Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the pr...Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,展开更多
Updated 2013 （see the various sections for authors）.34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino osc...Updated 2013 （see the various sections for authors）.34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles.展开更多
Revised August 2013 by S. Roesler and M. Silari （CERN）.35.1. Definitions [1,2] It would be desirable if legal protection limits could be expressed in directly measurable physical quantities. However, this does not ...Revised August 2013 by S. Roesler and M. Silari （CERN）.35.1. Definitions [1,2] It would be desirable if legal protection limits could be expressed in directly measurable physical quantities. However, this does not allow to quantify biological effects of the exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation.展开更多
33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such appl...33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.展开更多
Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. o...Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. of Delaware）.展开更多
Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about...Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about a probabilistic model, e.g., to assess the model＇s validity or to determine the values of its parameters. There are two main approaches to statistical inference, which we may call frequentist and Bayesian.展开更多
Revised September 2013 with numbers verified by representatives of the synchrotrons （contact C.-J. Lin, LBNL）. For existing （future） neutrino beam lines the latest achieved （design） values are given.
Revised September 2013 by D. Scott （University of British Columbia） and G.F. Smoot （UCB/LBNL）. Appendix A, describing the BICEP2 B-mode polarization result, added April 2014.
Table 36.1. Revised November 1993 by E. Browne （LBNL）.＂Emission probability＂ is the probability per decay of a given emission; because of cascades these may total more than 100%. Only principal emissions are liste...Table 36.1. Revised November 1993 by E. Browne （LBNL）.＂Emission probability＂ is the probability per decay of a given emission; because of cascades these may total more than 100%. Only principal emissions are listed. EC means electron capture,展开更多
Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson （UCB, LBL）, D. H. Weinberg （OSU）, and M. White （UCB, LBL）.26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified h...Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson （UCB, LBL）, D. H. Weinberg （OSU）, and M. White （UCB, LBL）.26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified his field equation of General Relativity （GR）, introducing a ＂cosmological term＂ that enabled a solution with time-independent spatially homogeneous matter density Pm and constant positive space curvature.展开更多
Revised September 2013 by P. Nason （INFN, Milan） and P.Z. Skands （CERN） General-purpose Monte Carlo （GPMC） generators like HERWIG [1], HERWIG＋＋ [2], PYTHIA 6 [3], PYTHIA 8 [4], and SHERPA [5], provide fully ex...Revised September 2013 by P. Nason （INFN, Milan） and P.Z. Skands （CERN） General-purpose Monte Carlo （GPMC） generators like HERWIG [1], HERWIG＋＋ [2], PYTHIA 6 [3], PYTHIA 8 [4], and SHERPA [5], provide fully exclusive simulations of high-energy collisions. They play an essential role in QCD modeling （in particular for aspects beyond fixed-order perturbative QCD）, in data analysis,展开更多
Revised September 2013 by J.-F. Arguin LBNL）, L. Garren （Fermilab）, F. Krauss （Durham U.）, C.-J. Lin （LBNL）, S. Navas （U. Granada）, P. Richardson （Durham U.）, and T. Sjostrand （Lund U.）.
Revised September 2011 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. Monte Carlo techniques are often the only practical way to evaluate difficult integrals or to sample random variables governed by complicated probability density functions....Revised September 2011 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. Monte Carlo techniques are often the only practical way to evaluate difficult integrals or to sample random variables governed by complicated probability density functions. Here we describe an assortment of methods for sampling some commonly occurring probability density functions.展开更多
Written September 2013 by H. Gallagher （Tufts U.） and Y. Hayato （Tokyo U.） Monte Carlo neutrino generators are programs or libraries which simulate neutrino interactions with electrons, nucleons and nuclei. In thi...Written September 2013 by H. Gallagher （Tufts U.） and Y. Hayato （Tokyo U.） Monte Carlo neutrino generators are programs or libraries which simulate neutrino interactions with electrons, nucleons and nuclei. In this capacity their usual task is to take an input neutrino and nucleus and produce a set of 4-vectors for particles emerging from the interaction, which are then input to full detector simulations.展开更多
Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）.37.1. General [1-8] An abstract definition of probability can be given by considering a set S, called the sample space, and possible subsets A, B,... , the interpretation of...Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）.37.1. General [1-8] An abstract definition of probability can be given by considering a set S, called the sample space, and possible subsets A, B,... , the interpretation of which is left open. The probability P is a real-valued function defined by the following axioms due to Kolmogorov [9]：展开更多
文摘Revised August 2013 by M.J. Syphers （MSU） and F. Zimmermann （CERN）.29.1. Luminosity This article provides background for the High-Energy Collider Parameter Tables that follow. The number of events, Nexp, is the product of the cross section of interest,
文摘Updated 2013 （see the various sections for authors）.34.1. Introduction Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles.
