Research in migration route of hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) in the Bohai Bay using method of SSR marker

This study provides new insights for the hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis),including proportion,dynamic migration route,after they were released into nature for stock enhancement using a new strategy quite different than ever.Chinese shrimp were sampled at 22 survey stations during two investigation voyages acrossing 74 survey stations in the Bohai Sea from July 16 to August 9 in 2015.Among 289 sampled individuals during the second voyage,totally 155 shrimps were identified as hatchery shrimp released into the Laizhou Bay at mid-May in 2015 based on finger-print of eight SSR(simple sequence repeats)markers,and the proportion of hatchery released shrimp in recapture samples were from 41.30%–85.71%in each station with an average value 53.63%,which verified a previous view point that up to 90%of autumn season Chinese shrimp landing in the Bohai Sea were composed of hatchery released.Meanwhile,the dynamic migration route of hatchery released shrimp revealed that part of released shrimp migrated heading northwest along the west coast of the Bohai Sea up to the Bohai Bay but just remained at the Laizhou Bay until over-wintering migration at midOctober when they initiate over-wintering migration.Present unnatural spring season shrimp fishing model cut the throat of spawner shrimp chance to swim back to their respective spawning plants at each spring,it still no chance to clarify whether the hatchery released shrimp could replenish to the reproduce population and complete a whole life cycle as same as their natural relatives.

Genetic diversity analysis of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay based on an SSR marker

Eight microsatellite markers were used to analyze genetic diversity, level of inbreeding, and effective population size of spawner and recaptured populations of Chinese shrimp（Fenneropenaeus chinensis） during stock enhancement in the Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 254 and 238 alleles were identified in the spawner and recaptured populations, respectively, and the numbers of alleles（N_a） were 8–63 and 6–60, respectively. The numbers of effective alleles（N_e） were 2.52–21.60 and 2.67–20.72, respectively. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.529 to 0.952. The observed heterozygosity（H_o） values（0.638–0.910 and 0.712–0.927） were lower than the expected heterozygosity（H_e） values（0.603–0.954 and 0.625–0.952）, which indicated that the two populations possessed a rich genetic diversity. In 16 tests（2 populations×8 loci）, 13 tests deviated from the HardyWeinberg equilibrium. F_（is） values were positive at seven loci and the inbreeding coefficients（F） of the two populations estimated by trio ML were 13.234% and 11.603%, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding. A certain level of inbreeding depression had occurred in the Chinese shrimp population. F_（st） values ranged from 0 to 0.059, with a mean of 0.028, displaying a low level of genetic differentiation in the two populations. Effective population sizes（3 060.2 and 3 842.8） were higher than the minimum number suggested for retaining the evolutionary potential to adapt to new environmental conditions. For enhancement activity in 2014,the ideal number of captured shrimp spawners should have ranged from 7 686 to 19 214 to maintain genetic diversity and effective population size. Further strategies to adjust the balance of economic cost, fishing effort and ideal number of shrimp spawners to maintain a satisfactory effective population size for ensuring the sustainability of Chinese shrimp are proposed.

Current status and prospect of fisheries resource enhancement in Tianjin

Based on the data of releasing and enhancement of Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute,this study has entirely summarized the experiences and achievements on releasing and enhancement works in Tianjin since 2006.Since 2006,Tianjin has launched the first multi-proliferation and release activity with"Fenneropenaeus chinensis"as the leader.So far,more than 22 varieties have been proliferated,among which crustaceans are dominant.There are significant ecological,economic and social benefits.Both national and international development trends of releasing and enhancement are summarized,and demands and objective of industrial development are proposed.

Preliminary study on the cultivation of Porphyra yezoensis in Bohai bay

Sampling survey was carried out on the whole growth cycle(except the ice period from mid-January to mid-march next year)of Porphyra yezoensis breeding in Bohai Bay from late November 2017 to early May 2018,and the marine environment factor were monitored at the same time.According to the the analysis of the growth condition of P.yezoensis and the environmental factors,the preliminary results confirmed that P.yezoensis could grow well in the Bohai Bay,the water temperature,salinity,pH and Nitrite are important environmental factors to limit its growth,if hanging net curtain in time when environmental conditions in the area is suitable for the growth of P.yezoensis that its growth period will be extended to five months.Survey also found that how to streak through the winter ice period is the key problems to be solved for P.yezoensis cultivation in the area,this study also puts forward two kinds of schemes,which is the effective method remains to be further tested.

