Morphological phylogeny among 15 accessions of bamboos growing in Kokrajhar district of the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts,Assam

Bamboo is nature＇s wonderful gift historically associated with the rural population of the Bodoland Territorial Area Districts.However,indiscriminate use of the resource and the ambiguity in the identification of bamboos in the absence of flowering characters pose a potential risk to the bamboo germplasm.Therefore,we considered revising the taxonomic positions and phylogenetic relationships among 15 tropical bamboo species using 35 key morphological descriptors（MD） to assess the reliability of vegetative characters in identifying species.The phylogenetic tree constructed from the similarity matrix,derived from an unweighted pair group method of analysis（UPGMA） of the 35 MDs,marginally deviated from the conventional taxonomic positions of the bamboo species.While the two varieties,one forma of Bambusa vulgaris（var.Vittata,var.Vulgaris,fo.Waminii） and two species of the genus Dendrocalamus（D.giganteus and D.hamiltonii）clustered together in a single clade,and D.strictus was distantly placed from their congeners.This discrepancy with the conventional classification might have ensued since only vegetative characters such as culm anatomy,culm sheath,leaf,and leaf sheath were considered in the present study.While the phylogenetic relationship among the 15 tropical bamboos（computed from exhaustive MDs）grossly corroborate the conventional taxonomic grouping,a molecular-marker-based multidisciplinary approach should resolve the remaining conflicts in bamboo identification.

Acknowledging the use of botanicals to treat diabetic foot ulcer during the 21st century:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcer(DFU) is a serious health issue of diabetes mellitus that affects innumerable people worldwide. Management and treatment of this complication are challenging, especially for those whose immune system is weak.AIM To discuss the plants and their parts used to heal DFU, along with the mode of their administration in diabetic patients.METHODS The original articles on “the plants for the treatment of DFU” studied in clinical cases only were obtained from various bibliographic databases using different keywords.RESULTS The search resulted in 22 clinical cases records with 20 medicinal plants belonging to 17 families on 1553 subjects. The fruits and leaves were the most preferentially used parts for DFU treatment, regardless of whether they were being administered orally or applied topically. Of the 20 medicinal plants, 19 reported their effectiveness in increasing angiogenesis, epithelialization, and granulation, thus hastening the wound-healing process. The efficacy of these botanicals might be attributed to their major bioactive compounds, such as actinidin and ascorbic acid(in Actinidia deliciosa), 7-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-galactin(in Ageratina pichinchensis), omega-3-fatty acid(in Linum usitatissimum), isoquercetin(in Melilotus officinalis), anthocyanins(in Myrtus communis), and plantamajoside(in Plantago major).CONCLUSION The validation of mechanisms of action underlying these phytocompounds contributing to the management of DFU can aid in our better understanding of creating efficient treatment options for DFU and its associated problems.

Evaluation of phytochemical properties and larvicidal activities of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula against Aedes aegypti

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and larvicidal property of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula against Aedes aegypti.Methods: Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the plants was studied by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate(DPPH) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) assay(ABTS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) assay, superoxide anion scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity assay following standard protocol.Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, carbohydrate, and plant protein were also estimated following standard protocols.Larvicidal property of plant extracts were determined following World Health Organization standard protocol.Additionally, glutathione-s-transferase(GST) and acetylcholinesterase(AchE) inhibitory property was also tested biochemically.Results: Phytochemically, high protein, carbohydrate and phenolic were found in Terminalia chebula, while Cynodon dactylon showed high flavonoid contents.Similarly, high antioxidant activity was found in Terminalia chebula with IC_(50) values at 13.7, 2.9, 45.2 and 46.0 μg/mL in DPPH, ABTS, TBARS and superoxide anion scavenging activity, respectively.Larvicidal study showed strongest activity in Spilanthes acmella followed by Cynodon dactylon, and Clerodendrum viscosum and Terminalia chebula.GST and AchE of Aedes aegypti larvae showed reduced enzyme activity when pre-incubated with Cynadon dactylon and Spilanthes acmella.Conclusions: The methanolic crude extracts of Cynodon dactylon, Clerodendrum viscosum, Spilanthes acmella and Terminalia chebula possess strong antioxidant and larvicidal property against Aedes aegypti and therefore, may be further investigated for the molecular mode of action.

