2019年缅甸草地贪夜蛾发生情况考察报告

缅甸是我国草地贪夜蛾的重要境外虫源区,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在缅甸的发生与防控情况,2019年5月19-25日,云南省农业科学院与缅甸农业研究司专家联合对缅甸南部、中部、中北部和东部草地贪夜蛾开展了实地调查。结果表明:缅甸全境均有草地贪夜蛾发生,为害严重,田间多种虫态并存。其中,南部玉米大部分已经收获,虫株率62.50%~97.50%;中部区域种植少量的商品甜玉米,防治到位,虫株率6.00%~7.50%;中北部曼德勒敏建玉米种植面积最大,达8000hm^2,80%的地块已成熟收获,处于吐丝-乳熟期的田块虫株率达100%,受害严重;东部掸邦虫株率59%,虫口密度2.60头/株。玉米是缅甸第二大种植作物,全年玉米种植面积达47万~52万hm^2,其中与我国云南接壤的东部掸邦是主要种植区。到5月前因无有效降雨,全境玉米尚未大面积种植,仅有零星种植,随着雨季的来临,玉米种植面积将全面增加,草地贪夜蛾种群数量也将随之增加。因此,加强与缅甸相关部门合作,密切掌握缅甸玉米种植及草地贪夜蛾的发生与防控情况,对我国草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及防控有重要的参考价值。

农杆菌介导的籼型水稻恢复系R752成熟胚转基因技术体系的优化

采用农杆菌介导法,对籼型晚稻恢复系R752成熟胚的遗传转化体系进行了优化。结果表明:在MSS培养基上的愈伤诱导率要高于在CCS培养基上的;碳源麦芽糖对提高胚性愈伤诱导率的效果优于蔗糖的;在4种诱导培养基(MSM、MSS、CCM、CCS)与2种分化培养基(MSB、MSK)的8种组合中,以MSM-MSB组合获得的绿苗分化率最高,达28.97%;不同激素对绿苗分化率的影响大小表现为NAA>KT>6-BA,分化培养基的最佳激素配比为2 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L KT;3种农杆菌菌株的侵染效率表现为EHA105>LBA4404>GV3101。最终建立了R752的高效转基因技术体系,其平均转化效率达到10.98%。

花生壳生物炭对土壤改良、蔬菜增产及其持续效应研究

通过田间试验,一次性施入花生壳来源生物炭,研究其对土壤改良、蔬菜生长、蔬菜品质影响及其作用的持续效应,为土壤改良的应用提供科学依据。生物炭用量设置0、2.5、5、10 t·hm^(-2)4个水平,2014~2016年共进行16个月多茬上海青、油麦菜和生菜3种蔬菜轮作的田间试验,在各茬蔬菜收获时测定产量,并采集蔬菜样品测定可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量,同时采集各小区土壤样品测定pH值、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及有机碳含量。研究结果表明,不同用量花生壳生物炭可提高土壤pH值0.1~0.8单位,提高土壤有机碳1.4%~31.4%,使蔬菜增产6.2%~96.5%;但对蔬菜可溶性糖、硝酸盐及Vc含量没有明显影响。花生壳生物炭对前两茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾含量具有显著提高作用,对以后各茬蔬菜收获时的土壤速效钾、所有茬次蔬菜收获时的土壤碱解氮及有效磷含量均没有明显影响。与对照处理相比,5 t·hm^(-2)花生壳生物炭施用效果最好,可提高土壤pH值0.3~0.8单位,提升土壤有机碳4.6%~19.0%,增产蔬菜7.9%~96.5%。连续种植多茬蔬菜后,5 t·hm^(-2)花生壳生物炭处理的土壤pH值仍然比对照处理提高16.9%、土壤有机碳提升8.5%,蔬菜产量增加18.7%。因此,一次性施用适量花生壳生物炭在16个月内对连续多茬蔬菜试验具有持续增产和改土作用。

In vitro clonal propagation of Achyranthes aspera L. and Achyranthes bidentata Blume using nodal explants