Linking Structural Equation Modeling with Bayesian Network and Its Application to Coastal Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Bohai Bay

Bayesian networks （BN） have many advantages over other methods in ecological modeling, and have become an increasingly popular modeling tool. However, BN are flawed in regard to building models based on inadequate existing knowledge. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new method that links BN with structural equation modeling （SEM）. In this method, SEM is used to improve the model structure for BN. This method was used to simulate coastal phytoplankton dynamics in the Bohai Bay. We demonstrate that this hybrid approach minimizes the need for expert elicitation, generates more reasonable structures for BN models, and increases the BN model＇s accuracy and reliability. These results suggest that the inclusion of SEM for testing and verifying the theoretical structure during the initial construction stage improves the effectiveness of BN models, especially for complex eco-environment systems. The results also demonstrate that in the Bohai Bay, while phytoplankton biomass has the greatest influence on phytoplankton dynamics, the impact of nutrients on phytoplankton dynamics is larger than the influence of the physical environment in summer. Furthermore, although the Redfield ratio indicates that phosphorus should be the primary nutrient limiting factor, our results show that silicate plays the most important role in regulating phytoplankton dynamics in the Bohai Bay.

Numerical research on water exchange of artificial reef in Yangmeikeng

Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulation is used in the study of water exchange capability,water residence time and conservative substance distribution in Yangmeikeng artificial reef area,which were helpful to marine environmental quality assessment and marine ecological changing mechanism research of artificial reef area.Furthermore the distance of reef clusters is changed to investigate the hydrodynamic characters and water exchange capability of the whole reef area in order to analyze the reasonable layout of artificial reef area.

Community structure of zooplankton in reef area and its relationship with environmental factors

To better understand the community structure characteristics of zooplankton in the artificial reef area of Tianjin in the Bohai Bay and its relationship with major environmental factors,the project conducted three cruise surveys in the spring(May),summer(July)and autumn(October)of 2016 and monitored conventional environmental factors.The results showed that there were 36 species of zooplankton,including 14 species of copepods,phytoplankton larvae 12 species;6 kinds of coelenterates;3 species of shrimp and 1 species of hairy shrimp in the artificial reef area of Tianjin in the three cruise surveys.The dominant species in spring,summer,and autumn have obvious changes,among which the dominant species in spring are Eurytemora pacifica,Clytia hemisphoerica,Clalnus sinicus,and Macruran larva;in summer are Oithona similis and Brachyura zoea larva;and autumn only the Clalnus sinicus.Correlation analysis shows that the diversity and uniformity of zooplankton in the artificial reef area have increased to varying degrees,indicating that the overall construction of artificial reefs in the Tianjin sea area has improved the marine ecological protection to some extent.The results of CCA showed that salinity and water temperature were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of zooplankton communities in artificial reefs in Tianjin.

Using SSR Marker to Trace Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Released in Natural Sea-A Feasible Strategy for Assessment of Release Effect in Natural Resources Recovery Program