Molecular docking studies of anti-cancerous candidates in Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia

Actinorhizal plants contain numerous antioxidants that may play a crucial role in preventing the formation of tumors.H-Ras p21,a member of the Ras-GTPase family,is a promising target to treat various kinds of cancers.An in silico docking study was carried out to identify the inhibitory potential of compounds of these plants against H-Ras by using Discovery Studio 3.5 and by using Autodock 4.2.Docking studies revealed that four compounds,isorhamnetin-7-rhamnoside,quercetin-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside（present in H.rhamnoides）,zeaxanthin,and translutein（present in H.salicifolia） significantly bind with binding energies-17.1534,-14.7936,-10.2105 and-17.2217 Kcal/mol,respectively,even though they slightly deviate from Lipinski＇s rule.Absorption,distribution,metabolism,excretion and toxicity（ADME/tox） analyses of these compounds and their stereoisomers showed that they were less toxic and non-mutagenic.Amongst them,isorhamntein-7-rhamnoside showed hepatotoxicity.Hence,these compounds can be further investigated in vivo to optimize their formulation and concentration and to develop potential chemical entities for the prevention and treatment of cancers.

On Some Properties of Neutrosophic Semi Continuous and Almost Continuous Mapping

The neutrality’s origin,character,and extent are studied in the Neutrosophic set.The neutrosophic set is an essential issue to research since it opens the door to a wide range of scientific and technological applications.The neutrosophic set can find its spot to research because the universe is filled with indeterminacy.Neutrosophic set is currently being developed to express uncertain,imprecise,partial,and inconsistent data.Truth membership function,indeterminacymembership function,and falsitymembership function are used to express a neutrosophic set in order to address uncertainty.The neutrosophic set producesmore rational conclusions in a variety of practical problems.The neutrosophic set displays inconsistencies in data and can solve real-world problems.We are directed to do our work in semi-continuous and almost continuous mapping on the basis of the neutrosophic set by observing these.Since we are going to study the properties of semi continuous and almost continuous mapping,we present the meaning of N-semi-open set,N-semi-closed set,N-regularly open set,N-regularly closed set,N-continuous mapping,N-open mapping,N-closed mapping,Nsemi-continuous mapping,N-semi-open mapping,N-semi-closed mapping.Additionally,we attempt to demonstrate a portion of their properties and furthermore referred to some examples.

Transition Specific Risk Factors Affecting the Lifestyle Disease Progression from Diabetes to Hypertension in India

Diabetes and hypertension are common co-morbid associates and coexist in many of the cases. The study attempts to understand the two-way transition between diabetes and hypertension and the risk factors affecting the transition using the multistate model. The study used data from the first and second waves of IHDS. There is a significant rise in the level of diabetes and hypertension from 2004-05 to 2011-12. Except for transition from hypertension to diabetes, the probability of transition in all other transition decreases and the mean waiting time to stay in the healthy state increases after adjusting for several covariates. Increases in the level of smoking, drinking of alcohol, consumption of tobacco, body mass index, education and household income quintile are the major transition specific risk factors affecting the transition between diabetes and hypertension. And the risk of transitioning from a healthy state to hypertension is higher among females compared to males.

The Great Derangement and Storyteller’s Prerogative: Knowledge From the Hearth

Mythology plays an important role in the sustenance of a particular community.It embeds the ancient knowledge that percolates through folktales into the knowledge system of that community.However,such mythologies have often been dismissed by votaries of scientific knowledge on the ground that these mythologies are preposterous and do not have scientific basis.Consequently,the traditional form of knowledge which has helped in the sustenance of particular community is disrupted.It eventually led to invasion of alien ideas and culture which is not conducive for the growth and protection of that community life.As a result,the relation between man and nature is also disrupted.The present world has been ripped apart by the onslaught of industrialisation in the name of progress and development and people have turned immensely materialistic and as such have not only lost their reverence for nature,but also have facilitated into the decadence of their traditional system of knowledge that otherwise would have shielded the affinity between man and nature.Amitav Ghosh talks about this problem in his non-fiction The Great Derangement;and similarly many Indian writers have also addressed this issue through stories,poetry,and fiction.Eastern Kire Iralu is one such writer from the Northeast India who has blended myth and folktale in her novella titled The Son of the Thundercloud.Her purpose is to allegorie the pathetic plight of the people in present-day world because of their irreverence to nature.She does it by invoking myth and folktale.She has shown in her novella that how ancient system of knowledge,through folk tales,tries to provide valuable knowledge that is required for sustenance of mankind.This paper analyses the novella of Eastrine Kire Iralu which offers a way-out from the present day crisis mentioned by Amitabh Ghosh.Easterine Kire Iralu’s novella has established the importance of folktales in primitive societies and its relevance in the present day world.Kire has bended mythology and realism to show the symbiotic relationship between man and nature and thereby she establishes the indispensability of storytellers’role in bailing out mankind of the present crisis.