Objective:To develop the reproducible in vitro propagation protocols for the medicinally important plants viz.,Achyranthes aspera(A.aspera)L.and Achyranthes bidentata(A.bidentata)Blume using nodal segments as explants.Methods:Young shoots of A.aspera and A.bidentata were harvested and washed with running tap water and treated with 0.1%bavistin and rinsed twice with distilled water.Then the explants were surface sterilized with 0.1%(w/v)HgCl_2 solutions for I min.After rinsing with sterile distilled water for 3-4 times,nodal segments were cut into smaller segments(1 cm)and used as the explants.The explants were placed horizontally as well as vertically on solid basal Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium supplemented with 3%sucrose,0.6%(w/v)agar(HiMedia,Mumbai)and different concentration and combination of 6-benzyl amino purine(BAP),kinetin(Kin),naphthalene acetic acid(NAA)and indole acetic acid(IAA)for direct regeneration.Results:Adventitious proliferation was obtained from A.aspera and A.bidentata nodal segments inoculated on MS basal medium with 3%sucrose and augmented with BAP and Kin with varied frequency.MS medium augmented with 3.0 mg/L of BAP showed the highest percentage(93.60±0.71)of shootlets formation for A.aspera and(94.70±0.53)percentages for A.bidentata.Maximum number of shoots/explants(10.60±0.36)for A.aspera and(9.50±0.56)for A.bidentata was observed in MS medium fortified with 5.0 mg/L of BAP.For A.aspera,maximum mean length(5.50±0.34)of shootlets was obtained in MS medium augmented with 3.0 mg/L of Kin and for A.bidentata(5.40±0.61)was observed in the very same concentration.The highest percentage,maximum number of rootlets/shootlet and mean length of rootlets were observed in 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of 1BA.Seventy percentages of plants were successfully established in polycups.Sixty eight percentages of plants were well established in the green house condition.Sixty five percentages of plants were established in the field.Conclusions:The results have shown that use of nodal buds is an alternative reproducible and dependable method for clonal propagation of A.aspera and A.bidentata.The high rate of direct shoot-root multiplication and their high rate of post-hardening survival indicate that this protocol can he easily adopted for commercial large scale cultivation.

Isolation, Screening and Molecular Characterization of Multifunctional Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for a Sustainable Agriculture

The use of PGPR as a multifunctional biofertilizer or biostimulant is an alternative way to prevent soil pollution and preserve agricultural for sustainable economy. In this study, 102 bacterial strains were isolated from rhizospheric soil of different crop fields. Among them, 15 bacterial isolates rich of NPK were selected to screen for PGP activity. It was found that 4 out 15 isolates were able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, 14 could solubilize phosphate and 5 could solubilize potassium. They were further examined for the production of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, cellulose, chitinase, etc.), plant hormone (IAA) and plant defense substances (HCN, siderophore, etc.). All PGPR isolates were able to produce IAA, siderophore and ammonia while 2 isolates could produce HCN. Among them, 73.33% of selected isolates produced amylase, 80% produced cellulase, 66.67% produced pectinase, 93.33% produced chitinase and β-glucanase. For salt stress tolerance, all the isolates grew well in 5% NaCl while only 4 tolerated 9% NaCl. Among all isolates, 2 have antifungal activity and 5 have antibacterial activity. The best 6 isolates and consortium were tested to promote plant growth in green-gram and maize germination. Seed germination of green-gram and maize was observed the best in Acromobacter insolitus S3 compared with other treatments. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida B3 was found the best in fresh weight for both crops. The highest root formation was observed in Acromobacter insolitus S3 treatment in maize and Enterobacter hormaechei W1 treatment in green-gram.

Current Knowledge of Mango and Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Control in Myanmar: A Review

Mango is one of the largest commercial fruits in Myanmar and the fruit fly, B. dorsalis and B. correcta are the major pests. Mango is a kind of native fruit which can grow well as natural vegetation throughout the entire country under the various climatic conditions. We aimed to point out overuse of insecticide application in agricultural sector of Myanmar and further criteria of effective fruit fly control techniques were also proposed for worldwide ecosystem. Traditional fruit fly control is primarily focused on the uncoordinated use of insecticide applications which is orchard-by-orchard strategy. However, in view of flying distance, this localized strategy is not successful and harms the ecosystem. Occasionally, fruit bagging technique was applied by some farmers. In Myanmar’s agricultural sector, numerous varieties of cheap insecticides which mostly imported from China were plentiful. While conventional insecticide application controls were implemented annually, the population of fruit flies increased year after year, particularly in tropical region. The requirement of technical-scientific research reduced the worldwide fruit fly records. Furthermore, traditional insecticide application approach inhibits the yield and quality of mangoes that have adversely affected international trade. Importantly, in long term period of the entire previous decade, the conventional insecticide application controls make more fruit fly infestation.

