Over the past decade, graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) has emerged as a universal photocatalyst toward various sustainable carbo-neutral technologies. Despite solar applications discrepancy, g-C_(3)N_(4) is stil...Over the past decade, graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) has emerged as a universal photocatalyst toward various sustainable carbo-neutral technologies. Despite solar applications discrepancy, g-C_(3)N_(4) is still confronted with a general fatal issue of insufficient supply of thermodynamically active photocarriers due to its inferior solar harvesting ability and sluggish charge transfer dynamics. Fortunately, this could be significantly alleviated by the “all-in-one” defect engineering strategy, which enables a simultaneous amelioration of both textural uniqueness and intrinsic electronic band structures. To this end, we have summarized an unprecedently comprehensive discussion on defect controls including the vacancy/non-metallic dopant creation with optimized electronic band structure and electronic density, metallic doping with ultraactive coordinated environment(M–N_(x), M–C_(2)N_(2), M–O bonding), functional group grafting with optimized band structure, and promoted crystallinity with extended conjugation π system with weakened interlayered van der Waals interaction. Among them, the defect states induced by various defect types such as N vacancy, P/S/halogen dopants, and cyano group in boosting solar harvesting and accelerating photocarrier transfer have also been emphasized. More importantly, the shallow defect traps identified by femtosecond transient absorption spectra(fs-TAS) have also been highlighted. It is believed that this review would pave the way for future readers with a unique insight into a more precise defective g-C_(3)N_(4) “customization”, motivating more profound thinking and flourishing research outputs on g-C_(3)N_(4)-based photocatalysis.展开更多
One of the major innovations awaiting in electron microscopy is full three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution.Despite the success of aberration correction to deep sub-angstrom lateral resolution,spatial resoluti...One of the major innovations awaiting in electron microscopy is full three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution.Despite the success of aberration correction to deep sub-angstrom lateral resolution,spatial resolution in depth is still far from atomic resolution.In scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),this poor depth resolution is due to the limitation of the illumination angle.To overcome this physical limitation,it is essential to implement a next-generation aberration corrector in STEM that can significantly improve the depth resolution.This review discusses the capability of depth sectioning for three-dimensional imaging combined with large-angle illumination STEM.Furthermore,the statistical analysis approach remarkably improves the depth resolution,making it possible to achieve three-dimensional atomic resolution imaging at oxide surfaces.We will also discuss the future prospects of three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution by STEM depth sectioning.展开更多
During the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant,it is important to consider the retrieval of resolidified debris both in air and underwater configurations.For the subsequent retrieval of debris...During the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant,it is important to consider the retrieval of resolidified debris both in air and underwater configurations.For the subsequent retrieval of debris from the reactor building,the resolidified debris must be cut into smaller pieces using various cutting methods.During the cutting process,aerosol particles are expected to be generated at the submicron scale.It has been noted that such aerosols sizing within the Greenfield gap(0.1-1μm)are difficult to remove effectively using traditional spraying methods.Therefore,to improve the aerosol removal efficiency of the spray system,a new aerosol agglomeration method was recently proposed,which involves injecting water mist to enlarge the sizes of the aerosol particles before removing them using water sprays.In this study,a series of experiments were performed to clarify the proper spray configurations for effective aerosol scavenging and to improve the performance of the water mist.The experimental results showed that the spray flow rate and droplet characteristics are important factors for the aerosol-scavenging efficiency and performance of the water mist.The results obtained from this study will be helpful for the optimization of the spray system design for effective aerosol scavenging during the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi plant.展开更多
Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health,and is a globally leading cause of death.The five liver-specific viruses:Hepatitis A virus,hepatitis B virus,hepatitis C virus,hepatitis D virus,and hepatitis...Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health,and is a globally leading cause of death.The five liver-specific viruses:Hepatitis A virus,hepatitis B virus,hepatitis C virus,hepatitis D virus,and hepatitis E virus,each have their own unique epidemiology,structural biology,transmission,endemic patterns,risk of liver complications,and response to antiviral therapies.There remain few options for treatment,in spite of the increasing prevalence of viral-hepatitiscaused liver disease.Furthermore,chronic viral hepatitis is a leading worldwide cause of both liver-related morbidity and mortality,even though effective treatments are available that could reduce or prevent most patients’complications.In 2016,the World Health Organization released its plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by the year 2030,along with a discussion of current gaps and prospects for both regional and global eradication of viral hepatitis.Today,treatment is sufficiently able to prevent the disease from reaching advanced phases.However,future therapies must be extremely safe,and should ideally limit the period of treatment necessary.A better understanding of pathogenesis will prove beneficial in the development of potential treatment strategies targeting infections by viral hepatitis.This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on each type of viral hepatitis,together with major innovations.展开更多
While endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)remains the primary treatment modality for common bile duct stones(CBDS)or choledocho-lithiasis due to advancements in instruments,surgical intervention,known ...While endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)remains the primary treatment modality for common bile duct stones(CBDS)or choledocho-lithiasis due to advancements in instruments,surgical intervention,known as common bile duct exploration(CBDE),is still necessary in cases of difficult CBDS,failed endoscopic treatment,or altered anatomy.Recent evidence also supports CBDE in patients requesting single-step cholecystectomy and bile duct stone removal with comparable outcomes.This review elucidates relevant clinical anatomy,selection indications,and outcomes to enhance surgical understanding.The selection between trans-cystic(TC)vs trans-choledochal(TD)approaches is described,along with stone removal techniques and ductal closure.Detailed surgical techniques and strategies for both the TC and TD approaches,including instrument selection,is also provided.Additionally,this review comprehensively addresses operation-specific complications such as bile leakage,stricture,and entrapment,and focuses on preventive measures and treatment strategies.This review aims to optimize the management of CBDS through laparoscopic CBDE,with the goal of improving patient outcomes and minimizing risks.展开更多
Background:Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation(VL+IR)moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)in several in vitro cadaveric studies.To utilize this knowledge for non-contact A...Background:Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation(VL+IR)moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)in several in vitro cadaveric studies.To utilize this knowledge for non-contact ACL injury prevention in sports,it is necessary to elucidate how the ground reaction force(GRF)acting point(center of pressure(CoP))in the stance foot produces combined knee VL+IR moments in risky maneuvers,such as cuttings.However,the effects of the GRF acting point on the development of the combined knee VL+IR moment in cutting are still unknown.Methods:We first established the deterministic mechanical condition that the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis differentiates the GRF vector’s directional probability for developing the combined knee VL+IR moment,and theoretically predicted that when the CoP is posterior to the tibial rotational axis,the GRF vector is more likely to produce the combined knee VL+IR moment than when the CoP is anterior to the tibial rotational axis.Then,we tested a stochastic aspect of our theory in a lab-controlled in vivo experiment.Fourteen females performed 60˚cutting under forefoot/rearfoot strike conditions(10 trials each).The positions of lower limb markers and GRF data were measured,and the knee moment due to GRF vector was calculated.The trials were divided into anterior-and posterior-CoP groups depending on the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis at each 10 ms interval from 0 to 100 ms after foot strike,and the occurrence rate of the combined knee VL+IR moment was compared between trial groups.Results:The posterior-CoP group showed significantly higher occurrence rates of the combined knee VL+IR moment(maximum of 82.8%)at every time point than those of the anterior-CoP trials,as theoretically predicted by the deterministic mechanical condition.Conclusion:The rearfoot strikes inducing the posterior CoP should be avoided to reduce the risk of non-contact ACL injury associated with the combined knee VL+IR stress.展开更多
Background: Implementing invasive procedures is an important part of patient management by clinical nurses;however, there are gaps between nurses’ actual knowledge and skills and expected professional care capacity. ...Background: Implementing invasive procedures is an important part of patient management by clinical nurses;however, there are gaps between nurses’ actual knowledge and skills and expected professional care capacity. Purpose: This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature related to recent institution-provided educational programs for invasive procedures involving clinical nurses. This study seeks to understand the contents of educational programs and the methods for assessing educational effects. Methods: This scoping review was completed using the following four databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane Library, and Emcare for the period 2000-2022. We included studies that used all forms of educational approaches (e.g., didactic lectures, hands-on training, or on-the-job training). This scoping review considered peer-reviewed publications published in English using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed approaches. A total of 83 studies underwent in the final analysis. Results and Conclusion: A combination of didactic lectures and hands-on training was provided as an educational program in most studies. Contrary to our prediction, educational interventions with advanced technologies such as VR are extremely rare, suggesting that the effectiveness of advanced technologies in learning invasive procedures should be examined to facilitate and retain educational effects more efficiently in future studies. Regarding the assessment of educational effects, nurses’ cognitive (i.e., theoretical knowledge about procedures), psychomotor (i.e., implementing procedures), and psychological aspects (e.g., confidence and self-efficacy in procedures) were evaluated using questionnaires and observational methods. While most studies used a one-group pretest-posttest design, the ratio of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was relatively low. Thus, an RCT design should be introduced in future studies to test the validity of the developed educational program more accurately.展开更多
Leveraging the high resolution,sensitivity,and wide frequency coverage of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA),the QUARKS survey,standing for“Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation...Leveraging the high resolution,sensitivity,and wide frequency coverage of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA),the QUARKS survey,standing for“Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures”,is observing 139 massive starforming clumps at ALMA Band 6(λ~1.3 mm).This paper introduces the Atacama Compact Array(ACA)7 m data of the QUARKS survey,describing the ACA observations and data reduction.Combining multiwavelength data,we provide the first edition of QUARKS atlas,offering insights into the multiscale and multiphase interstellar medium in high-mass star formation.The ACA 1.3 mm catalog includes 207 continuum sources that are called ACA sources.Their gas kinetic temperatures are estimated using three formaldehyde transitions with a non-LTE radiation transfer model,and the mass and density are derived from a dust emission model.The ACA sources are massive(16–84 percentile values of 6–160 M_(⊙)),gravity-dominated(M∝R^(1.1))fragments within massive clumps,with supersonic turbulence(M>1)and embedded star-forming protoclusters.We find a linear correlation between the masses of the fragments and the massive clumps,with a ratio of 6%between the two.When considering fragments as representative of dense gas,the ratio indicates a dense gas fraction(DGF)of 6%,although with a wide scatter ranging from 1%to 10%.If we consider the QUARKS massive clumps to be what is observed at various scales,then the size-independent DGF indicates a self-similar fragmentation or collapsing mode in protocluster formation.With the ACA data over four orders of magnitude of luminosity-to-mass ratio(L/M),we find that the DGF increases significantly with L/M,which indicates clump evolutionary stage.We observed a limited fragmentation at the subclump scale,which can be explained by a dynamic global collapse process.展开更多