Interaction of Gravitational field and Brans-Dicke field in R/W universe containing Dark Energy like fluid

On studying some new models of Robertson-Walker universes with a Brans-Dicke scalar field, it is found that most of these universes contain a dark energy like fluid which confirms the present scenario of the expansion of the universe. In one of the cases, the exact solution of the field equations gives a universe with a false vacuum, while in another it reduces to that of dust distribution in the Brans-Dicke cosmology when the cosmological constant is not in the picture. In one particular model it is found that the universe may undergo a Big Rip in the future, and thus it will be very interesting to investigate such models further.

On Bianchi Type III String Cloud Universe Containing Strange Quark Matter

Considering Bianchi type III space-time we present the model Universe containing strange quark matter which is expanding, anisotropic, with a sign of dark energy that help in accelerated expansion of this Universe. It is also seen that the model Universe contains both particles and strings but ultimately will have fluid containing particles only. This model which we consider here is acceptable in view of the present observations of the Universe. Some physical and geometrical properties are also discussed.

Five Dimensional String Universes in Lyra Manifold

Considering five dimensional plane symmetric metric, we discuss a model universe with different situations, by solving the modified Einstein field equations within the framework of Lyra geometry. We obtain many interesting realistic solutions governing the present day model of the universe. Physical and kinematical properties of the models are discussed in detail.

Universe Filled with Generalized Cosmic Chaplygin Gas and Barotropic Fluid

In this paper we have considered a model of the universe filled with Generalized Cosmic Chaplygin Gas and another fluid with barotropic equation of state. We observe its role in accelerating phase of the universe by considering the mixture of these two fluid models valid from the radiation era to for and the radiation era to quintessence model for . The statefinder parameters describe the evolution of the universe in different phases for these two fluid models.

Additions to the lichen flora of Assam with special reference to Astrothelium alboverrucoides,a new record to India

The present study enumerates the diversity of corticolous lichens from Kokrajhar district of Assam state.The study records 54 species of lichens belonging to 21 genera and 14 families.Majority of the species are crustose(44 species)and 10 are foliose.One of the species,Astrothelium alboverrucoides is a new record to India while five species viz.,Graphis sayeri,Hemithecium croceum,Malmidea piperis,Ocellularia allosporoides and Porina belanospora are new additions to the lichen biota of Assam.Among the species,nine are endemic to India.Graphidaceae is the dominant family and Dirinaria consimilis is frequently found in all the study sites.This indicates its scope for future applications in other studies related to lichens in the region.

An enumeration of lichen diversity from Ultapani Forest Range of Kokrajhar District,Assam with Ocellularia calvescens and Rhabdodiscus subcavatus,two new records in India

The occurence of 52 species of lichens belonging to 25 genera and 14 families from Ultapani,Saralpara and Labanyapur of Ultapani Forest Range of Kokrajhar district,Assam(India)is provided.The majority of the species are crustose with 43 species,foliose with seven species and fruticose and squamulose with one species each.This study added two new records Ocellularia calvescens(Fée)Müll.Arg.and Rhabdodiscus subcavatus(Nyl.)Rivas Plata,Lücking&Lumbsch for the first time to the Indian lichen biota.The family Diploschistaceae and Graphidaceae show luxuriant growth in the area followed by Pyrenulaceae and Trichotheliaceae.The genera Ocellularia is dominant with seven species followed by Pyrenula and Porina with six and four species respectively.Among the three areas,Ultapani showed maximum diversity of lichens compared to the other two.The dominance of Diploschistaceae and Graphidaceae members indicates semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forest as well as smooth bark trees in the region that provides healthy forest with ecological continuity.