Enhancement release has been proven effective in natural resources recovery of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in the last several decades in China, however, to assess the effectiveness of enhancement release, we still need to develop a high-efficient and easy-operational method to replace those physical-tagging release method with labor intensive, size-and number-limited. In the present study, single(with maternal known) parentage identification using eight simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers genotype fingerprint was used to trace Chinese shrimp released in Bohai Bay in 2013. A total of 884 shrimp spawners were collected from two hatcheries in Tianjin City respectively after enhancement release of shrimp larvae in May 2013. A total of 844 shrimp samples were recaptured around the release location approximately 4 months after the shrimp larvae were released into the natural sea. Genotype data of 8 SSR loci of the 1,726 samples were used for maternal-offspring parentage identification using CEervus 3.0 software. The allele number in each locus ranged from 8 to 68 with an average value of 33.25, which produced the cumulative exclusion probability with one parent known of all these sight loci up to 99%. Among the 844 recaptured shrimp samples, 448(♂:♀=212:232, gender information was lost for 4 samples) were successfully traced to their 337 maternal parents using a logarithm of odds(LOD) > 3.0 threshold. Among these 337 maternal parents, 253 had a single offspring, 62 had two offspring, 18 had three offspring, 3 had four offspring, and 1 had five offspring. For the first time, a large number of released shrimp were identified from recapture samples, and this study showed that it is possible to trace all released Chinese shrimp without using any type of physical tag in enhancement release activities. This not only means more precise recapture ratio assessment than ever expected, but also this method demonstrates an effective method for large-scale hatchery release as well as for organisms used in hatchery enhancement which are not suitable for physical tagging.

Potential ecological risks of Cd for different benthos in artificial reefs

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is used to detect Cdforbenthos in the artificial reef .The results show that： Cd of benthos is varied from0.011μg/L to 0.541 μg/L, and averages 0.188 ± 0.220 μg/L. The distribution of Cddecreased in the order： gonads〉 gills〉 muscle in different tissues. The enrichmentregalurity in muscle Cd of different benthos was Oratosquilla, crab, fish, shrimp,ocellatus. Its health risk factor is far less than 1, indicating that Cd hasn’t obvious healthrishks on exposure population.

QTL Detection for Albinism-Related Loci in Chinese Tongue Sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis)

The Chinese tongue sole(Cynoglossus semilaevis) is widely cultured in the coastal region of East Asia and has excellent economic value. However, the high albino rate of the breeding population has caused a significant loss to the aquaculture industry. To study the molecular mechanism of albinism, the present study used an albino Chinese tongue sole family to construct three simple sequence repeat(SSR) linkage groups, and draft a preliminary linkage map related to albinism. After albinism-related loci mapping, 18 albinism-related loci were detected under two models(containing 2407 genes) compared to the Chinese tongue sole genome. One of these loci, the tyrosinase related protein(tyrp2), which has been reported previously as an important gene regulating both eumelanin and phaeomelanin levels, was indicated to be the possible cause of albinism. Thirty-five Gene Ontology(GO) terms and 14 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways were annotated via bioinformatic analyses. One GO term with protein tyrosine kinase activity, which contained 10 genes, was previously suggested to affect fish albinism. These results establish a foundation for further in-depth study of albinism in Chinese tongue sole.

A preliminary discussion on the construction of marine ranching in Tianjin

Introduces the development connotation,development ideas,practice history and future prospects of Tianjin Ocean Ranch under the background of the development of national marine pastures.Combine the development process of China's marine pastures with the practice of Tianjin Ocean Ranch,the development characteristics of Tianjin marine pastures are analyzed.It is concluded that,for the future construction of Tianjin Ocean Ranch,we can focus on promoting the transformation of marine development mode to recycling,and construct a marine space development pattern of land-sea coordination and human-sea harmony,in order to accelerate the realization of Tianjin's"One Base and Three Districts"objective.We will make greater contributions to the quality of a well-off society and the creation of a beautiful new environment in Tianjin.Modern marine pastures are a long-term,complex and scientific systematic project that requires great attention and attention from all walks of life.

The characteristic of phytoplankton community and its variation at artificial reef area of the coastal sea of Tianjin

