Stochastic Simulation of Saline Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Saloum, Senegal

In the Saloum region of central-western Senegal, water needs are essentially met by tapping an underground aquifer associated with the sandy-clay formations of the Continental Terminal, in contact with both the ocean to the west and the highly saline waters of the Saloum River to the north. In this estuarine and deltaic zone with its very low relief, the hydraulic loads in the water tables are generally close to zero or even negative, creating a reversal of the natural flow and encouraging saline intrusion into this system, which makes it very vulnerable. This study concerns the implementation of a numerical model of saline intrusion to provide a better understanding of the vulnerability of the water table by analyzing the variability of the freshwater/saltwater interface. The Modflow-2005 code is used to simulate saline intrusion using the SWI2 module, coupled with the GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) software under the Linux operating system with the steep interface approach. The probable expansion of the wedge is studied in three scenarios, taking into account its position relative to the bedrock at 1 m, 5 m and 10 m. Simulations carried out under imposed potential and river conditions, based on variations in groundwater reserves using two effective porosity values, 10−1 and 10−2, show that the water table is highly vulnerable in the northwest sector. The probable expansion of the wedge increases as the storage coefficient decreases and is more marked with river conditions in the areas surrounding the Saloum River, reaching 6 km with a probability of 1. The probability of the wedge reaching a certain degree of expansion decreases from 1 to 0.5, and then cancels out as it moves inland. The probable position of the wedge is limited to 500 m or even 1 km depending on the corner around the coast to the southwest and in the southern zone. This modelling, carried out under natural conditions, will be developed further, taking into account climatic parameters and pumping from wells and boreholes.

The SlSHN2 transcription factor contributes to cuticle formation and epidermal patterning in tomato fruit

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is an established model for studying plant cuticle because of its thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of the fruit.In this study,we screened an EMS mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for fruit cracking mutants and found a mutant displaying a glossy fruit phenotype.By using an established mapping-by-sequencing strategy,we identified the causal mutation in the SlSHN2 transcription factor that is specifically expressed in outer epidermis of growing fruit.The point mutation in the shn2 mutant intro-duces a K to N amino acid change in the highly conserved‘mm’domain of SHN proteins.The cuticle from shn2 fruit showed a~fivefold reduction in cutin while abundance and composition of waxes were barely affected.In addition to alterations in cuticle thickness and properties,epidermal patterning and polysaccharide composition of the cuticle were changed.RNAseq analysis further highlighted the altered expression of hundreds of genes in the fruit exocarp of shn2,including genes associated with cuticle and cell wall formation,hormone signaling and response,and transcrip-tional regulation.In conclusion,we showed that a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator SlSHN2 causes major changes in fruit cuticle formation and its coordination with epidermal patterning.