The cornerstone of scientifically valid and ethically sound clinical trials is in compliance with established global quality requirements.Although China has made significant progress over the past 20 years in terms of...The cornerstone of scientifically valid and ethically sound clinical trials is in compliance with established global quality requirements.Although China has made significant progress over the past 20 years in terms of the clinical trial quantity[1],quality and participation in multiregional trials[2],there still remain concerns regarding the trial quality,which could be associated with the self-inspection initiative in 2015[3].展开更多
To the Editor:The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in older Chinese adults(≥60 years)is over 20%.[1]In comparison to younger patients,older diabetes patients tend to have lower rate of adequate glycemic co...To the Editor:The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in older Chinese adults(≥60 years)is over 20%.[1]In comparison to younger patients,older diabetes patients tend to have lower rate of adequate glycemic control(<7.0%hemoglobin A1c[HbA1c])and a higher risk of hypoglycemia.[2]Currently,there are limited data on the clinical characteristics and treatment patterns of older T2DM patients in China.We conducted a nation-wide cross-sectional study to examine the clinical characteristics,anti-diabetic treatment patterns,and glycemic control in older(≥60 years)Chinese patients.Factors associated with poor glycemic control were identified with multivariate regression analysis.展开更多
Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arb...Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arbitrarily many levels,usual design matrices and'vanilla'covari-ance matrices.Objective hyperpriors can be employed for the GHNL model to express ignorance or match frequentist properties,yet the common objective Bayesian approaches are infeasible or fraught with danger in hierarchical modelling.To tackle this issue,[Berger,J,Sun,D.&Song,C.(2020b).An objective prior for hyperparameters in normal hierarchical models.Journal of Multi-variate Analysis,178,104606.https://doi.org/10.1016/jmva.2020.104606]proposed a particular objective prior and investigated its properties comprehensively.Posterior propriety is important for the choice of priors to guarantee the convergence of MCMC samplers.James Berger conjec-tured that the resulting posterior is proper for a hierarchical normal model with arbitrarily many levels,a rigorous proof of which was not given,however.In this paper,we complete this story and provide an user friendly guidance.One main contribution of this paper is to propose a new technique for deriving an elaborate upper bound on the integrated likelihood but also one uni-fied approach to checking the posterior propriety for linear models.An eficient Gibbs sampling method is also introduced and outperforms other sampling approaches considerably.展开更多
基金Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-045National Anti-Tumor Drug Surveillance System of National Cancer Center,Grant/Award Number:DSS-YSF-2023009National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2021YFE0192400。
文摘The cornerstone of scientifically valid and ethically sound clinical trials is in compliance with established global quality requirements.Although China has made significant progress over the past 20 years in terms of the clinical trial quantity[1],quality and participation in multiregional trials[2],there still remain concerns regarding the trial quality,which could be associated with the self-inspection initiative in 2015[3].
文摘To the Editor:The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)in older Chinese adults(≥60 years)is over 20%.[1]In comparison to younger patients,older diabetes patients tend to have lower rate of adequate glycemic control(<7.0%hemoglobin A1c[HbA1c])and a higher risk of hypoglycemia.[2]Currently,there are limited data on the clinical characteristics and treatment patterns of older T2DM patients in China.We conducted a nation-wide cross-sectional study to examine the clinical characteristics,anti-diabetic treatment patterns,and glycemic control in older(≥60 years)Chinese patients.Factors associated with poor glycemic control were identified with multivariate regression analysis.
基金The research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 11671146].
文摘Bayesian Hierarchical models has been widely used in modern statistical application.To deal with the data having complex structures,we propose a generalized hierarchical normal linear(GHNL)model which accommodates arbitrarily many levels,usual design matrices and'vanilla'covari-ance matrices.Objective hyperpriors can be employed for the GHNL model to express ignorance or match frequentist properties,yet the common objective Bayesian approaches are infeasible or fraught with danger in hierarchical modelling.To tackle this issue,[Berger,J,Sun,D.&Song,C.(2020b).An objective prior for hyperparameters in normal hierarchical models.Journal of Multi-variate Analysis,178,104606.https://doi.org/10.1016/jmva.2020.104606]proposed a particular objective prior and investigated its properties comprehensively.Posterior propriety is important for the choice of priors to guarantee the convergence of MCMC samplers.James Berger conjec-tured that the resulting posterior is proper for a hierarchical normal model with arbitrarily many levels,a rigorous proof of which was not given,however.In this paper,we complete this story and provide an user friendly guidance.One main contribution of this paper is to propose a new technique for deriving an elaborate upper bound on the integrated likelihood but also one uni-fied approach to checking the posterior propriety for linear models.An eficient Gibbs sampling method is also introduced and outperforms other sampling approaches considerably.