Purpose: This study aims to detail what nursing students learned from watching the film “Mitorishi”, which was used among the teaching materials in a gerontological nursing practice course in nursing education in Ja...Purpose: This study aims to detail what nursing students learned from watching the film “Mitorishi”, which was used among the teaching materials in a gerontological nursing practice course in nursing education in Japan, and demonstrate the applicability of using the film as an element relevant to the teaching of end-of-life care in Japan. Methods: The participants were fourth-year nursing students at University A who had watched the film “Mitorishi” during the course, had submitted a report on what they learned, and provided informed consent to the study participation. The reports submitted by the participants were used as data and analyzed qualitatively using the content analysis approach. Results: The analysis identified the following five categories (number of codes): Characteristics of life during the final days (9), Importance of views on life and death (3), Importance of end-of-life care (3), Assistance in preparation for the final days of life (13), and Understanding the profession of transition doula (9). Discussion: The five categories show that the students have learned about the “role of nurses at the time of end-of-life care” while “visualizing end-of-life care” and learning “preparedness for end-of-life care”. These findings suggest that using the film “Mitorishi” in the teaching curriculum is effective for learning about end-of-life care for older people.展开更多
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis presents a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical/imaging features,as well as the fact that the proposed clinica...BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis presents a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical/imaging features,as well as the fact that the proposed clinically diagnostic algorithms do not necessarily apply to COVID-19 patients.In addition,Fusarium spp.is a rare cause of opportunistic life-threatening fungal infections.Disseminated Fusarium infection in an immunocompromised host is intractable,with a high likelihood of resulting mortality.To our knowledge,this is the first case of secondary pulmonary infection by Fusarium solani(F.solani)and Aspergillus niger(A.niger)during systemic steroid treatment for COVID-19.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old male was transported to our hospital by ambulance with a complaint of fever and dyspnea.We established a diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia,complicated with COVID-19 and septic shock,together with acute renal failure.He was admitted to the intensive care unit,to be treated with piperacillin/tazobactam,vancomycin,and 6.6 mg per day of dexamethasone sodium phosphate,along with noradrenaline as a vasopressor,ventilator management,and continuous hemodiafiltration.His condition improved,and we finished the vasopressor on the fifth hospital day.We administered dexamethasone for ten days,and finished the course of treatment.On the eleventh day,patient respiratory deterioration was observed,and a computed tomography scan showed an exacerbation of bilateral ground-glass-opacity-like consolidation,together with newly appeared cavitary lesions in the lung.we changed antibiotics to meropenem plus vancomycin.In addition,a fungal infection was considered as a possibility based on microscopic findings of sputum,and we began coadministration of voriconazole.However,the pneumonia worsened,and the patient died on the seventeenth day of illness.Later,F.solani and A.niger were identified from sputum collected on the twelfth day.It was believed that he developed a cell-mediated immune deficiency during COVID-19 treatment,which led to the complication of pneumonia caused by the above-mentioned fungi,contributing to his death.CONCLUSION Because early initiation of intense antifungal therapy offers the best chance for survival in pulmonary fusariosis,computed tomography scans and appropriate microbiologic investigations should be obtained for severely immunocompromised patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND Penoscrotal constriction devices are either used as autoerotic stimuli or to increase sexual pleasure or performance by maintaining an erection for a longer period,and a variety of metallic and non-metallic...BACKGROUND Penoscrotal constriction devices are either used as autoerotic stimuli or to increase sexual pleasure or performance by maintaining an erection for a longer period,and a variety of metallic and non-metallic objects are used.On the other hand,penile strangulation is a rare urologic emergency that requires prompt evaluation and intervention to prevent long-term complications.The goal of treating penile incarceration is to remove the foreign object as soon as possible.On the other hand,removal can be very challenging,and often requires resourcefulness and a multidisciplinary approach.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old man who has sex with men was transferred to our hospital for persistent phallodynia and scrotal pain,accompanying swelling due to strangulation by stainless steel rings.His medical history included acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.One day prior,he had put three stainless steel rings on his penis and scrotum before sexual intercourse.After sexual intercourse,he was unable to remove them,due to swelling of his penis and scrotum.The swelling persisted,and he felt pain in the affected area the next day,then he was transferred to our hospital by ambulance.The emergency department found that his penis and scrotum were markedly engorged and swollen.We established a diagnosis of penile and scrotal strangulation by stainless steel rings.We unsuccessfully attempted to cut the rings using a cutter,then requested a rescue team via emergency medical service.They cut through each ring in two places,using an electric-powered angle grinder,and successfully removed all of the pieces.Finally,he was discharged and went home.CONCLUSION We report the first case of penile and scrotal strangulation by stainless steel rings in an human immunodeficiency virus positive person.展开更多