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

Review on Possible Factors for Outbreak of Wood Boring Isopod, Sphaeroma spp. Which Causes Destructive Impact on Mangrove Forest in China

The tropical and subtropical mangrove biomes form the foundation of a highly productive and biologically rich ecosystem providing essential goods and services to human beings. Despite its values, the stability and survival of mangroves are consistently threatened by anthropogenic activities and their associated degradation, resulting in their disappearance. After realizing their ecological importance, in recent years, rehabilitation and restoration programs for mangrove forests have been launched globally. Unfortunately, most mangrove restoration efforts yielded negative results and failed to re-establish mangrove forests because of technical and social failures. Besides, the continued outbreak of wood borer, Sphaeroma spp., in mangrove forests has become one of the destructive causes of natural and restored mangrove forests in some nations including China. However, few studies on the biology of Sphaeroma spp. found in Chinese mangrove ecosystem have been done, and little is known concerning the factors affecting their outbreak in China. In this review, we discussed the possible factors that affect the rapid growth and recruitment of Sphaeroma spp. in the mangrove ecosystem by examining the information of the wood borer Sphaeroma spp. from the scattered pieces of literature with great regard. We discussed the relationship between the recruitment of Sphaeroma spp. and the tide and flow of water, food availability from the surrounding water and water quality including salinity, temperature, and the pollution of water. In addition to these factors, the reduced biodiversity of restored mangrove forest could be one of the main reasons for the outbreak of isopod. We also discussed the destructive impact of the isopod’s outbreak and the possible ways to control their outbreak in mangrove forest.

Formulation and Evaluation of Lipstick with Betacyanin Pigment of <i>Hylocereus polyrhizus</i>(Red Dragon Fruit)

Lipstick is the most widely used cosmetic product. Although lipstick gives a lot of social, psychological and therapeutic benefits, it may harm the consumers. Because most lipsticks contained high lead level and long term use of high lead level lipstick may harm the consumers. Research findings have suggested that administration of various antioxidants can prevent or subdue various toxic effects of lead and generation of oxidative stress. Hylocereus polyrhizus (Red dragon fruit) is widely available in Myanmar and it contains powerful antioxidant amaranth colorant called betacyanin pigment. It can prevent the oxidative stress caused by low level of lead, thus suitable as natural colorant for lipstick. As a role of pharmacist, this research was intended to minimize the adverse effects of lipsticks by formulating natural lipstick with betacyanin pigment obtained from H. polyrhizus and other natural ingredients. Formulation of lipstick was carried out by heating and blending method with homogenizer at a speed of 12000 rpm. Then, pH, melting point, surface abnormalities, aging stability, perfume stability and antioxidant activity were performed as quality evaluation. Skin irritation test, microbial analysis and lead content determination were carried out as safety evaluation. Formulated lipsticks with betacyanin pigment of H. polyrhizus have acceptable quality. The IC50 of standard ascorbic acid and formulated lipstick were 4.51 μg/ml and 22.23 μg/ml respectively. In quantitative analysis for microbiological control, formulated lipstick had no visible colony and in qualitative analysis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were not detected in 0.5 g of formulated lipsticks. Moreover, lead content of formulated lipstick was only 2.9 ppm that is within allowable limit and it had negligible skin irritancy. Therefore, lipstick with betacyanin pigment of H. polyrhizus can utilize as Cosmeceutical.

Combination of genetic analysis and ancient literature survey reveals the diverge nee of traditional Brassica rapa varieties from Kyoto, Japan

Since ancient times,humans have bred several plants that we rely on today.However,little is known about the divergence of most of these plants.In the present study,we investigated the divergence of Mibuna(Brassica rapa L.subsp.nipposinica L.H.Bailey),a traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto(Japan),by combining genetic analysis and a survey of ancient literature.Mibuna is considered to have been bred 200 years ago from Mizuna,another traditional leafy vegetable in Kyoto.Mibuna has simple spatulate leaves,whereas Mizuna has characteristic serrated leaves.The quantitative trait loci(QTL)and gene expression analyses suggested that the downregulation of BrTCP15 expression contributed to the change in the leaf shape from serrated to simple spatulate.Interestingly,the SNP analysis indicated that the genomic region containing the BrTCP15 locus was transferred to Mibuna by introgression.Furthermore,we conducted a survey of ancient literature to reveal the divergence of Mibuna and found that hybridization between Mizuna and a simple-leaved turnip might have occurred in the past.Indeed,the genomic analysis of multiple turnip cultivars showed that one of the cultivars,Murasakihime,has almost the same sequence in the BrTCP15 region as Mibuna.These results suggest that the hybridization between Mizuna and turnip has resulted in the establishment of Mibuna.