Three cruises were investigated respectively in May,July and November 2016 in the artificial reef area of 2010,2012,and 2014 and the non-artificial reef area(control area)in the coastal area of Tianjin.Each area had 3 sampling stations,a total of 12 sites.The result showed that 58 taxa of phytoplankton were identified which belongs to 2 phyla 28 genera,Among these species,bacillariophyta including 19 genera 44 species,pyrrhophyta including 9 genera and 14 species.Give priority to with diatom species,accounting for 75.9%of the total species,followed by dinoflagellates,accounting for 24.1%.Dominant phytoplankton species give priority to with coscinodiscus and Chaetoceros of bacillariophyta,mainly including Coscinodiscus wailesii,C.asteromphalus,C.granii,C.oculus-iridis,C.spp.,Chaetoceros castracanei,C.lorenzianus,C.curvisetus,Pseudo-nitzschiapungens,Guianardia delicatula,Rhizosolenia setigera,Proboscia alata f.indica and Noctilluca scintillans.Phytoplankton cell abundance revealed obviously seasonal changes,the average cell abundance respectively was 94.79×10^4 cells/m^4、39.53×10^4 cells/m^4 and 21.5×10^4 cells/m^3.Phytoplankton diversity index has obviously seasonal variation,and in November,shannon-wiener diversity index,Margalef index and Pielou index are higher than in May and July.Comparing the artificial reef areas with the control area,the phytoplankton cells abundance of the control area in May was significantly higher than the artificial reef areas.In July and November,the artificial reef area of 2014 phytoplankton cell abundance was significantly higher than other artificial reef area and the control area.Diversity index of phytoplankton in the control area and the artificial reef of 2012 was lower than the artificial reef area of 2010 and 2014,and lowest in non-artificial reef areas.Obviously,the construction of artificial reef had significant effect for the improvement of the phytoplankton community diversity,but the phytoplankton community diversity is not always increasing and fluctuating to a certain extent as time goes by.

Influence of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island,northern Yellow Sea

Picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island（northern Yellow Sea）was investigated by monthly observation from July 2009 to June 2010.Three picoplankton populations were discriminated by flow cytometry,namely Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes.In summer（from July to September）,the edge of the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（NYSCWM）resulting from water column stratification was observed.In the NYSCWM,picoplankton（including Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes）distributed synchronically with extremely high abundance in the thermocline（20 m）in July and August（especially in August）,whereas in the bottom zone of the NYSCWM（below 30 m）,picoplankton abundance was quite low.Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes showed similar response to the NYSCWM,indicating they had similar regulating mechanism under the influence of NYSCWM.Whereas in the non-NYSCWM,Synechococcus,picoeukaryotes and heterotrophic prokaryotes exhibited different distribution patterns,suggesting they had different controlling mechanisms.Statistical analysis indicated that temperature,nutrients（NO3^and PO4^3-）and ciliate were important factors in regulating picoplankton distribution.The results in this study suggested that the physical event NYSCWM,had strong influence on picoplankton distribution around the Zhangzi Island in the northern Yellow Sea.

Initiation of two ovarian cell lines from Fugu rubripes(Temminck et.Schlegel)

The ovary is an excellent system for studying stem cell renewal and differentiation, which is under the control of ovarian somatic cells. In order to understand oogenesis in Fugu rubripes （Temminck et. Schlegel） as a marine fish model of aquaculture importance, we established cell lines called TSOC 1 and TSOC2 from a juvenile ovary of this organism. TSOC1 is composed of spindle epithelial-like cells, while the other is cobblestone-like ceils. Therefore, TSOC1 and TSOC2 appear to consist of ovarian somatic cells. Growth requirement condition was investigated including temperature, concentration of FBS and pH. Significant fluorescent signals were observed after TSOC1 and TSOC2 cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 vector, indicating its potential utility for genetic manipulation such as gene function studies. It is shown that these cell lines are effective for infection by the turbot reddish body iridovirus and flounder lymphosystis disease virus as evidenced by the appearance of cytopathic effect and virus propagation in the virus-infected cells, and most convincingly, the observation of viral particles by electron microscopy, demonstrating that TSOC1 and TSOC2 are suitable to study interactions between virus and host cells. It is believed that TSOC1 and TSOC2 will be useful tools to study sex-related events and interactions between primordial germ cells and oogonia cells during oogenesis. Therefore, establishment of ovary cell lines from Fugu rubripes seems to be significant for those research areas.