Spatial patterns of plant species and patchy community are important properties in grasslands.However,research regarding spatial patterns of formed patches with various species has not fully advanced until now.Our pur...Spatial patterns of plant species and patchy community are important properties in grasslands.However,research regarding spatial patterns of formed patches with various species has not fully advanced until now.Our purpose is to clarify differences in spatial pattern formed by species and community constructed under shady and terrace habitats.The three common Kobresia-Carex patches(Size 1,0.6–0.9 m^(2);Size 2,3.0–3.8 m^(2) and Size 3,6.5–8.8 m^(2))were selected in shady and terrace on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,and corresponding quadrats of 1m1m,2m2m and 3m3m were placed for S1,S2 and S3 patches,respectively.The surveyed quadrats were divided into 20cm20cm large cells(L-cells),and further divided into four 10cm10cm small cells(S-cells).We used the binary occurrence system(presence/absence data)to record occurrences of all species in S-cells.The analysis shows that the power law model was well able to determine the spatial distribution pattern of species or patchy community in shady and terrace.All species and patches show aggregated distribution in shady and terrace habitats.In the shady habitat,the relative spatial heterogeneity(ε)of individual plant species was lowest at presence frequency(P)of 0.1–0.3,whereas in the terrace habitatεwas lowest at P<0.1,andεincreased monotonically with increasing P.For most dominant species,P andεvalues were higher in terrace than those in shady.We concluded that the dominant species largely determine spatial heterogeneity of the Kobresia-Carex patches,while companion and rare species have weak influence on the community-level heterogeneity in shady and terrace habitats.展开更多
Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is currently accepted as the major treatment modality for superficial neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus.An important advantage of ESD is its effectiv...Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is currently accepted as the major treatment modality for superficial neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus.An important advantage of ESD is its effectiveness in resecting lesions regardless of their size and severity of fibrosis.Based on excellent outcomes for esophageal neoplasms with a small likelihood of lymph node metastasis,the number of ESD candidates has increased.On the other hand,ESD still requires highly skilled endoscopists due to technical difficulties.To avoid unnecessary complications including perforation and postoperative stricture,the indications for ESD require careful consideration and a full understanding of this modality.This article,in the highlight topic series,provides detailed information on the indication,procedure,outcome,complications and their prevention in ESD of superficial esophageal neoplasms.展开更多
We enrolled 23 Japanese men (age: 76.0 ± 8.7) and 17 women (age: 78.3 ± 9.3) in this study. The physical function of even a person getting on a wheelchair could be tested in all subjects. Blood was collected...We enrolled 23 Japanese men (age: 76.0 ± 8.7) and 17 women (age: 78.3 ± 9.3) in this study. The physical function of even a person getting on a wheelchair could be tested in all subjects. Blood was collected by venipuncture and the serum 1, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (1, 25OHD) concentration was measured. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Japanese version (MoCA-J) was used for the cognitive function test. Physical function was measured objectively using the Timed UP and Go (TUG) and 4-m walking test (4MWS). A significant positive correlation was found between serum 1, 25OHD and MMSE or MoCA-J. It is expected that an elderly person can maintain a mean serum 1, 25OHD level of about 100 pg/mL for preventing early cognitive disorder. In the present study, a significant positive correlation was found between urinary 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD)/creatinine and MMSE or MoCA-J. Our results showed that urinary 25OHD might be a useful biomarker for predicting cognitive disorder. There was a significant negative correlation between serum 1, 25OHD and TUG or 4MWS. These findings suggest that serum 1, 25OHD levels might serve as a useful index to improve cognitive and physical functional impairment.展开更多
In this paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Moving Vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP_MVK) was evaluated and corrected at daily time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.1°;latitude/longitude. The...In this paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Moving Vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP_MVK) was evaluated and corrected at daily time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.1°;latitude/longitude. The reference data came from thirty-four rain gauges on Kyushu Island, Japan. This study focused on the GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall patterns that may lead to flooding. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the GSMaP_MVK data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The statistical analysis included the relative bias (B), the mean error (E), the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (CNS), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (r). In addition, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were used to conduct GSMaP_MVK data correction. The results of these analyses indicate that GSMaP_MVK data have lower values than observed data and may be significantly underestimated during heavy rainfall. By applying GAM to bias correction, GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall was improved. In addition, GAM for bias correction could effectively be applied for significant underestimates of GSMaP_ MVK (i.e., bias of more than 55%). GAM is a new approach to predict rainfall amount for flood and landslide monitoring of satellite base precipitation, especially in areas where rain gauge data are limited.展开更多
Amebic liver abscesses(ALAs)are the most commonly encountered extraintestinal manifestation of human invasive amebiasis,which results from Entamoeba histolytica(E.histolytica)spreading extraintestinally.Amebiasis can ...Amebic liver abscesses(ALAs)are the most commonly encountered extraintestinal manifestation of human invasive amebiasis,which results from Entamoeba histolytica(E.histolytica)spreading extraintestinally.Amebiasis can be complicated by liver abscess in 9%of cases,and ALAs led to almost 50000 fatalities worldwide in 2010.Although there have been fewer and fewer cases in the past several years,ALAs remain an important public health problem in endemic areas.E.histolytica causes both amebic colitis and liver abscess by breaching the host’s innate defenses and invading the intestinal mucosa.Trophozoites often enter the circulatory system,where they are filtered in the liver and produce abscesses,and develop into severe invasive diseases such as ALAs.The clinical presentation can appear to be colitis,including upper-right abdominal pain accompanied by a fever in ALA cases.Proper diagnosis requires nonspecific liver imaging as well as detecting anti-E.histolytica antibodies;however,these antibodies cannot be used to distinguish between a previous infection and an acute infection.Therefore,diagnostics primarily aim to use PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect E.histolytica.ALAs can be treated medically,and percutaneous catheter drainage is only necessary in approximately 15%of cases.The indicated treatment is to administer an amebicidal drug(such as tinidazole or metronidazole)and paromomycin or other luminal cysticidal agent for clinical disease.Prognosis is good with almost universal recovery.Establishing which diagnostic methods are most efficacious will necessitate further analysis of similar clinical cases.展开更多