Comparative study of protein pattern changes and mineral composition in cultivated and newly domesticated wild Flammulina velutipes

A wild strain of Flammulina velutipes indigenous to Iran has been recently adapted for artificial cultivation,requiring nutritional information in order to improve its utilization as a medicinal-culinary mushroom.Thus,the current study aimed to evaluate protein profile of this domesticated wild F.velutipes strain over six different developmental stages,in comparison with a commercially cultivated strain of F.velutipes.Various macro-and microelements were also investigated in the mature sporomes cultivated in a lignocellulosic substrate composed of 40%wheat straw+40%sawdust+18%wheat bran+1%lime+1%gypsum.The lowest and highest amounts of protein were observed in primordia(33%of dry matter)and sporomes picked at the third or fifth day of harvesting(57%of dry matter),respectively(p≤0.05),followed by an obvious decrease in protein content at the late stages of harvesting(p≤0.05).Further SDS-PAGE analyses revealed that the protein molecular mass increased from less than 30 kDa in primordia to 235 kDa in mature sporomes.However,no significant difference in protein profiling was noticed between the wild and the reference strains of any given stage(p≥0.05).While nutritional elements such as K,P and Mg were found at 886.9,745.2,and 142.7 mg/100 g of dry weight,respectively,no heavy metals was found at levels higher than the provisional maximum tolerable intake in the sporomes.This study may be considered an initial step towards recognition of the wild F.velutipes as a non-toxic functional food,warranting further proteomics studies.

Molecular identification of some wild medicinal macrofungi from Northern Iran

In last decades,macrofungi have attracted increasing attention because of their valuable nutritional and medicinal properties.In this study,a total of 180 macrofungal samples were collected from forests in Mazandaran province,Iran.The dominant orders were Polyporales(51%)and Agaricales(35%).Pure mycelial cultures were successfully obtained from 91 collected samples.Regarding morphological data,47 isolates were selected for molecular identification based on internal transcribed spacer region(ITS)sequence analysis.The results showed that the 38 macrofungal isolates were belonging to 22 species,19 genera,10 families and 5 orders.Most of the macrofungi(47%)were identified as Trametes species and Ganoderma species.Three isolates identified as Hohenbuehelia species,Polyporellus brumalis and Ceriporia lacerata were records as a new to the Iran fungal flora.This study increases the knowledge on Iranian macrofungal diversity and facilitates future genetic and biotechnological investigations on these macrofungi.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, antiglycation and antimicrobial potential of indigenous Myanmar medicinal plants

Objective: Myanmar has a long history of using medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. To the best of our knowledge there are no previous reports on antiglycation activities of medicinal plants from Myanmar. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antiglycation and antimicrobial properties of 20 ethanolic extracts from 17 medicinal plants indigenous to Myanmar.Methods: In vitro scavenging assays of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), nitric oxide(NO),superoxide(SO) radicals were used to determine the antioxidant activities. Folin-Ciocalteu's method was performed to determine the total phenolic content. Antiglycation and antimicrobial activities were detected by bovine serum albumin-fluorescent assay and agar well diffusion method.Results: Terminalia chebula Retz.(Fruit), containing the highest total phenolic content, showed high antioxidant activities with inhibition of 77.98% ±0.92%, 88.95% ±2.42%, 88.56% ±1.87% and 70.74% ±2.57% for DPPH, NO, SO assays and antiglycation activity respectively. It also showed the antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans with inhibition zone of 19, 18, 17, 25 and 15 mm, respectively. Garcinia mangostana Linn. showed the strongest activities for SO and antiglycation assays with inhibition of 93.68% ±2.63%and 82.37% ±1.78%. Bark of Melia sp. was the best NO radical scavenger with inhibition rate of89.39% ± 0.60%.Conclusion: The results suggest that these plants are potential sources of antioxidants with free radical-scavenging and antiglycation activities and could be useful for decreasing the oxidative stress and glycation end-product formation in glycation-related diseases.

