Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are of...Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)<sub>ff</sub> for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel <span style="white-space:normal;">(S)</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">ff</sub> .展开更多
Based on the compilation of literature on lichens of Odisha(India)and other specimens and preserved in herbaria,we estimate that 252 species of lichens,belonging to 81 genera and 35 families are known from the state.G...Based on the compilation of literature on lichens of Odisha(India)and other specimens and preserved in herbaria,we estimate that 252 species of lichens,belonging to 81 genera and 35 families are known from the state.Graphidaceae with 49 species is the dominant family,followed by Arthoniaceae(21),Pyrenulaceae(19),Parmeliaceae(18),Trypetheliaceae(17),Physciaceae(15),Teloschistaceae(14),Lecanoraceae(13),Pertusariaceae(12),Ramalinaceae(11),Caliciaceae(11),Thelotremataceae(9)and Lecidiaceae(4).Among the lichen genera Graphis is dominant with 27 species,followed by Pyrenula(16),Caloplaca(14),Pertusaria(12),Lecanora(10),Parmotrema(9),Cryptothecia(9)and Pyxine(6).Accounts of lichens are only available from 13 out of 30 districts.Of these only cursory collections from 10 districts are available,whereas Mayurbhanj,Jharsuguda and Ganjam districts are well-explored for their lichen flora.The present enumeration of more than 250 species clearly indicates a rich diversity of lichens for the state.Further exploration in other unexplored districts will add more species to the lichen flora of the state.展开更多
文摘Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>ff</sub> at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)<sub>ff</sub> for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel <span style="white-space:normal;">(S)</span><sub style="white-space:normal;">ff</sub> .
文摘Based on the compilation of literature on lichens of Odisha(India)and other specimens and preserved in herbaria,we estimate that 252 species of lichens,belonging to 81 genera and 35 families are known from the state.Graphidaceae with 49 species is the dominant family,followed by Arthoniaceae(21),Pyrenulaceae(19),Parmeliaceae(18),Trypetheliaceae(17),Physciaceae(15),Teloschistaceae(14),Lecanoraceae(13),Pertusariaceae(12),Ramalinaceae(11),Caliciaceae(11),Thelotremataceae(9)and Lecidiaceae(4).Among the lichen genera Graphis is dominant with 27 species,followed by Pyrenula(16),Caloplaca(14),Pertusaria(12),Lecanora(10),Parmotrema(9),Cryptothecia(9)and Pyxine(6).Accounts of lichens are only available from 13 out of 30 districts.Of these only cursory collections from 10 districts are available,whereas Mayurbhanj,Jharsuguda and Ganjam districts are well-explored for their lichen flora.The present enumeration of more than 250 species clearly indicates a rich diversity of lichens for the state.Further exploration in other unexplored districts will add more species to the lichen flora of the state.