基金the support of the Australia Research Council (ARC) through the Discovery Project (DP230101040)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022QB139, No. ZR2020KF025)+3 种基金the Starting Research Fund (Grant No. 20210122) from the Ludong Universitythe Natural Science Foundation of China (12274190) from the Ludong Universitythe support of the Shandong Youth Innovation Team Introduction and Education Programthe Special Fund for Taishan Scholars Project (No. tsqn202211186) in Shandong Province。
文摘Over the past decade, graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4)) has emerged as a universal photocatalyst toward various sustainable carbo-neutral technologies. Despite solar applications discrepancy, g-C_(3)N_(4) is still confronted with a general fatal issue of insufficient supply of thermodynamically active photocarriers due to its inferior solar harvesting ability and sluggish charge transfer dynamics. Fortunately, this could be significantly alleviated by the “all-in-one” defect engineering strategy, which enables a simultaneous amelioration of both textural uniqueness and intrinsic electronic band structures. To this end, we have summarized an unprecedently comprehensive discussion on defect controls including the vacancy/non-metallic dopant creation with optimized electronic band structure and electronic density, metallic doping with ultraactive coordinated environment(M–N_(x), M–C_(2)N_(2), M–O bonding), functional group grafting with optimized band structure, and promoted crystallinity with extended conjugation π system with weakened interlayered van der Waals interaction. Among them, the defect states induced by various defect types such as N vacancy, P/S/halogen dopants, and cyano group in boosting solar harvesting and accelerating photocarrier transfer have also been emphasized. More importantly, the shallow defect traps identified by femtosecond transient absorption spectra(fs-TAS) have also been highlighted. It is believed that this review would pave the way for future readers with a unique insight into a more precise defective g-C_(3)N_(4) “customization”, motivating more profound thinking and flourishing research outputs on g-C_(3)N_(4)-based photocatalysis.
基金Project supported by JST-PRESTO (Grant No.JPMJPR1871)JST-FOREST (Grant No.JPMJFR2033)+2 种基金JST-ERATO (Grant No.JPMJER2202)KAKENHI JSPS (Grant Nos.JP19H05788,JP21H01614,and JP24H00373)“Next Generation Electron Microscopy”social cooperation program at the University of Tokyo。
文摘One of the major innovations awaiting in electron microscopy is full three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution.Despite the success of aberration correction to deep sub-angstrom lateral resolution,spatial resolution in depth is still far from atomic resolution.In scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),this poor depth resolution is due to the limitation of the illumination angle.To overcome this physical limitation,it is essential to implement a next-generation aberration corrector in STEM that can significantly improve the depth resolution.This review discusses the capability of depth sectioning for three-dimensional imaging combined with large-angle illumination STEM.Furthermore,the statistical analysis approach remarkably improves the depth resolution,making it possible to achieve three-dimensional atomic resolution imaging at oxide surfaces.We will also discuss the future prospects of three-dimensional imaging at atomic resolution by STEM depth sectioning.
基金financially supported by the Nuclear Energy Science and Technology and Human Resource Development Project of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency/Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science(No.R04I034)Ruicong Xu appreciates the scholarship(financial support)from the Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC No.202106380073).
文摘During the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant,it is important to consider the retrieval of resolidified debris both in air and underwater configurations.For the subsequent retrieval of debris from the reactor building,the resolidified debris must be cut into smaller pieces using various cutting methods.During the cutting process,aerosol particles are expected to be generated at the submicron scale.It has been noted that such aerosols sizing within the Greenfield gap(0.1-1μm)are difficult to remove effectively using traditional spraying methods.Therefore,to improve the aerosol removal efficiency of the spray system,a new aerosol agglomeration method was recently proposed,which involves injecting water mist to enlarge the sizes of the aerosol particles before removing them using water sprays.In this study,a series of experiments were performed to clarify the proper spray configurations for effective aerosol scavenging and to improve the performance of the water mist.The experimental results showed that the spray flow rate and droplet characteristics are important factors for the aerosol-scavenging efficiency and performance of the water mist.The results obtained from this study will be helpful for the optimization of the spray system design for effective aerosol scavenging during the decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi plant.
基金Supported by the JSPS Kakenhi Grant,No.JP24K15491.
文摘Viral hepatitis represents a major danger to public health,and is a globally leading cause of death.The five liver-specific viruses:Hepatitis A virus,hepatitis B virus,hepatitis C virus,hepatitis D virus,and hepatitis E virus,each have their own unique epidemiology,structural biology,transmission,endemic patterns,risk of liver complications,and response to antiviral therapies.There remain few options for treatment,in spite of the increasing prevalence of viral-hepatitiscaused liver disease.Furthermore,chronic viral hepatitis is a leading worldwide cause of both liver-related morbidity and mortality,even though effective treatments are available that could reduce or prevent most patients’complications.In 2016,the World Health Organization released its plan to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by the year 2030,along with a discussion of current gaps and prospects for both regional and global eradication of viral hepatitis.Today,treatment is sufficiently able to prevent the disease from reaching advanced phases.However,future therapies must be extremely safe,and should ideally limit the period of treatment necessary.A better understanding of pathogenesis will prove beneficial in the development of potential treatment strategies targeting infections by viral hepatitis.This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on each type of viral hepatitis,together with major innovations.