Nutrient effects of broodstocks on the larvae in Patinopecten yessoensis

Patinopecten yessoensis is a commercial valuable species. This study deals with the effect of nutrient effects of the broodstock(mainly ovaries) on the larvae. Concentrations of total carbohydrate, total protein and total lipid in the gonads of P. yessoensis from three Hatcheries(Hatchery 1, Hatchery 2, and Hatchery 3) were determined before and after spawning. The relationship between the nutrient concentration in ovaries before spawning(BC) and that of larvae(LC) was assessed as well as the change in nutrient levels in ovaries after spawning(DC). Results indicate that the BC of total carbohydrate(7.66%) and total lipid(14.48%) in ovaries were significantly higher than in testes(5.20%, 5.20% respectively), whereas the BC of total protein in the ovaries was lower(61.76%) than in the testes(81.67%). The different gonadal composition suggests the different nutrient demands between male and female broodstocks in breeding season. P atinopecten yessoensis gonads contained a higher proportion of lipids, in comparison to other bivalves, which might be a response to the low ambient water temperatures. Further analysis of fatty acids showed that the concentrations of n-3PUFA, EPA and DHA in larvae(LC) were positively correlated with BC and DC, indicating the significant nutrient influence of broodstocks on the larvae. As these fatty acids are important in metabolism, and have been demonstrated to be influential to the viability of the larvae, larval growth and the settlement, spat growth, and juvenile survival in many bivalves, they could possibly be used as indexes to evaluate, and predict condition of broodstocks and larvae.

Cloning,characterization,and expression of a novel member of proteasomal subunits gene in turbot,Scophthalmus maximus

The proteasome is a large, polymeric protease complex responsible for the degradation of intracellular pro- teins and generation of peptides that bind to class I major histocompatibility complex （MHC） molecules. This study identified a new member of proteasomal subunits in turbots （Scophthalrnus rnaxirnus）. The full- length cDNA sequence of turbot proteasomal subunit was obtained. Sequence analysis indicated that its primary structure is highly similar to that of LMP7 from other vertebrates. The relationship between the turbot LMP7 expression and immune responses to pathogen infection was reported. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed that LMPTwas expressed differently in various tissues, with higher expression in the spleen, liver, muscle, and skin. The LMP7 expression was the highest at 96 h after challenge with lymphocyctis disease virus （LCDV） and at 12 h after challenge with Vibrio anguillarurn in the turbot liver, kidney, and spleen. Furthermore, the LMP7 expression distinctly increased in turbot kidney cells at 24 h after challenge with V. anguillarurn and at 96 h after challenge with LCDV. These results indicate that the turbot LMP7 protein participates in immune responses and may play a significant role in the immune process.

Effect of Different Diet Combinations on WSSV Load and Survival Rate of Fenneropenaeus chinensis Larvae

Using microalgae( SA),artificial feed( AF),Brachionus plicatilis( BP) and brine shrimp larvae( BS),four diets including SA + AF,SA + AF + BP,SA + AF + BS and SA + AF + BP + BS were formulated and used to rear Fenneropenaeus chinensis larvae. The fertilized eggs fed with SA + AF were divided into disinfection group with iodophor and untreated group,and the fertilized eggs fed with other diets were all disinfected with iodophor. The survival rates,body weight and WSSV load of post larvae at each stage were compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the survival rate of prawns at the N-Z stage by feeding with different diets( P > 0. 05),but the survival rate of prawns fed with BP was higher than others( P < 0. 01) at the Z-P stage. The body weight of post larvae( P10) fed with SA + AF + BP was less than that fed with SA + AF + BP + BS( P <0. 01). The WSSV load of prawns( 10. 52 ±3. 3 copies/ng DNA) fed with SA + AF were significantly lower than that of other treatments( P < 0. 05) at the P10 stage. During the P11- P60 stage,four kinds of diets,including Ruditapes philippinarum foot muscle( CF) + artificial feed( AF),R. philippinarum foot muscle radiated by60 Co γ-ray( RCF) + artificial feed( AF),potassium permanganate-disinfected R. philippinarum foot muscle( DCF) + artificial feed( AF) and artificial feed( AF),were used to feed prawns. The prawns fed with CF + AF gained the greatest increase of body weight and body length,but had no significant difference with that fed with AF( P > 0. 05); prawns fed with CF + AF and AF had significant difference with the other two groups( P < 0. 05). The survival rates of prawns fed with four different diets had no significant difference with each other( P > 0. 05). WSSV artificial infection test showed that the accumulated mortality of prawns fed with four diets were higher than 90%,and the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05).

