome editing progress in cattle has not been fast as in other mammal species,for some disadvantages including long gestational periods,single pregnancy,and high raising cost.Furthermore,technically demanding methods such as microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer(SCNT)are needed for gene editing in cattle.In this point of view,electroporation in embryos has been risen as an alternative.Results First,editing efficiency of our electroporation methods were tested for embryos.Presence of mutation on embryo was confirmed by T7E1 assay.With first combination,mutation rates for MSTN and PRNP were 57.6%±13.7%and 54.6%±13.5%,respectively.In case of MSTN/BLG,mutation rates were 83.9%±23.6%for MSTN,84.5%±18.0%for BLG.Afterwards,the double-KO embryos were transferred to surrogates and mutation rate was identified in resultant calves by targeted deep sequencing.Thirteen recipients were transferred for MSTN/PRNP,4 calves were delivered,and one calf underwent an induction for double KO.Ten surrogates were given double-KO embryos for MSTN/BLG,and four of the six calves that were born had mutations in both genes.Conclusions These data demonstrated that production of genome edited cattle via electroporation of RNP could be effectively applied.Finally,MSTN and PRNP from beef cattle and MSTN and BLG from dairy cattle have been born and they will be valuable resources for future precision breeding.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coinfection with Malaria in Selected States in Nigeria

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Plasmodium species are the causative agents of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and malaria respectively with similar clinical presentations. The objective of this study is to determine the burden of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in the general population. Five (5 mLs) of blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria parasite test. The malaria test was performed using a commercially available one-step malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (Pf HRP-II) rapid test kit. The results of the study showed that the participants that were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 IgG and malaria were 13 (2.5%) in Lagos, 1114 (39.1%) in Delta and 49 (2.3%) in Sokoto States. The prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in urban areas in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 7 (2.2%), 1373 (48.1%), and 5 (0.2%) respectively. In rural areas, the prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 6 (0.3%), 365 (12.8%), and 44 (2.1%) respectively in this study. This suggests that participants in the urban areas were more prone to co-infections than the rural areas in Lagos and Delta states, while it was otherwise in Sokoto State. In conclusion, the co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria was very high in Delta State compared to the other States. It is important for clinics to screen for both diseases when patients present with symptoms of malaria. This is because the infections have similar symptoms and the public is quick to assume malaria infection without diagnosing for COVID-19 and vice versa.

Preparation methods,biological activities,and potential applications of marine algae oligosaccharides:a review

Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.

Naringenin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the mRNA-208a signaling pathway in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction

Objective:To investigate the cardioprotective effect of naringenin against isoproterenol(ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.Methods:Rats were divided into five groups:the normal group,the ISO group(85 mg/kg b.w.);the ISO+naringenin(50 mg/kg b.w.)group,the ISO+naringenin(100 mg/kg b.w.)group and the ISO+propranolol(10 mg/kg b.w.)group.Plasma creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB),cardiac troponin T,lactate dehydrogenase,brain natriuretic peptide(BNP),and IL-10,as well as cardiac transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were examined.In addition,NLRP3 and mRNA-208a expressions were evaluated by RT-PCR analysis.Histopathological examination was also performed to assess cardiac damages.Results:Naringenin treatment significantly decreased plasma lactate dehydrogenase,CK-MB,cardiac troponin T,BNP,and IL-10,as well as cardiac TGF-β1,VEGF,and MDA while increasing p-Akt and superoxide dismutase in ISO-administered rats.It also reduced NLRP3 and mRNA-208a gene expression levels.Furthermore,naringenin improved ISO-induced cardiac damage.Conclusions:Naringenin attenuates myocardial dysfunction in ISO-treated rats by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing cardiac endogenous antioxidant system,which may be modulated partly by improvement of NLRP3 and mRNA-208a gene expression.