文摘While endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)remains the primary treatment modality for common bile duct stones(CBDS)or choledocho-lithiasis due to advancements in instruments,surgical intervention,known as common bile duct exploration(CBDE),is still necessary in cases of difficult CBDS,failed endoscopic treatment,or altered anatomy.Recent evidence also supports CBDE in patients requesting single-step cholecystectomy and bile duct stone removal with comparable outcomes.This review elucidates relevant clinical anatomy,selection indications,and outcomes to enhance surgical understanding.The selection between trans-cystic(TC)vs trans-choledochal(TD)approaches is described,along with stone removal techniques and ductal closure.Detailed surgical techniques and strategies for both the TC and TD approaches,including instrument selection,is also provided.Additionally,this review comprehensively addresses operation-specific complications such as bile leakage,stricture,and entrapment,and focuses on preventive measures and treatment strategies.This review aims to optimize the management of CBDS through laparoscopic CBDE,with the goal of improving patient outcomes and minimizing risks.
基金supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(B)Project(Grant No.24700716)funded by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japan.
文摘Background:Combined knee valgus and tibial internal rotation(VL+IR)moments have been shown to stress the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)in several in vitro cadaveric studies.To utilize this knowledge for non-contact ACL injury prevention in sports,it is necessary to elucidate how the ground reaction force(GRF)acting point(center of pressure(CoP))in the stance foot produces combined knee VL+IR moments in risky maneuvers,such as cuttings.However,the effects of the GRF acting point on the development of the combined knee VL+IR moment in cutting are still unknown.Methods:We first established the deterministic mechanical condition that the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis differentiates the GRF vector’s directional probability for developing the combined knee VL+IR moment,and theoretically predicted that when the CoP is posterior to the tibial rotational axis,the GRF vector is more likely to produce the combined knee VL+IR moment than when the CoP is anterior to the tibial rotational axis.Then,we tested a stochastic aspect of our theory in a lab-controlled in vivo experiment.Fourteen females performed 60˚cutting under forefoot/rearfoot strike conditions(10 trials each).The positions of lower limb markers and GRF data were measured,and the knee moment due to GRF vector was calculated.The trials were divided into anterior-and posterior-CoP groups depending on the CoP position relative to the tibial rotational axis at each 10 ms interval from 0 to 100 ms after foot strike,and the occurrence rate of the combined knee VL+IR moment was compared between trial groups.Results:The posterior-CoP group showed significantly higher occurrence rates of the combined knee VL+IR moment(maximum of 82.8%)at every time point than those of the anterior-CoP trials,as theoretically predicted by the deterministic mechanical condition.Conclusion:The rearfoot strikes inducing the posterior CoP should be avoided to reduce the risk of non-contact ACL injury associated with the combined knee VL+IR stress.
文摘Background: Implementing invasive procedures is an important part of patient management by clinical nurses;however, there are gaps between nurses’ actual knowledge and skills and expected professional care capacity. Purpose: This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature related to recent institution-provided educational programs for invasive procedures involving clinical nurses. This study seeks to understand the contents of educational programs and the methods for assessing educational effects. Methods: This scoping review was completed using the following four databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane Library, and Emcare for the period 2000-2022. We included studies that used all forms of educational approaches (e.g., didactic lectures, hands-on training, or on-the-job training). This scoping review considered peer-reviewed publications published in English using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed approaches. A total of 83 studies underwent in the final analysis. Results and Conclusion: A combination of didactic lectures and hands-on training was provided as an educational program in most studies. Contrary to our prediction, educational interventions with advanced technologies such as VR are extremely rare, suggesting that the effectiveness of advanced technologies in learning invasive procedures should be examined to facilitate and retain educational effects more efficiently in future studies. Regarding the assessment of educational effects, nurses’ cognitive (i.e., theoretical knowledge about procedures), psychomotor (i.e., implementing procedures), and psychological aspects (e.g., confidence and self-efficacy in procedures) were evaluated using questionnaires and observational methods. While most studies used a one-group pretest-posttest design, the ratio of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was relatively low. Thus, an RCT design should be introduced in future studies to test the validity of the developed educational program more accurately.
基金upported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.12033005)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1603102)+2 种基金the China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-A09,CMS-CSST-2021-B06)the China-Chile Joint Research Fund(CCJRF No.2211)support from the Tianchi Talent Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region。
文摘Leveraging the high resolution,sensitivity,and wide frequency coverage of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(ALMA),the QUARKS survey,standing for“Querying Underlying mechanisms of massive star formation with ALMA-Resolved gas Kinematics and Structures”,is observing 139 massive starforming clumps at ALMA Band 6(λ~1.3 mm).This paper introduces the Atacama Compact Array(ACA)7 m data of the QUARKS survey,describing the ACA observations and data reduction.Combining multiwavelength data,we provide the first edition of QUARKS atlas,offering insights into the multiscale and multiphase interstellar medium in high-mass star formation.The ACA 1.3 mm catalog includes 207 continuum sources that are called ACA sources.Their gas kinetic temperatures are estimated using three formaldehyde transitions with a non-LTE radiation transfer model,and the mass and density are derived from a dust emission model.The ACA sources are massive(16–84 percentile values of 6–160 M_(⊙)),gravity-dominated(M∝R^(1.1))fragments within massive clumps,with supersonic turbulence(M>1)and embedded star-forming protoclusters.We find a linear correlation between the masses of the fragments and the massive clumps,with a ratio of 6%between the two.When considering fragments as representative of dense gas,the ratio indicates a dense gas fraction(DGF)of 6%,although with a wide scatter ranging from 1%to 10%.If we consider the QUARKS massive clumps to be what is observed at various scales,then the size-independent DGF indicates a self-similar fragmentation or collapsing mode in protocluster formation.With the ACA data over four orders of magnitude of luminosity-to-mass ratio(L/M),we find that the DGF increases significantly with L/M,which indicates clump evolutionary stage.We observed a limited fragmentation at the subclump scale,which can be explained by a dynamic global collapse process.