文摘Revised August 2013 by S. Roesler and M. Silari （CERN）.35.1. Definitions [1,2] It would be desirable if legal protection limits could be expressed in directly measurable physical quantities. However, this does not allow to quantify biological effects of the exposure of the human body to ionizing radiation.
文摘33.1. Introduction This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap.
文摘Revised October 2013 by J.J. Beatty （Ohio State Univ.）, J. Matthews （Louisiana State Univ.）, and S.P. Wakely （Univ. of Chicago）; revised August 2009 by T.K. Gaisser and T. Stanev （Bartol Research Inst., Univ. of Delaware）.
文摘Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. This chapter gives an overview of statistical methods used in high-energy physics. In statistics, we are interested in using a given sample of data to make inferences about a probabilistic model, e.g., to assess the model＇s validity or to determine the values of its parameters. There are two main approaches to statistical inference, which we may call frequentist and Bayesian.
文摘Revised September 2013 with numbers verified by representatives of the synchrotrons （contact C.-J. Lin, LBNL）. For existing （future） neutrino beam lines the latest achieved （design） values are given.
文摘Revised September 2013 by D. Scott （University of British Columbia） and G.F. Smoot （UCB/LBNL）. Appendix A, describing the BICEP2 B-mode polarization result, added April 2014.
文摘Table 36.1. Revised November 1993 by E. Browne （LBNL）.＂Emission probability＂ is the probability per decay of a given emission; because of cascades these may total more than 100%. Only principal emissions are listed. EC means electron capture,
文摘Written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson （UCB, LBL）, D. H. Weinberg （OSU）, and M. White （UCB, LBL）.26.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration In the first modern cosmological model, Einstein [1] modified his field equation of General Relativity （GR）, introducing a ＂cosmological term＂ that enabled a solution with time-independent spatially homogeneous matter density Pm and constant positive space curvature.
文摘Revised September 2013 by P. Nason （INFN, Milan） and P.Z. Skands （CERN） General-purpose Monte Carlo （GPMC） generators like HERWIG [1], HERWIG＋＋ [2], PYTHIA 6 [3], PYTHIA 8 [4], and SHERPA [5], provide fully exclusive simulations of high-energy collisions. They play an essential role in QCD modeling （in particular for aspects beyond fixed-order perturbative QCD）, in data analysis,
文摘Revised September 2013 by J.-F. Arguin LBNL）, L. Garren （Fermilab）, F. Krauss （Durham U.）, C.-J. Lin （LBNL）, S. Navas （U. Granada）, P. Richardson （Durham U.）, and T. Sjostrand （Lund U.）.
文摘Revised September 2011 by G. Cowan （RHUL）. Monte Carlo techniques are often the only practical way to evaluate difficult integrals or to sample random variables governed by complicated probability density functions. Here we describe an assortment of methods for sampling some commonly occurring probability density functions.
文摘Written September 2013 by H. Gallagher （Tufts U.） and Y. Hayato （Tokyo U.） Monte Carlo neutrino generators are programs or libraries which simulate neutrino interactions with electrons, nucleons and nuclei. In this capacity their usual task is to take an input neutrino and nucleus and produce a set of 4-vectors for particles emerging from the interaction, which are then input to full detector simulations.
文摘Revised September 2013 by G. Cowan （RHUL）.37.1. General [1-8] An abstract definition of probability can be given by considering a set S, called the sample space, and possible subsets A, B,... , the interpretation of which is left open. The probability P is a real-valued function defined by the following axioms due to Kolmogorov [9]：