The Potential Efficacy of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Nanostructure Against Brown Rot of Peach fruits

Production of peaches(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch)for both local market and export is increasing each year in Egypt.Brown rot disease,caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena,is considered one of the most important postharvest rots affecting peaches in Egypt and economic losses are increasing.Antifungal activity of glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles(GA-NPs)and glycyrrhizic acid(GA)at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L was investigated as a control for both these brown rot pathogens on peach fruits in both in vitro and in vivo studies.In the in vitro studies,GA-NPs were the most effective as shown by the ability to decrease linear growth of both brown rot pathogens in potato dextrose agar(PDA)amended with 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs.Micrographs of M.fructigena exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA showed mycelial deformations,nodule formation,detachment of the cell wall,shrinkage and inhomogeneous cytoplasmic materials with large vacuoles.Mycelium of M.laxa exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA-NPs resulted in thinner and distorted hyphae,nodule formation,cell wall thinning,and swellings.The GANPs and GA treatments improved fruit quality by maintaining firmness and total soluble solids(TSS).GA-NPs were more effective in decreasing decay incidence than their bulk material.The 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs completely inhibited the disease on naturally infected peach fruits for both seasons of 2018 and 2019.Furthermore,0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs reduced the disease incidence in inoculated fruits by 95(M.laxa)and 88%(M.fructigena)in 2018 season and 96(M.laxa)and 85%(M.fructigena)in 2019 season.In conclusion,GA-NPs could enhance the resistance of peaches against brown rot caused by M.laxa and M.fructigena.

Detections of mefA, ermB, and mphA Macrolides Resistant Genes in Bacteria Isolated from Covid-19 Patients from Selected Health Facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria

Background: COVID-19 is a disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological data indicated that bacterial complications in COVID-19 would decrease clearance rate of the infecting agent and increase mortality rate. Macrolides such as Azithromycin are usually administered to COVID-19 patients as palliative treatments. Currently, a considerable number of bacterial strains have developed resistance to various antibiotics, especially macrolides. Resistance is reported to be due to possession of mefA, ermB, and mphA genes by Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Therefore, this study determined antibiotic resistance patterns and identify mefA, ermB and mphA macrolide-resistant genes in bacterial pathogens isolated from COVID-19 cases in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: 400 Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from symptomatic cases before antibiotic medication;structured questionnaires were administered to collect socio-demographic data of participants. Samples were cultured on Blood, Chocolate, MacConkey and Mannitol salt agar at 37°C for 48 hrs. Bacterial identification was performed using VITEK 2.0 ID cards and API 20E for Gram positive and negative bacteria respectively. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion methods and VITEK 2.0 AST card kits. DNA of multidrug resistant bacterial isolates was extracted;resistant genes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction with specific primers. Amplified genes were detected using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: 240 (60%) had bacterial growth and 97 (22.2%) yielded no growth. From the 240 bacterial isolates, 38 (15.83%) were multi-drug resistant including resistance to macrolides (Azithromycin) 20 (52.63%) of which were positive for either mefA or ermB, and none (0.0%) possess mphA gene;14 (36.8%) isolates had mefA gene, 10 (26.3%) isolates carried ermB gene. Conclusion: Multi-drug bacterial resistance including macrolides and quinolones was detected. Only mefA and ermB genes were detected in the bacterial isolates, especially in Gram positive organisms. The detection of mefA and ermB genes in the MDR bacterial isolates raised concern on the use of azithromycin as palliative treatment for COVID-19 symptomatic patients.

