Exploring the Characteristics of Data Breaches: A Descriptive Analytic Study

Data breaches have massive consequences for companies, affecting them financially and undermining their reputation, which poses significant challenges to online security and the long-term viability of businesses. This study analyzes trends in data breaches in the United States, examining the frequency, causes, and magnitude of breaches across various industries. We document that data breaches are increasing, with hacking emerging as the leading cause. Our descriptive analyses explore factors influencing breaches, including security vulnerabilities, human error, and malicious attacks. The findings provide policymakers and businesses with actionable insights to bolster data security through proactive audits, patching, encryption, and response planning. By better understanding breach patterns and risk factors, organizations can take targeted steps to enhance protections and mitigate the potential damage of future incidents.

Speciation and Mobility of Phosphate in the Eutrophic Ponds at Prospect Park, Brooklyn, New York, USA

The water system at the Prospect Park ponds of Brooklyn, NY has been receiving chronic loads of orthophosphate from the municipal water since the mid ’90s. The ponds are currently eutrophic with degraded water quality and high levels of P in the sediment. In this study, the distribution and speciation of P within the water column was examined. The dominant form of P in the water was found as soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and the temporal change of SRP indicated significant internal loading from the sediment during late summer in the ponds downstream. Lake sediment was investigated for P fractionation and phosphate bound to Fe-hydroxides was the dominant form of P in the sediment. Both external and internal P pools are important and should be taken into consideration when planning for restoration.

Higher rates of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in American children:Are food quality issues impacting epigenetic inheritance?

In the United States,schools offer special education services to children who are diagnosed with a learning or neurodevelopmental disorder and have difficulty meeting their learning goals.Pediatricians may play a key role in helping children access special education services.The number of children ages 6-21 in the United States receiving special education services increased 10.4%from 2006 to 2021.Children receiving special education services under the autism category increased 242%during the same period.The demand for special education services for children under the developmental delay and other health impaired categories increased by 184%and 83%respectively.Although student enrollment in American schools has remained stable since 2006,the percentage distribution of children receiving special education services nearly tripled for the autism category and quadrupled for the developmental delay category by 2021.Allowable heavy metal residues remain persistent in the American food supply due to food ingredient manufacturing processes.Numerous clinical trial data indicate heavy metal exposures and poor diet are the primary epigenetic factors responsible for the autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemics.Dietary heavy metal exposures,especially inorganic mercury and lead may impact gene behavior across generations.In 2021,the United States Congress found heavy metal residues problematic in the American food supply but took no legislative action.Mandatory health warning labels on select foods may be the only way to reduce dietary heavy metal exposures and improve child learning across generations.

组合脉冲宽带激发~2H-平均哈密顿理论计算研究（英文）

四级核回波实验通常需要射频脉冲能够激发谱宽超过100 k Hz的信号.在最近的研究中,作者发现组合脉冲COM-II(9018090135 45)能够在氘核的四级核回波实验中实现宽带激发.此外,作者还结合了八步相位循环的方法,有效消除了由有限脉宽效应造成的谱图扭曲现象.利用了平均哈密顿原理,对该方法进行了理论计算研究.作者采用了自旋为1的矩阵算符,通过计算解释了八步相位循环能够消除谱图扭曲的原因.

Earthquake曲线切向量上的范数(英文)

本文研究了定义在earthquake曲线切向量上的范数,首先证明了一条earthquake曲线ht上初始切向量的范数等价于earthquake测度σ的Thurston范数.其次证明了当t→∞时,ht的切向量Vt的范数增长渐近等于O(||σ||TheCt||σ||Th),其中C是正的万有常数,||σ||Th是σ的Thurston范数,而O所代表的常数是渐近万有的,也即当t||σ||Th充分大时它是万有的.此外,附带证明了定义在Zygmund有界函数上的两种交比范数是等价的.

Medical errors and their prevention

New protocols and procedures for reducing medical errors will be discussed and evaluated in this paper. Further Computerized Physician Order Entry and Clinical Decision Support Systems coupled with monitoring of adverse drug events will be explored. Then lastly some common mistakes of “Wrong-Side” type surgeries and methods to prevent them will be discussed.