文摘Purpose: This study aims to detail what nursing students learned from watching the film “Mitorishi”, which was used among the teaching materials in a gerontological nursing practice course in nursing education in Japan, and demonstrate the applicability of using the film as an element relevant to the teaching of end-of-life care in Japan. Methods: The participants were fourth-year nursing students at University A who had watched the film “Mitorishi” during the course, had submitted a report on what they learned, and provided informed consent to the study participation. The reports submitted by the participants were used as data and analyzed qualitatively using the content analysis approach. Results: The analysis identified the following five categories (number of codes): Characteristics of life during the final days (9), Importance of views on life and death (3), Importance of end-of-life care (3), Assistance in preparation for the final days of life (13), and Understanding the profession of transition doula (9). Discussion: The five categories show that the students have learned about the “role of nurses at the time of end-of-life care” while “visualizing end-of-life care” and learning “preparedness for end-of-life care”. These findings suggest that using the film “Mitorishi” in the teaching curriculum is effective for learning about end-of-life care for older people.
基金Projects(42077254, 51874144) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(cstc2019jcyjmsxm X0488, cstc2021jcyj-msxm X0354) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China+2 种基金Projects(KJZD-K202201304, KJQN202201314) supported by Science and Technology of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission,ChinaProject (2021M693751) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject (P2017JG18) supported by Major Cultivation of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences,China。
文摘BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis presents a diagnostic challenge due to its non-specific clinical/imaging features,as well as the fact that the proposed clinically diagnostic algorithms do not necessarily apply to COVID-19 patients.In addition,Fusarium spp.is a rare cause of opportunistic life-threatening fungal infections.Disseminated Fusarium infection in an immunocompromised host is intractable,with a high likelihood of resulting mortality.To our knowledge,this is the first case of secondary pulmonary infection by Fusarium solani(F.solani)and Aspergillus niger(A.niger)during systemic steroid treatment for COVID-19.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old male was transported to our hospital by ambulance with a complaint of fever and dyspnea.We established a diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia,complicated with COVID-19 and septic shock,together with acute renal failure.He was admitted to the intensive care unit,to be treated with piperacillin/tazobactam,vancomycin,and 6.6 mg per day of dexamethasone sodium phosphate,along with noradrenaline as a vasopressor,ventilator management,and continuous hemodiafiltration.His condition improved,and we finished the vasopressor on the fifth hospital day.We administered dexamethasone for ten days,and finished the course of treatment.On the eleventh day,patient respiratory deterioration was observed,and a computed tomography scan showed an exacerbation of bilateral ground-glass-opacity-like consolidation,together with newly appeared cavitary lesions in the lung.we changed antibiotics to meropenem plus vancomycin.In addition,a fungal infection was considered as a possibility based on microscopic findings of sputum,and we began coadministration of voriconazole.However,the pneumonia worsened,and the patient died on the seventeenth day of illness.Later,F.solani and A.niger were identified from sputum collected on the twelfth day.It was believed that he developed a cell-mediated immune deficiency during COVID-19 treatment,which led to the complication of pneumonia caused by the above-mentioned fungi,contributing to his death.CONCLUSION Because early initiation of intense antifungal therapy offers the best chance for survival in pulmonary fusariosis,computed tomography scans and appropriate microbiologic investigations should be obtained for severely immunocompromised patients.
文摘BACKGROUND Penoscrotal constriction devices are either used as autoerotic stimuli or to increase sexual pleasure or performance by maintaining an erection for a longer period,and a variety of metallic and non-metallic objects are used.On the other hand,penile strangulation is a rare urologic emergency that requires prompt evaluation and intervention to prevent long-term complications.The goal of treating penile incarceration is to remove the foreign object as soon as possible.On the other hand,removal can be very challenging,and often requires resourcefulness and a multidisciplinary approach.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old man who has sex with men was transferred to our hospital for persistent phallodynia and scrotal pain,accompanying swelling due to strangulation by stainless steel rings.His medical history included acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.One day prior,he had put three stainless steel rings on his penis and scrotum before sexual intercourse.After sexual intercourse,he was unable to remove them,due to swelling of his penis and scrotum.The swelling persisted,and he felt pain in the affected area the next day,then he was transferred to our hospital by ambulance.The emergency department found that his penis and scrotum were markedly engorged and swollen.We established a diagnosis of penile and scrotal strangulation by stainless steel rings.We unsuccessfully attempted to cut the rings using a cutter,then requested a rescue team via emergency medical service.They cut through each ring in two places,using an electric-powered angle grinder,and successfully removed all of the pieces.Finally,he was discharged and went home.CONCLUSION We report the first case of penile and scrotal strangulation by stainless steel rings in an human immunodeficiency virus positive person.
基金funded by The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP)program (Grant No.2019QZKK0305)Youth Science and Technology Fund Program of GanSu (Grant No.22JR5RA083)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31971466).