Conventional Breeding and Molecular Markers for Blast Disease Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Monogenic lines,which carried 23 genes for blast resistance were tested and used donors to transfer resistance genes by crossing method.The results under blast nursery revealed that 9 genes from 23 genes were susceptible to highly susceptible under the three locations(Sakha,Gemmeza,and Zarzoura in Egypt);Pia,Pik,Pik-p,Piz-t,Pita,Pi b,Pi,Pi 19 and Pi 20.While,the genes Pii,Pik-s,Pik-h,Pi z,Piz-5,Pi sh,Pi 3,Pi 1,Pi 5,Pi 7,Pi 9,Pi 12,Pikm and Pita-2 were highly resistant at the same locations.Clustering analysis confirmed the results,which divided into two groups;the first one included all the susceptible genes,while the second one included the resistance genes.In the greenhouse test,the reaction pattern of five races produced 100%resistance under artificial inoculation with eight genes showing complete resistance to all isolates.The completely resistant genes:Pii,Pik-s,Piz,Piz-5(=bi2)(t),Pita(=Pi4)(t),Pita,Pi b and Pi1 as well as clustering analysis confirmed the results.In the F1 crosses,the results showed all the 25 crosses were resistant for leaf blast disease under field conditions.While,the results in F2 population showed seven crosses with segregation ratio of 15(R):1(S),two cross gave segregated ratio of 3 R:1 S and one gave 13:3.For the identification of blast resistance genes in the parental lines,the marker K3959,linked to Pik-s gene and the variety IRBLKS-F5 carry this gene,which was from the monogenic line.The results showed that four genotypes;Sakha 105,Sakha 103,Sakha 106 and IRBLKS-F5 were carrying Pik-s gene,while was absent in the Sakha 101,Sakha 104,IRBL5-M,IRBL9-W,IRBLTACP1 and IRBL9-W(R)genotypes.As for Pi 5 gene,the results showed that it was present in Sakha 103 and Sakha 104 varieties and absent in the rest of the genotypes.In addition,Pita-Pita-2 gene was found in the three Egyptian genotypes(Sakha 105,Sakha 101 and Sakha 104)plus IRBLTACP1 monogenetic.In F2 generation,six populations were used to study the inheritance of blast resistance and specific primers to confirm the ratio and identify the resistance genes.However,the ratios in molecular markers were the same of the ratio under field evaluation in the most population studies.These findings would facilitate in breeding programs for gene pyramiding and gene accumulation to produce durable resistance for blast using those genotypes.

Natural sources, biosynthesis, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms of shikimic acid and its derivatives

Shikimic acid is a hydroaromatic compound possessing critical biological properties,such as antibacterial and antiviral activity.This review mainly focused on shikimic acid and its derivatives.We first briefly introduced the sources of shikimic acid and its derivatives and discussed their biosynthesis.Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that shikimic acid and its derivatives exhibit diverse bioactivities,such as antioxidant,antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,hypolipidemic,bone protective,skin protective,neuroprotective,and antidiabetic activities.We mainly focused on the related molecular mechanisms.Overall,the wide range of bioactivities of shikimic acid and its derivatives indicate that a more detailed exploration of their potential for the prevention and treatment of certain diseases is warranted.

Anti-inflammatory natural products modulate interleukins and their related signaling markers in inflammatory bowel disease:A systematic review

This review aims to identify in vivo studies investigating the potential of plant substances and their natural molecules in managing inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Specifically,the objective is to examine the impact of these substances on interleukins and other key inflammatory signaling markers.Relevant articles published up to December 2022 were identified through a search of the PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Embase databases.The search used keywords including“inflammatory bowel disease”,“medicinal plants”,“natural molecules”,“anti-inflammatory”,and“ulcerative colitis”,and identified 1,878 potentially relevant articles,of which 89 were included in this review after completion of the selection process.This study provides preclinical data on natural products(NPs)that can potentially treat IBD,including ulcerative colitis.The main actions of these NPs relate to their effects on nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κβ),the Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)signaling pathway,the regulation of T helper 17/regulatory T cells balance,and oxidative stress.The ability of these NPs to inhibit intestinal inflammation appears to be dependent on lowering levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-1β,and IL-17,via the Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)1,NF-κβ-p65,and STAT3 pathways.In addition,NPs were shown to reduce oxidative stress and the severity of ulcerative colitis,as well as increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes.These actions suggest that NPs represent a promising treatment for IBD,and potentially have greater efficacy and safety than current treatments.