Chronic methadone use,poor bowel visualization and failed colonoscopy:A preliminary study

AIM:To examine effects of chronic methadone usage on bowel visualization,preparation,and repeat colonoscopy.METHODS:In-patient colonoscopy reports from October,2004 to May,2009 for methadone dependent(MD) patients were retrospectively evaluated and compared to matched opioid naive controls(C).Strict criteria were applied to exclude patients with risk factors known to cause constipation or gastric dysmotility.Colonoscopy reports of all eligible patients were analyzed for degree of bowel visualization,assessment of bowel preparation(good,fair,or poor),and whether a repeat colonoscopy was required.Bowel visualization was scored on a 4 point scale based on multiple prior studies:excellent = 1,good = 2,fair = 3,or poor = 4.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Pearson χ 2 test were used for data analyses.Subgroup analysis included correlation between methadone dose and colonoscopy outcomes.All variables significantly differing between MD and C groups were included in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.P values were two sided,and < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS:After applying exclusionary criteria,a total of 178 MD patients and 115 C patients underwent a colonoscopy during the designated study period.A total of 67 colonoscopy reports for MD patients and 72 for C were included for data analysis.Age and gender matched controls were randomly selected from this population to serve as controls in a numerically comparable group.The average age for MD patients was 52.2 ± 9.2 years(range:32-72 years) years compared to 54.6 ± 15.5 years(range:20-81 years) for C(P = 0.27).Sixty nine percent of patients in MD and 65% in C group were males(P = 0.67).When evaluating colonoscopy reports for bowel visualization,MD patients had significantly greater percentage of solid stool(i.e.,poor visualization) compared to C(40.3% vs 6.9%,P < 0.001).Poor bowel preparation(35.8% vs 9.7%,P < 0.001) and need for repeat colonoscopy(32.8% vs 12.5%,P = 0.004) were significantly higher in MD group compared to C,respectively.Under univariate analysis,factors significantly associated with MD group were presence of fecal particulate [odds ratio(OR),3.89,95% CI:1.33-11.36,P = 0.01] and solid stool(OR,13.5,95% CI:4.21-43.31,P < 0.001).Fair(OR,3.82,95% CI:1.63-8.96,P = 0.002) and poor(OR,8.10,95% CI:3.05-21.56,P < 0.001) assessment of bowel preparation were more likely to be associated with MD patients.Requirement for repeat colonoscopy was also significant higher in MD group(OR,3.42,95% CI:1.44-8.13,P = 0.01).In the multivariate analyses,the only variable independently associated with MD group was presence of solid stool(OR,7.77,95% CI:1.66-36.47,P = 0.01).Subgroup analysis demonstrated a general trend towards poorer bowel visualization with higher methadone dosage.ANOVA analysis demonstrated that mean methadone dose associated with presence of solid stool(poor visualization) was significantly higher compared to mean dosage for clean colon(excellent visualization,P = 0.02) or for those with liquid stool only(good visualization,P = 0.01).CONCLUSION:Methadone dependence is a risk factor for poor bowel visualization and leads to more repeat colonoscopies.More aggressive bowel preparation may be needed in MD patients.

Energy stored in nanoscale water capillary bridges formed between chemically heterogeneous surfaces with circular patches

The formation of nanoscale water capillary bridges(WCBs) between chemically heterogeneous(patchy) surfaces plays an important role in different scientific and engineering applications, including nanolithography, colloidal aggregation, and bioinspired adhesion. However, the properties of WCB of nanoscale dimensions remain unclear. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the geometrical and thermodynamic properties of WCB confined between chemically heterogeneous surfaces composed of circular hydrophilic patches on a hydrophobic background. We find that macroscopic capillary theory provides a good description of the WCB geometry and forces induced by the WCB on the confining surfaces even in the case of surface patches with diameters of only 4 nm. Upon stretching, the WCB contact angle changes from hydrophobic-like values(θ > 90°) to hydrophilic-like values(θ < 90°) until it finally breaks down into two droplets at wall separations of ~9–10 nm. We also show that the studied nanoscale WCB can be used to store relevant amounts of energy EPand explore how the walls patch geometry can be improved in order to maximize EP. Our findings show that nanoscale WCB can, in principle, be exploited for the design of clean energy storage devices as well as actuators that respond to changes in relative humidity. The present results can also be of crucial importance for the understanding of water transport in nanoporous media and nanoscale engineering systems.

Electrocardiographic changes in Emphysema

Chronic obstructive lung disease(COPD),predominantly emphysema,causes several thoracic anatomical and hemodynamic changes which may cause changes in various electrocardiographic parameters.A 12-lead electrocardiogram(ECG),which is often a part of routine evaluation in most clinical settings,may serve as a useful screening modality for diagnosis of COPD or emphysema.Our current article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the electrocardiographic changes encountered in COPD/emphysema utilizing published PubMed and Medline literature database.Several important ECG changes are present in COPD/emphysema and may serve as a good diagnostic tool.Verticalization of Pvector,changes in QRS duration,pattern recognition of precordial R-wave progression and axial shifts can be considered some of the most valuable markers among other changes.In conclusion,12-lead surface electrocardiogram can serve as a valuable tool for the diagnosis of COPD and/or emphysema.An appropriate knowledge of these ECG changes can not only help in the diagnosis but can also immensely help in an appropriate clinical management of these patients.

Kobayashi＇s and Teichmiiller＇s Metrics on the Teichmiiller Space of Symmetric Circle Homeomorphisms

We give a direct proof of a result of Earle, Gardiner and Lakic, that is, Kobayashi＇s metric and Teichmuller＇s metric coincide with each other on the Teichmfiller space of symmetric circle homeomorphisms.