PAPP2C Interacts with the Atypical Disease Resistance Protein RPW8.2 and Negatively Regulates Salicylic Acid-Dependent Defense Responses in Arabidopsis

真菌的许多和 oomycete 病原体区分说出的喂的结构从植物提取营养的 haustorium 表皮的房间。不正常的抵抗(R) 蛋白质 RPW8.2 激活水杨酸酸(SA )-dependent, 对 Golovinomyces spp 的指向 haustorium 的防卫，多重植物种类上的粉的霉疾病的原因的代理人。RPW8.2 怎么激活防卫，仍然是 uncharacterized。这里，我们报导 RPW8.2 在酵母并且在由 co-immunoprecipitation 和双分子的荧光互补试金证实了的 planta 与联系 phytochrome 的蛋白质磷酸酶类型 2C (PAPP2C ) 交往。由在缺乏 RPW8.2 的 Col-0 植物的 RNA 干扰(RNAi ) 的 PAPP2C 的下面规定导致叶自发的细胞死亡和提高的疾病抵抗到经由 SA 依赖的发信号小径的粉的霉。而且，由在在强壮的象 HR 一样房间死亡的 RPW8.2 背景结果的 RNAi 的 PAPP2C 的下面规定，它相关与提高了 RPW8.2 表示。我们进一步表明那红血球凝聚素(哈) 从短暂地与 HAPAPP2C 转变的烟草叶房间准备的标注 PAPP2C 拥有磷酸酶活动。另外， silencing 米饭基因(Os04g0452000 ) 对相应 PAPP2C 也在米饭导致自发的房间死亡。联合，我们的结果建议 RPW8.2 机能上地与 PAPP2C 被连接并且 PAPP2C 否定地在 Arabidopsis 对粉的霉调整 SA 依赖的基础防卫。

Actinobacteria-enhanced plant growth, nutrient acquisition, and crop protection:Advances in soil, plant, and microbial multifactorial interactions

Agricultural areas of land are deteriorating every day owing to population increase, rapid urbanization, and industrialization. To feed today’s huge populations, increased crop production is required from smaller areas, which warrants the continuous application of high doses of inorganic fertilizers to agricultural land. These cause damage to soil health and, therefore, nutrient imbalance conditions in arable soils. Under these conditions, the benefits of microbial inoculants (such as Actinobacteria) as replacements for harmful chemicals and promoting ecofriendly sustainable farming practices have been made clear through recent technological advances. There are multifunctional traits involved in the production of different types of bioactive compounds responsible for plant growth promotion, and the biocontrol of phytopathogens has reduced the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. There are some well-known groups of nitrogen-fixing Actinobacteria, such as Frankia, which undergo mutualism with plants and offer enhanced symbiotic trade-offs.In addition to nitrogen fixation, increasing availability of major plant nutrients in soil due to the solubilization of immobilized forms of phosphorus and potassium compounds, production of phytohormones, such as indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-pyruvic acid, gibberellins, and cytokinins, improving organic matter decomposition by releasing cellulases, xylanase, glucanases, lipases, and proteases, and suppression of soil-borne pathogens by the production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and chitinase are important features of Actinobacteria useful for combating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.The positive influence of Actinobacteria on soil fertility and plant health has motivated us to compile this review of important findings associated with sustaining plant productivity in the long run.

Protein trafficking during plant innate immunity

Plants have evolved a sophisticated immune system to fight against pathogenic microbes. Upon detection of pathogen invasion by immune receptors, the immune system is turned on, resulting in production of antimicrobial molecules including pathogenesis-related(PR) proteins.Conceivably, an efficient immune response depends on the capacity of the plant cell's protein/membrane trafficking network to deploy the right defense-associated molecules in the right place at the right time. Recent research in this area shows that while the abundance of cell surface immune receptors is regulated by endocytosis, many intracellular immune receptors, when activated, are partitioned between the cytoplasm and the nucleus for induction of defense genes and activation of programmed cell death, respectively. Vesicle transport is an essential process for secretion of PR proteins to the apoplastic space and targeting of defense-related proteins to the plasma membrane or other endomembrane compartments. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of protein trafficking during plant immunity, with a focus on the immunity proteins on the move and the major components of the trafficking machineries engaged.