文摘Spatial patterns of plant species and patchy community are important properties in grasslands.However,research regarding spatial patterns of formed patches with various species has not fully advanced until now.Our purpose is to clarify differences in spatial pattern formed by species and community constructed under shady and terrace habitats.The three common Kobresia-Carex patches(Size 1,0.6–0.9 m^(2);Size 2,3.0–3.8 m^(2) and Size 3,6.5–8.8 m^(2))were selected in shady and terrace on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,and corresponding quadrats of 1m1m,2m2m and 3m3m were placed for S1,S2 and S3 patches,respectively.The surveyed quadrats were divided into 20cm20cm large cells(L-cells),and further divided into four 10cm10cm small cells(S-cells).We used the binary occurrence system(presence/absence data)to record occurrences of all species in S-cells.The analysis shows that the power law model was well able to determine the spatial distribution pattern of species or patchy community in shady and terrace.All species and patches show aggregated distribution in shady and terrace habitats.In the shady habitat,the relative spatial heterogeneity(ε)of individual plant species was lowest at presence frequency(P)of 0.1–0.3,whereas in the terrace habitatεwas lowest at P<0.1,andεincreased monotonically with increasing P.For most dominant species,P andεvalues were higher in terrace than those in shady.We concluded that the dominant species largely determine spatial heterogeneity of the Kobresia-Carex patches,while companion and rare species have weak influence on the community-level heterogeneity in shady and terrace habitats.
文摘Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is currently accepted as the major treatment modality for superficial neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus.An important advantage of ESD is its effectiveness in resecting lesions regardless of their size and severity of fibrosis.Based on excellent outcomes for esophageal neoplasms with a small likelihood of lymph node metastasis,the number of ESD candidates has increased.On the other hand,ESD still requires highly skilled endoscopists due to technical difficulties.To avoid unnecessary complications including perforation and postoperative stricture,the indications for ESD require careful consideration and a full understanding of this modality.This article,in the highlight topic series,provides detailed information on the indication,procedure,outcome,complications and their prevention in ESD of superficial esophageal neoplasms.
文摘We enrolled 23 Japanese men (age: 76.0 ± 8.7) and 17 women (age: 78.3 ± 9.3) in this study. The physical function of even a person getting on a wheelchair could be tested in all subjects. Blood was collected by venipuncture and the serum 1, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (1, 25OHD) concentration was measured. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Japanese version (MoCA-J) was used for the cognitive function test. Physical function was measured objectively using the Timed UP and Go (TUG) and 4-m walking test (4MWS). A significant positive correlation was found between serum 1, 25OHD and MMSE or MoCA-J. It is expected that an elderly person can maintain a mean serum 1, 25OHD level of about 100 pg/mL for preventing early cognitive disorder. In the present study, a significant positive correlation was found between urinary 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD)/creatinine and MMSE or MoCA-J. Our results showed that urinary 25OHD might be a useful biomarker for predicting cognitive disorder. There was a significant negative correlation between serum 1, 25OHD and TUG or 4MWS. These findings suggest that serum 1, 25OHD levels might serve as a useful index to improve cognitive and physical functional impairment.
文摘In this paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Moving Vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP_MVK) was evaluated and corrected at daily time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.1°;latitude/longitude. The reference data came from thirty-four rain gauges on Kyushu Island, Japan. This study focused on the GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall patterns that may lead to flooding. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the GSMaP_MVK data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The statistical analysis included the relative bias (B), the mean error (E), the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (CNS), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (r). In addition, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were used to conduct GSMaP_MVK data correction. The results of these analyses indicate that GSMaP_MVK data have lower values than observed data and may be significantly underestimated during heavy rainfall. By applying GAM to bias correction, GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall was improved. In addition, GAM for bias correction could effectively be applied for significant underestimates of GSMaP_ MVK (i.e., bias of more than 55%). GAM is a new approach to predict rainfall amount for flood and landslide monitoring of satellite base precipitation, especially in areas where rain gauge data are limited.
文摘Amebic liver abscesses(ALAs)are the most commonly encountered extraintestinal manifestation of human invasive amebiasis,which results from Entamoeba histolytica(E.histolytica)spreading extraintestinally.Amebiasis can be complicated by liver abscess in 9%of cases,and ALAs led to almost 50000 fatalities worldwide in 2010.Although there have been fewer and fewer cases in the past several years,ALAs remain an important public health problem in endemic areas.E.histolytica causes both amebic colitis and liver abscess by breaching the host’s innate defenses and invading the intestinal mucosa.Trophozoites often enter the circulatory system,where they are filtered in the liver and produce abscesses,and develop into severe invasive diseases such as ALAs.The clinical presentation can appear to be colitis,including upper-right abdominal pain accompanied by a fever in ALA cases.Proper diagnosis requires nonspecific liver imaging as well as detecting anti-E.histolytica antibodies;however,these antibodies cannot be used to distinguish between a previous infection and an acute infection.Therefore,diagnostics primarily aim to use PCR or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect E.histolytica.ALAs can be treated medically,and percutaneous catheter drainage is only necessary in approximately 15%of cases.The indicated treatment is to administer an amebicidal drug(such as tinidazole or metronidazole)and paromomycin or other luminal cysticidal agent for clinical disease.Prognosis is good with almost universal recovery.Establishing which diagnostic methods are most efficacious will necessitate further analysis of similar clinical cases.