The Role of Frontal and Occipital Cortices in Processing Sustained Visual Attention in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder:A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Dear Editor,Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),characterized by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention,hyperactivity,and impulsivity,is a highly prevalent and heritable childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder,with impairing symptoms that persist into adulthood in up to 65%of patients[1].Adults with persistent ADHD symptoms since childhood have been found to have neurocognitive impairments in multiple domains,especially in attention and cognitive control,which significantly contribute to an increased risk of social disability,educational and occupational failure,and other comorbid psychiatric disorders,resulting in significant economic burdens to the affected individuals, their families, andsociety [2, 3].

COMPREHENSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CONDUCTING POLYMER P3MT

The conducting polymer poly (3-methyl thiophene)—P3MT has been comprehensively investigated by electroreflectance (ER), pbotoreflectance (PR), photoluminescence (PL) and: absorption spectroscopics, and the experimental results have been discussed in the light of the theory of fundamental excitation for 1-dimenslonal conducting system. It is demonstrated that the band gap of P3MT is about 2eV and insensitive to the change of temperature. The bipolarons can be induced by doping effect and photo-excitation. The "pinning effect" of ionized dopant and the recombination of exciton have been observed. The microscopic processes of photoelectron transformation in P3MT have been discussed also.

Slodkowski定理的Chirka证明的一些注解(英文)

通过在一个积分算子上运用Schauder不动点定理,Chirka对Slokowski的全纯运动扩张定理提供了一个优美的简单证明.本文中,作者对构造此证明的启发提供一个参考同时用此方法通过不同方式来构造全纯扩张.一个自然的问题是研究这些用不同方式得到的全纯扩张是否相同.因此对全纯扩张唯一性已有的判断法提供一个简单的综述.最后介绍在全纯扩张唯一性存在时的一个应用.

Neural variability fingerprint predicts individuals,information security violation intentions

As the weakest links in information security defense are the individuals in an organizations,it is important to understand their information security behaviors.In the current study,we tested whether the neural variability pattern could predict an individual's intention to engage in information security violations.Because cognitive neuroscience methods can provide a new perspective into psychological processes without common methodological biases or social desirability,we combined an adapted version of the information security paradigm(ISP)with functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)technology.While completing an adapted ISP task,participants underwent an fMRI scan.We adopted a machine learning method to build a neural variability predictive model.Consistent with previous studies,we found that people were more likely to take actions under neutral conditions than in minor violation contexts and major violation contexts.Moreover,the neural variability predictive model,including nodes within the task control,default mode,visual,salience and attention networks,can predict information security violation intentions.These results illustrate the predictive value of neural variability for information security violations and provide a new perspective for combining ISP with the fMRI technique to explore a neural predictive model of information security violation intention.

The Use of VGPM to Estimate Oceanic Primary Production:A“Tango”Difficult to Dance

One of the primary goals of launching an ocean color satellite is to obtain over the global ocean synoptic measurements of primary production(PP),a measure of phytoplankton photosynthesis.To reach this ultimate goal,in addition to precise measurements of radiance at the satellite altitude and robust data processing systems,a key requirement is to link primary production with satellitederived products,where a model must be developed and applied.Although many models have been developed in the past decades,the vertically generalized production model(VGPM)developed by Behrenfeld and Falkowski,due to its simplicity and ease of use with satellite products,has been a de facto“standard”for the estimation of PP from ocean color measurements over the past 20+years.Thus,it has significantly influenced the ocean color remote sensing and the biological oceanographic communities.In this article,we discuss the limitations of VGPM(and PP models based on chlorophyll concentration)in estimating primary production.

Nitrogen regulation by natural systems in“unnatural”landscapes:denitrification in ultra-urban coastal ecosystems

Dense cities represent biogeochemical hot spots along the shoreline,concentrating fixed nitrogen that is subsequently discharged into adjacent coastal receiving waters.Thus,the ecosystem services provided by natural systems in highly urban environments can play a particularly important role in the global nitrogen cycle.In this paper,we review the recent literature on nitrogen regulation by temperate coastal ecosystems,with a focus on how the distinct physical and biogeochemical features of the urban landscape can affect the provision of this ecosystem service.We use Jamaica Bay,an ultra-urbanized coastal lagoon in the United States of America,as a demonstrative case study.Based on simple areal and tidal-based calculations,the natural systems of Jamaica Bay remove~24%of the reactive nitrogen discharged by wastewater treatment plants.However,this estimate does not represent the dynamic nature of urban nitrogen cycling represented in the recent literature and highlights key research needs and opportunities.Our review reveals that ecosystem-facilitated denitrification may be significant in even the most densely urbanized coastal landscapes,but critical uncertainties currently limit incorporation of this ecosystem service in environmental management.