Molecular mechanism of inbreeding effects based on RNA-Seq analysis of the adductor muscle of bay scallop(Argopecten irradians)

Understanding the effects of inbreeding is critical for the long-term viability of shellfish breeding and for understanding inbreeding depression(ID) of the offspring of selfed individuals and full-sib crosses. The bay scallop(Argopecten irradians) is a simultaneous hermaphroditic marine bivalve with distinct male and female gonads and is a species with external fertilization. It is a canonical model invertebrate for analysis of the genetics of ID and evolution of outcrossing mating system. ID in bivalves is well documented with regard to the phenotype and molecular markers aspects, but little is known on how inbreeding affects genome-wide gene expression.Here, we compare the gene expression profiles of adductor muscle of A. irradians lines inbred to F=0.5 with those of its counterpart outbred lines which are originated from the same paternal individual. Inbred and outbred individuals have some differences in growth traits. The shell length and the total weight of inbred scallops are lower than the counterpart of outbred lines. We found that 1 175 genes were up-regulated while 1 390 were downregulated in inbred lines. Regarding components, differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were concentrated on sarcomeres, contractile filaments, and cell membranes. Among others, whereas regarding their function, the Gene Ontology(GO) was concentrated on transferase, phosphotransferase, peptidase, and others. The DEGsenriched metabolic pathways mainly belonged to the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and apoptosis pathway.We used another two families to verify our bioinformatic results. The selfed and the outbred family originated from different ancestors, but the selfed family showed obvious ID. By using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR), we verified that DEGs with inbreeding are involved in the oxidative phosphorylation and cell apoptosis pathways, suggesting that inbreeding may affect energy metabolism and homeostasis.

Corrosion life of artificial reef under natural seawater conditions

Corrosion of steel bars with chloride salt erosion is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the performance of reinforced concrete structures.The key to the service life of concrete members is the transport rate of chloride ions and the time for rusting of steel bars.In this paper,the artificial reef concrete member is taken as the research object,and the diffusion coefficient of seawater chloride ion in C30,C35 and steel slag composite artificial reef concrete is analyzed.The critical chloride ion concentration of steel corrosion in concrete is used as the boundary condition for life prediction.The chloride ion diffusion model predicts the corrosion life of C30,C35 and steel slag composite artificial reefs in seawater.The results show that the diffusion law of chloride ions in concrete artificial reefs basically meets Fick's second law.The corrosion life of C30,C35 and steel slag composite concrete reefs was calculated by the model to be 51.6,54.8 and 56.8 years,respectively.

Plankton respiration in the northern South China Sea during summer and winter

Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rates of the euphotic zone plankton community（CR_（eu））, size fractionated chlorophyll a concentration（Chl a）, bacterial abundance（BAC）, and dissolved oxygen concentration（DO） were investigated during winter and summer in the northern South China Sea（n SCS）. The results show that there were obvious spatial and temporal variations in CR_（eu） in the n SCS（ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 μmol/（L·h））, CR_（eu） in winter（（0.53±0.27） μmol/（L·h）） was two times higher than that in summer（（0.26±0.20） μmol/（L·h））, and decreased gradually from the coastal zone to the open sea. The distribution of CR_（eu） was affected by coupled physical-chemical-biological processes, driven by monsoon events. The results also show that CR_（eu） was positively correlated with Chl a, BAC, and DO, and that BAC contributed the highest CR_（eu） variability. Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton were the dominant factors in determining CR_（eu）（R^2 = 0.82, p〈0.05） in the n SCS. Based on this relationship, we estimated the integrated water column respiration rate（CRint） within 100 m of the investigated area, and found that the relationship between the biomass of the plankton community and respiration may be nonlinear in the water column.