2019年缅甸草地贪夜蛾发生情况考察报告

缅甸是我国草地贪夜蛾的重要境外虫源区,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在缅甸的发生与防控情况,2019年5月19-25日,云南省农业科学院与缅甸农业研究司专家联合对缅甸南部、中部、中北部和东部草地贪夜蛾开展了实地调查。结果表明:缅甸全境均有草地贪夜蛾发生,为害严重,田间多种虫态并存。其中,南部玉米大部分已经收获,虫株率62.50%~97.50%;中部区域种植少量的商品甜玉米,防治到位,虫株率6.00%~7.50%;中北部曼德勒敏建玉米种植面积最大,达8000hm^2,80%的地块已成熟收获,处于吐丝-乳熟期的田块虫株率达100%,受害严重;东部掸邦虫株率59%,虫口密度2.60头/株。玉米是缅甸第二大种植作物,全年玉米种植面积达47万~52万hm^2,其中与我国云南接壤的东部掸邦是主要种植区。到5月前因无有效降雨,全境玉米尚未大面积种植,仅有零星种植,随着雨季的来临,玉米种植面积将全面增加,草地贪夜蛾种群数量也将随之增加。因此,加强与缅甸相关部门合作,密切掌握缅甸玉米种植及草地贪夜蛾的发生与防控情况,对我国草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及防控有重要的参考价值。

农杆菌介导的籼型水稻恢复系R752成熟胚转基因技术体系的优化

采用农杆菌介导法,对籼型晚稻恢复系R752成熟胚的遗传转化体系进行了优化。结果表明:在MSS培养基上的愈伤诱导率要高于在CCS培养基上的;碳源麦芽糖对提高胚性愈伤诱导率的效果优于蔗糖的;在4种诱导培养基(MSM、MSS、CCM、CCS)与2种分化培养基(MSB、MSK)的8种组合中,以MSM-MSB组合获得的绿苗分化率最高,达28.97%;不同激素对绿苗分化率的影响大小表现为NAA>KT>6-BA,分化培养基的最佳激素配比为2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L KT;3种农杆菌菌株的侵染效率表现为EHA105>LBA4404>GV3101。最终建立了R752的高效转基因技术体系,其平均转化效率达到10.98%。

两性绵霉菌生物量生产的营养需求和发酵条件的研究

对两性绵霉菌(Achlya ambisexualis)生长所需的大量元素和微量元素进行了调查,在PYG培养基础上研制出ZJK培养基.两性绵霉菌在ZJK液体培养基中的倍增时间为3.5小时,产生的生物量约5.5g/L,为PYG的3倍,体积生产率为0.073g/(L·h),为PYG的2倍.最适生长温度为29℃.最适pH为6.5,pH8时孢子萌发被完全抑制.采用pH6.5控制的生物量培养,碳素和氮素转化率明显提高,分别为47.1%和64.8%,体积生产率比非pH控制的分批培养提高50%.在20L发酵罐中,生长稳定期的氧摄取速率为7.0-8.8mol/(L·h).采用分批补料发酵法,生物量达到15g/L.

SO_2蒸汽预处理对黑松制取生物乙醇的影响

以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省甲虫致死黑松为原料,通过SO2催化蒸汽爆破方式对其进行预处理,并对预处理后的原料进行酶水解和乙醇发酵研究,以考察预处理方式结合酶水解对黑松制取乙醇的影响。结果表明,较低的SO2吸收率和原料含水率(干基)影响了预处理效果;水洗对预处理后原料的酶水解效率没有显著的影响;当水解底物质量浓度由20mg/mL增加到150mg/mL时,水解率均在42%左右,底物质量浓度的增加纤维素的水解率没有受到显著影响。从发酵结果看,黑松经汽爆预处理后,不进行水洗处理更有利于后续发酵。分步糖化发酵乙醇得率可以达最大乙醇得率的66%,而同步糖化水乙醇得率为55%。由此可见,低浓度SO2催化汽爆预处理低湿度黑松不能得到较好的预处理效果,需进一步优化。

Endocytic regulation of TGF-β signaling

转变生长因素 -- 尾(发信号的 TGF- 尾) 紧被调整在不同细胞和纸巾保证它的合适的生理的功能。象另外的房间表面受体一样， TGF- 尾受体被使内在化进房间，并且这个过程在 TGF- 尾发信号起一个重要规章的作用。当 TGF- 尾 endocytosis 能被钾弄空和 GTPase 缺乏的 dynamin K44A 异种堵住， TGF- 尾受体是经由 clathrin 涂的泡的 endocytosed，这很好被记录当 TGF- 尾 endocytosis 能被钾弄空和 GTPase 缺乏的 dynamin K44A 异种堵住。TGF- 尾受体可以也经由充满胆固醇的膜 microdomain 类脂化合物 rafts/caveolae 进入房间并且在 caveolin-1-positive 泡被发现。尽管受体 endocytosis 不为 TGF- 尾是必要的发信号，调停 clathrin 的 endocytosis 被显示了支持 TGF- 尾 - 导致的 Smad 激活和 transcriptional 回答。类脂化合物 rafts/caveolae 广泛地被认为是为 G 联合蛋白质的受体和酷氨酸 kinase 受体表明中心，但是他们被显示便于 TGF- 尾受体并且因此的降级 TGF- 尾发信号的转弯。这评论在 TGF- 尾发信号的调整总结 TGF- 尾受体 endocytosis，位于这个过程下面的可能的机制，和 endocytosis 的角色的当前的理解。

香蕉组织培养过程中内生菌污染的控制(英文)

研究了体外培养一种孟加拉传统香蕉（Musa spp．Cv．Kanthali）的茎尖组织。茎尖的原始细胞表面经无菌处理（0．1％HgCl2处理12min），接种6～15d后外植体地下茎部分仍有微生物污染（大部分是细菌），杀死了85％的外植体。为确定无污染培养基，将等量外植体分别浸泡在舍400mg／L氨苄青霉素和200mg／L庆大霉素（两种光谱抗生素）的培养基中1h。结果表明，经抗生素处理的外植体完全没有污染，但培养3周后不能再生。进行二次继代培养后，其中一部分外植体吸收了培养基并胀大，颜色由苍白转变成浅绿或深绿。三次继代培养后数天，不再观察到外植体的生长，所有经抗生素处理过的外植体都开始死亡。在未经抗生素处理的活外植体中，单个茎发育的最佳培养基是：Ms＋4．0mg／LBA＋0．5mg/L KT＋15％CW，平均生长时间为18～21d，但再生率很低，只有30％。茎细胞增殖的最佳培养基是：MS＋4．0mg／L BA＋2．0mg／L IAA＋15％CW，每个茎平均只萌发3～4个芽。最后，在添加0．5mg／L IBA的一半浓度的MS培养基中，体外培养茎最大生根率达到90％。

Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott

Objective:To explore the efficacy of ethanolic leaf extract of Typhonium trilobatum L.Schott in treating diarrhea,pain and inflammation using experimental models.Methods:In the present study,acetic acid-induced writhing,xylene-induced ear edema and castor oil-imluced diarrlieal model were used to evaluate the analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities,respectively.Acute toxicity test was carried out to fix the safe doses of the plant extract.Results:The plant extract demonstrated a significant inhibition of writhing(P<0.01)compared with the control group in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.The extract also significantly inhibited the xylene induced ear edema formation(P<0.05).In anti-diarrheal test,the extract significantly decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period(P<0.0l)in castor oil-induced diarrheal model mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight.Conclusions:These results suggest that the extract possesses significant analgesic,anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities that support to the ethnopharmacologicl uses of this plant.

PTEN,a general negative regulator of cyclin D expression

在相同(PTEN ) 的有十的 tumor-suppressor 磷酸酶经常在许多恶意被变异并且是最好学习的肿瘤之一压制或基因[1,2 ] 。PTEN，类脂化合物和蛋白质双磷酸酶，在胚胎发育，房间生长， apoptosis 和房间移植起一个重要作用。PTEN 的著名功能是作为 PI_3 kinase (PI3K ) 的一个否定管理者工作的 phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI_3 )-phosphatase, 小径。PTEN 由 modulating 调整 G1 -S 转变，这很好被建立 cyclin D1and p27^(Kip1 ) 的表示。